2019-2020学年高中英语 Module 2 The Renaissance Section Ⅲ Grammar-非谓语动词教学案 外研版选修8

2019-2020学年高中英语 Module 2 The Renaissance Section Ⅲ Grammar-非谓语动词教学案 外研版选修8 语法图解 探究发现 ①It was foolish of you to lie to your teacher. ②It's no use trying to persuade him to change his mind. ③Her wish is to go to Tokyo to watch the 2020 Olympic Games. ④Our work is serving the people. ⑤People want to know who Mona Lisa is and why she is smiling. ⑥But they looked forward, too, by opening new frontiers in the arts. ⑦The building being built is a new shopping mall. ⑧The bird was lucky and escaped being caught. ⑨Painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the years 1503－1506, the Mona Lisa is a mysterious masterpiece. ⑩All things considered, she is the best student in my class. [我的发现] (1)①②句中的黑体部分在句中作主语，③④句中的作表语，⑤⑥句中的作宾语。 (2)由①②句可知，动词不定式和动词­ing形式作主语，可以用it作形式主语。 (3)⑦⑧句中，黑体部分都为动词­ing形式的被动式，在句中分别为定语和宾语。 (4)⑨句中，黑体部分为过去分词在句中作状语；⑩句中，分词作状语时有自己独立的主语，这叫独立主格结构。 非谓语动词是指在句中不能充当谓语，而是起其他语法功能的动词。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有语态和时态的变化。 一、非谓语动词的基本形式 时态形式 主动式 被动式 不定式 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing 动词­ing 形式 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 动词­ed形式 一般式 done 　[即时演练1]　写出下列句中加黑部分所作的句子成分 ①To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 不定式短语作主语 ②With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema. with复合结构作原因状语 ③This is the best way to work out this problem. 不定式短语作定语 ④They went to the park, singing and talking. 动词­ing形式作伴随状语 ⑤Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 动词­ing形式作宾语补足语 ⑥Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 过去分词短语作状语 ⑦The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.动词­ing形式作定语 ⑧Do you mind my asking you a few questions? 动词­ing形式作宾语 二、非谓语动词的句法功能 1．不定式和动名词作主语 不定式作主语表示具体动作；动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作。 To swim in the sea in hot summer is very pleasant. 炎热的夏季在海里游泳很惬意。 Reading aloud is a good way to learn English. 大声朗读是学习英语的一个好方法。 [名师点津]　不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在后面；而动名词只能在一些特定的句式中用it作形式主语。 It is no use (no good, fun, a waste of time ...)＋doing sth. [即时演练2]　用所给词的适当形式填空 ①Walking (walk) is a good form of exercise for both young and old. ②To_master (master) a foreign language calls for a great deal of memory work. ③It is difficult to_see (see) how more savings can be made. ④It is no use crying (cry)． 2．不定式和动名词作宾语 (1)except, but作介词时后面也可以跟不定式，但多用于否定句和疑问句。 He has no choice but to lie down and sleep. 他别无选择，只能躺下睡觉。 Tom did nothing last night except to watch TV. 除了看电视，汤姆昨晚什么也没干。 (2)下列动词(短语)后要用不定式作宾语： agree, promise, learn, fail, decide, plan, ask, demand, want, hope, wish, expect, manage, offer, would like/love, refuse, pretend, choose等。 They managed to escape from the burning building. 他们成功地逃出了那座着火的大楼。 (3)下列动词(短语)后要用动名词作宾语： allow/permit, consider, suggest/advise/propose/recommend, be busy, insist on, practise, admit, enjoy, look forward to, deny, delay, excuse, avoid, miss, give up, finish, risk, escape, imagine, appreciate等。 I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. 我很感激两年前被给予出国学习的机会。 (4)有些动词后既可用动名词又可用动词不定式作宾语。意义上无较大差别，常见的有：begin, start, continue, prefer, love, like等；而有些两者意义完全不同，常见的有：remember, forget, try, regret, mean等。 As soon as he arrived at the school, he began reading/to read his English book. 他一到学校就开始看英语 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 。 I liked playing/to play table tennis when I was a middle school student. 我上中学时喜欢打乒乓球。 Don't forget to post the letter for me when you pass the post office. 当你经过邮局时，别忘了替我把这封信寄出去。 I'll never forget hearing this piece of music for the first time. 我永远不会忘记第一次听到这首曲子的情景。 (5)有些动词(如need, want, require, bear等)后可跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，也可跟不定式的被动形式表示被动意义。 The house needs repairing/to be repaired. 这幢房子需要修缮。 This kind of cloth bears washing/to be washed. 这种布料很耐洗。 　[即时演练3] (1)用所给词的适当形式填空 ①She has arranged to_see (see) her parents next week. ②I gave up writing (write) five years ago. ③Dickens began to_work/working (work) at a factory when he was very young. ④Does Betty have any choice but to_do (do) as you tell her? (2)完成句子 ①She remembered_locking the door. 她记得锁上门了。 ②Tom forgot_to_open the window. 汤姆忘记去开窗户。 ③Drain piping may require protecting/to_be_protected_against_freezing. 排水管要求有防冻保护措施。 3．不定式、动名词和分词作表语 (1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 To do two things at a time is to do neither. 一次做两件事等于什么也不做。 Her job is teaching. 她的职业就是教书。 [名师点津]　如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也用不定式(表示结果)；如果主语是动名词，表语也用动名词。 To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. 对敌人的仁慈就是对人民的残酷。 Helping others is helping yourself. 帮助别人就是帮助自己。 (2)分词作表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词作表语，一种是过去分词作表语。现在分词作表语一般表示事物的性质、特征；过去分词作表语多用来描述人或高级动物的心理状态。例如：表示“人对……感兴趣”就用sb. be interested in ...，表示“人/物本身有趣”就用sb./sth.be interesting。这类词常见的有：interesting/interested, exciting/excited, delighting/delighted, disappointing/disappointed, encouraging/encouraged, pleasing/pleased, puzzling/puzzled, satisfying/satisfied, surprising/surprised, worrying/worried等。 [即时演练4]　完成句子 ①I am_interested_in the book. 我对这本书很感兴趣。 ②His habit is walking_the_dog after supper. 他的习惯是晚饭后遛狗。 ③Her wish is to_become_a_great_player. 她的愿望是成为一个伟大的运动员。 4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作补足语 动词不定式作补足语表示动作的过程；现在分词表示正在进行的动作；过去分词表示被动或完成意义。 We watched her crossing the street.(动作正在进行) 我们看着她走过大街。 I watched my sister cross the bridge.(动作已经完成) 我看着妹妹过了桥。 I heard my name called.(动作完成且表示被动) 我听见有人叫我。 [巧学助记] (1)下面的动词要用不定式作宾补：动词＋宾语＋动词不定式 劝教命请叫(advise/suggest/recommend, teach, order, command, ask, tell)； 允许又警告(allow, permit, warn)； 使役表意向(cause, let, have, make, lead, set, leave, get, wish, want, expect)； 知觉动词妙(feel, hear, watch, see, observe, notice)； 且要省略to。 (2)下面的动词(短语)后可跟分词作宾语补足语： see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。 He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他把小汽车停在门口。 [名师点津]　感官动词后面出现了动词不定式作宾语补足语时，主动结构中必须省略不定式符号to，但在变为被动结构时，省略的to则必须加上。 [即时演练5]　 (1)用所给词的适当形式填空 ①They use computers to keep the traffic running (run) smoothly. ②I found a strange person walking (walk) nearby our shop all day. ③He asked us to assist him in carrying (carry) through his plan. ④The committee permitted us to_go (go) ahead with our building plan. ⑤They really pulled out all the stops to get the task finished (finish)． (2)完成句子 ①I couldn't make_myself_heard above the noise of the traffic. 车辆噪音很大，我无法让人听到我的声音。 ②I saw him take_your_dictionary_away. 我看到他把你的词典拿走了。 ③I saw him going_upstairs. 我看见他正在上楼。 5．不定式、动名词和分词作定语 (1)通常不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作，所修饰的词与之在逻辑上存在动宾关系、主谓关系或同位关系。 He is a pleasant fellow to work with. 他是个很好共事的人。 The man to come to our assistance is Mike. 要来帮助我们的人是迈克。 (2)动名词作前置定语，用来说明该名词的性质、用途，可替换成for短语。 a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming (动名词) (3)分词作定语 现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含义；现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。 falling leaves　　　　　　正在飘落的叶子 fallen leaves 落叶 China is a developing country, not a developed country. 中国是一个发展中国家，而不是一个发达国家。 [名师点津]　动名词作定语通常表示用途 reading room　　　　　　阅览室 operating table 手术台 swimming pool 游泳池 singing competition 歌咏比赛 drinking water 饮用水 　[即时演练6]　用所给词的适当形式填空 ①The picture hanging (hang) on the wall is painted by my close friend. ②The first textbooks written (write) for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. ③Have you got anything to_say (say) at the meeting? ④The car repaired (repair)yesterday by him is my mother's. ⑤The man standing (stand) at the gate is my English teacher. 6．非谓语动词作状语的用法区别 (1)动词不定式通常作目的、原因、结果状语等。 In order to arrive there on time, I got up early. 为了按时到达那里，我很早就起床了。 He's old enough to go to school himself. 他大到可以自己去上学了。 She was so angry as to be unable to speak. 她气得连话都说不出来。 Jack hurried to the booking office, only to be told that all the tickets had been sold out. 杰克匆忙赶到售票处，结果被告知所有的票都被卖完了。(不定式only to be told在句中作结果状语，表示意料之外的结果) I am glad to hear the news. 听到这个消息我很高兴。(不定式短语to hear the news在句中作原因状语，通常位于句末) (2)动词­ing形式(现在分词)和动词­ed形式(过去分词)在句中通常作原因、时间、伴随、条件、结果、让步状语等。主语与动词­ing形式(现在分词)在逻辑上存在主谓关系，主语与动词­ed形式(过去分词)在逻辑上存在动宾关系。 Seeing the teacher, he ran into the classroom. 看见老师，他跑进了教室。 Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the classroom. 在一群学生的簇拥下，那位老教师走进了教室。 Being Party members, we should take the lead in everything. 作为党员，凡事我们都应该起带头作用。 His parents died, leaving him a lot of money. 他的父母去世了，留给他一大笔钱。 Caught in a heavy rain, he was wet to the skin. 由于遇上了大雨，他浑身都湿透了。 Getting up late, he missed his early train. 由于起床晚了，他没有赶上早班火车。 Seen from space, our earth looks more beautiful. 从太空看，我们的地球更美。 [名师点津]　动词­ing 形式和动词­ed 形式的独立结构： 动词­ing 形式短语(现在分词短语)和动词­ed 形式短语(过去分词短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语通常与句子的主语一致，但有时它们可以有自己的独立主语，这种结构被称为独立主格结构。当逻辑主语与其后的动词是主动关系时，用动词­ing 形式；当逻辑主语与其后的动词是被动关系时，用动词­ed 形式。 Time permitting, we can complete the project. 如果时间允许，我们就能完成这个项目。(逻辑主语time与 permit 存在主动关系，独立主格结构作条件状语) All the work done, they decided to treat themselves to a movie. 所有的工作都做完了，他们决定去看一场电影犒劳自己。(逻辑主语all the work与do之间存在被动关系，句中独立主格结构作原因或时间状语) [即时演练7]　句型转换 ①After he had watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn. →Havingwateredthegarden,_he began to mow the lawn. ②When they are heated, metals expand. →Heated,_metals expand. ③Because I do not know what to do next, I want to ask for your advice. →Notknowingwhattodonext,_I want to ask for your advice. ④She awoke, so that she found herself lost in the forest. →She awoke, onlytofind herself lost in the forest. ⑤She ran up to me and her hair flew in the wind. →She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 7．非谓语动词常考的其他结构 (1)疑问词＋不定式结构 疑问词who, what, which, when, where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语。 When to start has not been decided. 何时动身尚未决定。(主语) I don't know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办。(宾语) I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道如何做此事。(表语) (2)非谓语动词的独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。若不一致，则要在非谓语动词前加上其自身的逻辑主语构成非谓语动词的独立主格结构。独立主格结构没有真正的主语和谓语，因此，在语法上不是句子。独立主格结构在句中作状语，表示方式、时间、原因、条件、结果等。 ①名词/代词＋现在分词 名词/代词与构成现在分词的动词之间为主谓或动宾关系，现在分词多表示动作正在进行。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。 ②名词/代词＋过去分词 名词/代词与构成过去分词的动词之间是动宾关系，过去分词表示动作已完成。 This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。 ③名词/代词＋不定式 不定式多表示将要发生的动作。 We divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。 [即时演练8] (1)用所给词的适当形式填空 ①The moon appearing (appear), they decided to go on with their work. ②All the work done (do), they went to the square. ③The student lay on the grassland with his hands crossed (cross) behind his head and eyes shut (shut)． ④With two children attending (attend) a middle school in the nearby town now, the man is working hard. (2)完成句子 ①They don't tell other people what_to_do,_but help others to take charge. 他们不会告诉其他的人去做什么，而是帮助他们自己承担。 ②We now have a really good idea of how_to_do_this. 我们现在有了如何做到这一点的真正的好主意。 Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空 1．Some people try to knock me down, only to_make (make) me more determined to do better. 2．Upon arriving (arrive) home, I was surprised to find the paper I had prepared was missing. 3．Mrs.White found her husband surrounded (surround) by letters and papers and looking very worried. 4．Reading (read) is the key to the treasure house of ideas. 5．Having experienced many failures, I have the courage to_meet (meet) all challenges. 6．There are a lot of people standing (stand) in line waiting for the bus. 7．Despite a strong wind, children are still looking forward to not canceling (cancel) the outdoor activity at the weekend. 8．In order not to be found, I'll spend the night locked (lock) in your room. 9．Left (leave) alone in a dark room, the little girl was so frightened at the frightening sound. 10．All her time devoted to doing (do) experiments, she has no time for films. 11．I noticed a man running (run) out of the bank when I got off the car. 12．I found it quite astonishing (astonish) that none of you liked the play. 13．To_finish (finish) painting the home took us an entire week. 14．My wish is to_join (join) the army after graduation. 15．They decided to_bring (bring) forward the date of the next meeting. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．(2016·北京高考书面表达)Knowing_from_your_last_mail that you ask me to tell you my favorite figure in Chinese history, I'm more than glad to share that with you. 从你上次的邮件中得知你要我告诉你我最喜欢的中国历史人物，我很高兴与你分享。 2. (2016·天津高考书面表达)Doing_sports_as_a_team has enabled us to know each other better. 做团体运动能够使我们更加彼此了解。 3．(2015·四川高考书面表达)I badly need_someone_to_help_me_with my oral English, at which lots of Chinese students are bad. 我迫切需要一个人来帮助我的英语口语，在这一点上，很多中国学生都很差。 4．(2015·陕西高考书面表达)I'm writing to_apply_for_the_position as a student volunteer. 我写信是要申请作为一名学生志愿者的职位。 5．(2015·重庆高考满分作文)Learning_that you are organizing this activity to_share_books_ worldwide,_here I am writing to apply to join in the activity you are organizing. 得知你正在组织分享世界各地的书籍的活动，现在我写信申请加入你正在组织的活动。 6．(2015·天津高考满分作文)We will take the books to you when we take part in the summer camp to_be_held_in_your_school in July. 当我们参加你的学校在七月举行的夏令营时，我们将把这些书带给你。 7．(2015·浙江高考满分作文)I thought helping_the_old_at_the_nursing_home would be more meaningful. 我认为在敬老院帮助老人会更有意义。 8．(2015·广东高考满分作文)Carried_out_continuously,_it will benefit all of us greatly and we are sure to_make_obvious_progress. 继续进行，这将非常有利于我们所有的人，我们肯定会取得明显进展。 Ⅲ.短文改错 My cousin and I usually stay out later with some friends on Saturday evenings, left Grandpa alone at home. But it was so cold yesterday that neither of us wanted suffer from the freezing wind outside. But after dinner we stayed home sitting around a fire and listening to Grandpa to tell his experiences in the Second World War. Though in fact it sounded unfamiliar to us, we were still listening attentively so as to make him happily. Now and then we asked Grandpa some questions, which he answered in humorous way. We burst out laughing from time to time and he laughing too. Full of joy, we all felt especial warm on the cold evening. 答案：第一句：later→late; left→leaving 第二句：wanted后加to 第三句：But→So; 去掉第二个to 第四句：it→they; happily→happy 第五句：in后加a 第六句：第二个laughing→laughed 第七句：especial→especially