经典：Unit-2-The-Constitutional-Monarchy-英国的君主立宪制

Unit2TheConstitutionalMonarchyQueenElizabethII(1926-)ConstitutionalMonarchyLeadin:WhichBritishkingorQueenimpressyoumost?WhatkindoflifedoyouthinktheQueenisleading?ConstitutionalMonarchy君主立宪制constitutionalmonarchyisagovernmentalsysteminwhichtheheadofStateisakingoraqueenwhoreignsbutdoesnotrule.ThecountryisnamelyreignedbytheSovereign,butvirtuallybyHisorHerMajesty’sGovernment——abodyofMinisterswhoaretheleadingmembersofwhicheverpoliticalpartytheelectorate（选民，选区）hasvotedintooffice,andwhoareresponsibletoParliament.TheConstitutionalMonarchyinBritainbeganin1689,whenkingWilliamandQueenMaryjointlyacceptedtheBillofRights,whichguaranteedfreespeechwithinboththeHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommonsandconstitutionalmonarchy,ofamonarchywithpowerlimitedbyParliamentbegan.KeepinMindCurrentConstitutionalMonarchyAndorra,AntiguaandBarbuda,Australia,TheBahamas,Barbados,Belgium,Belize,Bhutan,Bahrain,Cambodia,Canada,Denmark,Grenada,Jamaica,Japan,Jordan,Kuwait,Liechtenstein,Lesotho,Luxembourg,Malaysia,Monaco,Morocco,Netherlands,NewZealand,Norway,PapuaNewGuinea,SolomonIslands,Spain,SaintKittsandNevis,SaintLucia,SaintVincentandtheGrenadines,Sweden,Thailand,Tonga,TuvaluUnitedArabEmirates,andtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.WhatistheroleoftheMonarchy?PrimaryRole:tosymbolizethetradition&unityofthestateTheofficialtitleoftheQueen:“ElizabeththeSecond,bytheGraceofGodoftheUnitedkingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandofHerOtherRealmsandTerritoriesQueen,HeadoftheCommonwealth,DefenderoftheFaith.”Otherroles:headoftheexecutive,partofthelegislature,headofjudiciary,commanderinchiefofthearmedforces,“supremegovernor”oftheChurchofEngland.However,shedoesthesethingsontheadviseofherMinisters!BasicStructureofUKCentralGovernment*QueenElizabethIIThepresentSovereign,bornin1926,cametothethronein1952andwascrownedin1953.TheQueenisthesymbolofthewholenation,thecenterofmanynationalceremoniesandtheleaderofsociety.KeepinMindOfficialresidenceBuckinghamPalaceWindsorCastleCoronationserviceCeremonyPlace:WestminsterAbbeyCeremonyConductor:theArchbishopofCanterburyQueenElizabeth’scoronationonJune2,1953TheRoyalFamilyTreeCharlesPrinceofWalesAnnePrincessRoyalAndrewDukeofYorkEdwardEarlofWessexWilliamHarry19821984PeterPhillipsZaraPhillips19771981BeatriceEugenie19881990LouiseSevern20032007TextBTheRoleoftheMonarchyTodayThepublicimageofthemonarchyhaschanged.Thechildren’spoorbehavior:Threeofherfourchildrenandhersisterhavebrokenmarriages.TheQueendidnothavetopaytaxesandthetaxpayerswerepayingfortherunningcostsofthefamily.However,theQueenisindependentlywealthy.BuckinghamPalaceItistheQueen'sofficialandmainroyalLondonhome.ThePalacehasaround600rooms,including19Staterooms,52royalandguestbedrooms,78bathrooms,92offices,acinemaandaswimmingpool.Italsohasitsownpostofficeandpolicestation.*BuckinghamPalace,themonarch'sprincipalresidence*MonumentofQueenVictoriaWindsorCastleWindsorCastleisanofficialresidenceofTheQueenandthelargestoccupiedcastleintheworld.WilliamtheConquerorbuiltthecastlein1080andithasremainedaroyalpalaceandfortressforover900years.BalmoralCastleBalmoralCastleistheprivateresidenceofTheQueen.IthasremainedafavouriteresidenceforTheQueenandherfamilyduringthesummerholidayperiodinAugustandSeptember.TheCastleislocatedonthelargeBalmoralEstateinAberdeenshire,Scotland.TheRoyalfamily’sprivatecountryretreatinNorfolk.EveryChristmasisspentatSandringhamHouse.KensingtonPalacewastheLondonresidenceofthelatePrincessDiana.ThePalaceofHolyroodhouseinEdinburghisTheQueen'sofficialresidenceinScotland.CostofKeepingaQueenTheBritishRoyalFamilyisfinancedmainlybypublicmoney,buttherearealsoanumberofprivatesourcesofincome.TheofficialreportedannualcosttotheBritishpublicofkeepingtheRoyalFamilywas£41.5millionforthe2008-09financialyear.However,thisfigureisdisputedsinceitdoesnotincludethecostofsecurityprovidedbythepoliceandtheArmy,thelostrevenuesoftheDuchiesofCornwallandLancasterandotherexpenses.On1April2012,theoldCivilListandtheGrants-in-AidwerereplacedbythesingleSovereignGrant.TheBritishParliamentmeetsthecostoftheSovereign'sofficialexpenditurefrompublicfunds.Thisincludesthecostsoftheupkeepofthevariousroyalresidences,staffing,travelandstatevisits,publicengagements,andofficialentertainmentCostofKeepingaQueenThetotalcostofthemonarchytotheBritishtaxpayervariesdependingonwhichelementsareincludedinthecalculations.ReportsfiledbytheRoyalHouseholdstatethattotalannualexpenditure,asofMarch2012,was£32.1million.However,whenthecostsofsecurity,lostrevenueandpalacegroundsmaintenanceamongothers,areincluded,thentherealcost,accordingtotheanti-monarchypressuregroupRepublic,isbetween£134and£184 millionperyear.TheQueenItwasaroyalscandalthatputElizabethIIonthethrone.In1947,PrincessElizabethmarriedPrincePhillipofGreece.InJune1953,ElizabethwascrownedQueenatLondon’sWestminsterAbbey.Duringherreign,shehasmadeover250officialvisitsto129differentcountries,includingChinain1986.Asheadofstate,sheisexpectedtobepoliticallyimpartial.Churchilldescribedheras“mature,verymatter-of-factandextremelyindustrious.”Sheisveryself-controlledandpossessestheabilitytocopewiththepressuresofbeingqueen.Shetakesalotofpleasureinherprivateactivitieslikeriding,workingwithhuntingdogs,allthosecountrypursuits.TheQueenasaconfidantetothePrimeMinisterTime:Place:everyTuesdayBuckinghamPalaceInhermorethan55yearsonthrone,theQueenhashadweeklychatswith11differentPrimeMinisters,andtheyhavesaidthatherlongexperienceandherpoliticalneutralitymakeheragoodsourceofinformedobservationonthedaytodayproblemsofgovernance.WinstonChurchill(1940.5～1945.51951.10～1955.4)MargaretThatcher(1979.5～1990.11)TonyBlair(1997.5.2～2007.6.27)GordonBrown(2007.6.27～ )TextCtheQueen’sOfficialBirthdayWhydoestheQueencelebratetwobirthdaysayear?Heractualbirthdayisonthe21st  ofApril.Shewasbornonthe21stofApril1926.TroopingthecolorThecustomofTroopingtheColordatesbacktothetimeofCharlesIIinthe17th.CenturywhentheColorsofaregimentwereusedasarallyingpointinbattleandwerethereforetroopedinfrontofthesoldierseverydaytomakesurethateverymancouldrecognizethoseofhisownmodernTroopingtheColorparadeisalongsimilarlines.Activities:TroopingtheColorHistoryandActivitiesIthasbeencelebratedintheUnitedKingdomsince1748.There,theQueen'sOfficialBirthdayisnowcelebratedonthefirst,second,orthirdSaturdayinJune,althoughitisrarelythethird.EdwardVII,whoreignedfrom1901to1910,andwhosebirthdaywason9November,inautumn,after1908movedtheceremonytosummerinthehopeofgoodweather.ThedayismarkedinLondonbytheceremonyofTroopingtheColour,whichisalsoknownastheQueen'sBirthdayParade.ThelistofBirthdayHonourisalsoannouncedatthetimeoftheOfficialBirthdaycelebrations.InBritishdiplomaticmissions,thedayistreatedastheNationalDayoftheUnitedKingdom.AlthoughitisnotcelebratedasaspecificpublicholidayintheUK(asitisnotaworkingday),somecivilservantsaregivena"privilegeday"atthistimeofyear,whichisoftenmergedwiththeSpringBankHoliday(lastMondayinMay)tocreatealongweekend,whichwaspartlycreatedtocelebratethemonarch'sbirthdayBearskinTextDDiana,thePeople’sPrincessTheRoseofEnglandGeorgeVI (AlbertFrederickArthurGeorge;14December1895–6February1952)was KingoftheUnitedKingdom andthe Dominions ofthe BritishCommonwealth from11December1936untilhisdeath.Hewasthelast EmperorofIndia,andthefirst HeadoftheCommonwealth.George'selderbrotherascendedthethroneasEdwardVIIIonthedeathoftheirfatherin1936.However,laterthatyearEdwardrevealedhisdesiretomarrythedivorcedAmericansocialiteWallisSimpson.BritishPrimeMinister StanleyBaldwin advisedEdwardthatforpoliticalandreligiousreasonshecouldnotmarrySimpsonandremainking. Edwardabdicated inordertomarry,andGeorgeascendedthethroneasthethirdmonarchofthe HouseofWindsor.July1st1961,shewasborn.OnJulythe29th,1981,ashy19year-old,DianaSpencer,marriedCharles,thePrinceofWalesinLondon.3,500guestsandoveronebillionpeopleworldwidewatchedasthefairytaleweddingtookplace.EverythinglookedperfectforthehappycoupleasCharlesandthepublicfellinlovewithDiana.  Williamwasbornin1982DianagaveborntoHarryin1984However,thingswerenotastheyseemed.Dianawasveryunhappyinhermarriage.Shesufferedfromdepressionafterthebirthofherfirstsonandtherewererumoursthatshehadaneatingdisorder.Therewereevenstoriesthatsheattemptedsuicide. DianablamedCharlesfortheirunhappymarriage.Shesaidhedidn'tseeminterestedinherandthathe'dneverreallylovedher.Charlesstartedanaffairwithhisex-girlfriend,CamillaParkerBowlesandDianahadaffairs,onewithherridinginstructor,JamesHewitt,andanotherwiththeEnglandrugbyplayer,WillCarling.Thesescandalsappearedinthenewspapersandwereveryembarrassingfortheroyalfamily.CharlesandDianadivorcedin1996. Afterthedivorce,Dianabecamemoreinvolvedincharitywork.ShewasthefirstfamouspersontoworkforAIDScharities.Shealsocampaignedagainstlandmines.Thepubliclovedherforthewayshecaredforothers.AngolaBosniaandHerzegovinaDiana’slifeendedtragicallyinacarcrashinFrance.OnAugustthe31st,1997,shegotintoacarwithherboyfriend,DodiAlFayed,herbodyguardandherdriver.ThepolicesaidthecarwasspeedingtoescapethepaparazziwhenitcrashedinatunnelinParis.Althoughthedoctorstriedtosaveher,itwastoolateandDianadied. GoodbyeEngland'sRoseMayyouevergrowinourhearts.YouwerethegracethatplaceditselfWherelivesweretornapart.Youcalledouttoourcountry,Andyouwhisperedtothoseinpain.Nowyoubelongtoheaven,Andthestarsspelloutyourname.AnditseemstomeyoulivedyourlifeLikeacandleinthewind:NeverfadingwiththesunsetWhentherainsetin.Andyourfootstepswillalwaysfallhere,AlongEngland'sgreenesthills;Yourcandle'sburnedoutlongbeforeYourlegendeverwill.Lovelinesswe'velost;Theseemptydayswithoutyoursmile.Thistorchwe'llalwayscarryForournation'sgoldenchild.Andeventhoughwetry,Thetruthbringsustotears;AllourwordscannotexpressThejoyyoubroughtusthroughtheyears.GoodbyeEngland'sRose,Fromacountrylostwithoutyoursoul,Who'llmissthewingsofyourcompassionMorethanyou'lleverknow.