构词法(compounding)

第二组：张科李佳余鹏华肖鲜袁思琦周爽IntroductionDefinitionTypesCharacteristicsFormationConclusionIntroductionCouldyouexpresstheminEnglish?PigtailDog-earCat’s-pawChickenheadLion’sshareAss-kisserFox-sleepAreyouright?DefinitionDefinitionCompounding(alsocalledcomposition),istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.TypesSolidhyphenatedopenSolidhyphenatedopenSolidhyphenatedopenCharacteristicsCompound　a'blackhorse　a'bluebird　a'fathead　a'hothouseFreephrase　ablack'horse　ablue‘bird　afat'head　ahot'housePhonologicalfeaturesIncompounds,thewordstressusuallyoccursonthefirstelementwhereasinnounphrasesthesecondelementsisgenerallyaccentedifthereisonlyonestress.Incasesoftwostresses,thecompoundhastheprimarystressonthefirstelementandthesecondstress,ifany,onthesecondwhereastheoppositeistrueoffreephrases.ThisisthePhoneticfeatureofthecompounds.1年半前…Ayearandahalfago…Semanticfeatures　1.Americancloth　2.Britishwarm　3.Frenchleave　4.Spanishathlete　5.Chinesecopy　6.Turkishdelight　7.Indianmeal　8.Dutchtreat　美产布料　厚呢短大衣　不辞而别　西班牙运动员　与原物一模一样的复制品　土耳其软糖　印度大餐　AA制彩色油布　英国式的暖日　法式告别　吹牛者　中国版本　土耳其式狂欢　玉米粉　荷兰招待方式Readthefollowingcompounds,andthenguesstheirmeaningsTheirmeaningsdonotjustfollowsthe“1+1Principle”,thatistosay,theirmeaningsarenotthecombinationofthemeaningsofthetwoelementsinthecompound.Compoundsaredifferentfromfreephrasesin“one-wordness”.Everycompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.ThisistheSemanticfeatureofcompounds.---examplesAlthoughmanycompoundstendtohavesensesnotwhollypredictablefromtheconstituentbases,forexample,darkroom(roomusedforphotographicprocessing)Therearequiteanumberofcompoundswhoaretransparent,thatisthemeaningcanbeinferredfromtheseparateelementsofcompounds.e.g.washingmachine,dumbshowGrammaticalfeaturesReadthefollowingsentencesandchangethesentencesintopluralforms.Payattentiontotheunderlinedwords.Thereisanew-bornleftonthecornerofthestreet.Thiskindergartenonlyacceptthree-year-oldandabove.　　Sheisthemostfamousgo-betweeninthisarea.　　Itisdifficulttofindareallygoodbabysitter.　　Thishouseiscooledbyair-conditioner.Q:Howaretheychangedintopluralforms?Isitnecessarytoadd“-s”toeachelementofthecompounds?Acompoundtendstoplayasinglegrammaticalroleinasentence,forexample,averb,anoun,oranadjective.Thus,thecompoundsintheabovesentencesshowtheirpluralformsbytakinginflectional“-s”attheend.1.Ofcourse,thereareexceptionssuchasbrothers-in-law,lookers-on,etc.Inspiteofthis,theirsinglegrammaticalroleisapparent.　　2.Inadjective-nouncompounds,theadjectiveelementcannottakeinflectionalsuffixes,forexample:hotlinecan’tbehotterline.FormationAccordingtowordclass,thereare3categoriesofcompoundsintotal:Nouncompounds:nightfall,watchdogAdjectivecompounds:airsick,far-reachingVerbcompounds:bottle-feed,brain-wash,lipreadA.wordclassofthecompoundingelementsn.+n.(ashtray,hydrogenbomb,barcode),adj.+n.(blueprint,dark-room,harddisc,deadline),adv.+n.(downtown,upgrade,undercloth;),-ing+n.(chewinggum,readinglamp,leadingarticle,)n.+-ing(sightseeing,daydreaming).v.+n.(swearword,breakwater,driveway)n.+v.(nightfall,toothpick,watersupply)v.+adv.(show-off,put-off,follow-up)adv.+v.(outlet,upset,downfall,upstart,onflow)B.Syntacticrelationsofthecompoundingelements:daydreaming,sightseeingn+v-ingdaydreaming=dreamsduringtheday,i.e.verb+adverbial.sightseeing=seessights,i.e.verb+object a.sub.andv.:heartbeat,crybaby,commandingofficer,revolvingdoor,rainfallb.v.andobj.:pickpocket,birthcontrol,dressmaking,housekeepingc.v.andadv.:swimmingpool,divingboard,drinkingcup,typingpaper,walkingstickd.Sub.andobj.:Steamboat,honeybee,powerplante.Restrictiverelation(the1stelementrestricts/modifiesthemeaningof2nd)::Raindrop,tablecloth,ashtray;breakfasttime,safety-beltf.Appositiverelation:apeasantgirl;apinetree,agirlfriend,stringcompounddead-letteroffice;test-tubebaby;commanders-in-chief;bread-and-butter;give-and-take;come-and-go;hide-and-seekCompoundnounscanalsobeformedfromphrasalverbs.sit-in,dropout,phone-in,breakdown,walk-ons,walkout,setback;take-offA.wordclassofthecompoundingelementsa.withadj.attheendn.+adj.fat-free,toll-free,care-free,dust-free,dog-tired,home-sick,worldfamous,tone-deaf,lifelongadj.+adj.wet-cold,icy-cold,red-hot,light-blue,bitter-sweet-ing+adj.smoking-hot,soaking-wet,freezing-cold,biting-coldadv.+adj.ever-victorious,over-cautious,all-roundwordclassofthecompoundingelementsb.withv.attheendn.+-ingpeace-loving,time-saving,ocean-goingn.+-edheart-felt,air-borne,home-made,book-filled,poverty-strickenadj/adv.+-ingeasy-going,hard-working,everlastingadj/adv.+-ednewly-developed,well-balanced,hard-won wordclassofthecompoundingelementsc.withn.attheendn.+n.-edchicken-hearted,honey-mouthed,paper-backedadj.+n.-edshort-sighted,hot-tempered,tender-heartedadj.+n.long-distance,full-length,white-collar,red-letter B.Syntacticrelationsofthecompoundingelements:a.adj.+adverbialadverbialofcomparison:(as…as)stone-deaf,dog-tiredadverbialofdegree:(so…that…)steaming-hot,wringing-wetadverbialofcause:(because)home-sick,travel-worn,adverbialofplaces:world-famous,oven-freshB.Syntacticrelationsofthecompoundingelements:b.v.+adverbialadverbialofmanner:hard-working,quick-frozenadverbialofdegree:far-reaching,half-bakedadverbialoftime:new-born,ever-lastingadverbialofplaces:ocean-going,home-madeB.Syntacticrelationsofthecompoundingelements:c.Sub.andv.:thunder-struck,weather-beaten(rock),suntanned(skin),heartsickd.V.andobj.:fault-finding,peace-loving,record-breaking,breath-takinge.n.andadj.1)Then.denotingrespect.taxfree,seasick,watertight,fire-proofB.Syntacticrelationsofthecompoundingelements:2)then.denotingthethingwithwhichtheadj.iscompared(as+adj.+as+n.,adj.liken.):oceangreen,crystal-clear,knee-deep,shoulder-highf.Coordinatingrelationship:Thetwoadj.areinacoordinatingrelationshipbittersweet,Anglo-Frenchrelation,social-political,shabby-genteelThoseformedbyback-formation(a“reversal”ofderivation,forinstance,house-keepformedfromhousekeepingandhousekeeper),e.g.totape-record;tobabysit;towindow-shop;tomassproduce;toair-conditionThoseformedbyconversion.Inthiscase,theverbcompoundsareconvertedfromnouncompounds;e.g.tonickname,tooutline,tomachine-gun,tosnowballConclusionconclusion复合词的种类繁多。从词性看，有复合介词（alongsideof,notwithstanding），复合连接词（whenever,whereas），复合副词（indeed,moreover），复合代词（myself,another），复合数词（twenty-five,nine-tenths），句式复合词（thatwhat‘s-his-namefel-low）等等。而数量最多的是复合名词，其次是复合形容词，再次是复合动词。Thanks