语言学期末复习

语言学期末复习第一章(判)Languageisonlyameansofcommunication、(F)Languagehasaform-meaningcorrespondenc、e(F)Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation、(F)EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese、(F)BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereforme、d(F)Thefollowingaresomefundamentalviewsaboutlanguag、e判)Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction、(T)Languageoperatesbyrule、s(T)Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem语音系统,asystemoflexicogrammar词汇语法andasystemofsemantic语意学、(T)Everyonespeaksadialec、t(T)Languageslowlychanges、(T)Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargo行s®>(T)Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethe、m(T)Writingisderivative来源得ofspeech、(T)Languageisameansofverbalcommunicatio、n分析)P3)itisinstrumentalinthatcommunicationbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact、Itissocialandconventionalinthatlanguageisasocialsemioticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcues,motivation,andsocio-culturalroles、DesignfeaturesoflanguageThefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatu、resArbitrariness任意性分析，以下三点瑞士Saussure(现代语言学之父)：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning、(定义)Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorpheme词素anditsmeaning,evenwithonomatopoeic拟声得words:ThedogbarksbowwowinEnglishbut汪汪汪”“inChines、eArbitrarinessatthesyntactic句法得level:languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel、(判)BysyntaxthatsentencesareconstructedtothegrammarofarrangementArbitrarinessandconvention、Conventionality规约性Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention、Conventionality,aslearnersofEnglishweareoftentold“methainsinisganidiomitisconventionaltosaythingsthiswayandyoucannotchangetheexpressionanyotherwayevenifyouthinkitdoesnotlookorsoundlogica、lDuality双重性定义/单Bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelCreativity创造性定义/填Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness递归性、Displacement移位性定义Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication、Andonethingwecansayforcertainisthatlanguageevolveswithinspecifichistorical,socialandculturalcontexts单FunctionsoflanguageForJakobson,languageisaboveallforcommunication、Inhisfamousarticle,LinguisticsandPoetics,hedefinedsixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent,namely:speaker,addressee,context,message,codeS语言解码,contact、Sixkeyelementsofcommunication,namely:referential(toconveymessageandinformation),Poetic诗学(toindulgeinIanguageforitsownsake),emotive(toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions),conative意动(topersuadeandinflueneeothersthroughcommandsandrequests),phatic寒暄(toestablishcommunionwithothers)Metalingualfuncation(toclearupintentionsandmeanings、)Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage,thatis,languagehasideational概念功能,interpersonal人际功能andtextual语篇功能functions、填Informativefunction最重要FormostpeopletheinformativefunctionispredominantlythemajorroleofIanguage判Theinformativefunctionisindeedacrucialfunctionoflanguage、InterpersonalfunctionByfarthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety、Performativefunction施为功能Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies、Forexample,suisuipinganEmotivefunctionExpressivefunctionPhaticcommunion寒暄功能书上得例句选择Recreationalfunction娱乐功能theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy'sbabblingorachanter'schanting、Metalingualfunction源语言填空Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself、WhatisLinguistics?ThescientificstudyofhumanlanguageMainbranchesoflinguistics定义/填空/大题Phonetics语音学Phonology音系学Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,、etcWecanapproachitonvariouslevels、Atonelevel,speechisamatterofanatomy解剖学andphysiology生理学、Wecanstudyorganssuchastongueandlarynxandtheirfunctionsintheproductionofspeech、Atanotherlevel,wecanfocusonthespeechsoundsproducedbytheseorgansbyidentifyingandclassifyingtheindividualsounds、Thisisthedomainofarticulatoryphonetics发音语言学、Wecanalsoinvestigatethepropertiesofthesoundwave—sacousticphonetics声学语言学、Asspeechisintendedtobeheardorperceived,itisthereforepossibletofocusonthewayinwhichalisteneranalysesorprocessesasoundwav—eauditoryphonetics听觉语言学、Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllabl、esItdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphonemeasthepointofdepartu、reAphonemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatcansignaladifferenceinmeaning、Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords、Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning—morphemesandword-formationprocesse、sMorphemesservedifferentpurpose、sSyntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectsentence、sSemanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguag、ePragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontex、tItdealswithparticularutterancesinparticularsituationsandisespeciallyconcernedwiththevariouswaysinwhichthemanysocialcontextsoflanguageperformancecaninfluenceinterpretatio、nPsycholinguistics心理语言学单Psycholinguisticsinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,forexample,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisiti、on?SociolinguisticsSociolinguisticsisthestudyofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctions,andthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakersasthesethreeconstantlyinteractandchangewithinaspeechcommuni、tyDescriptivevs、prescriptive描述?Synchronicvs、diachronicAsynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation、Mostgrammarsareofthiskind、Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistor、yThestructureofShakespeareEnglish?Langue&parole区别Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances)alsangueandparole、?CompetenceandperformanceThisfundamentaldistinctionisdiscussedbyChomskyinhisAspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax(1965)、Alanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticcompetence、Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations第二章Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceive定义Threemainareas:Articulatoryphonetics:studiestheproductionofspeechsounds;Acousticphonetics:studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds;Auditoryphonetics:studiestheperceptionofspeechsound、sPhonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsofIanguage单SpeechOrgans发音器官定义/填空=Vocalorgans:partsofhumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeechVocaltract,oralcavity口腔,nasalcavity鼻腔Vocalfolds声带apart:voicelesssounds[p,s,t]Closetogether:voicedsounds[b,z,d]Totallyclosed：glottalstop声门塞音TheIPAInternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 格TheideawasfirstproposedbytheDanishgrammarianJespersenin1886、ThefirstversionofIPAwaspublishedinAugust1888、Thelatestversionwasrevisedin2005、ConsonantsandVowelsConsonants:producedbyaclosure接近inthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefrictionVowels:producedwithoutsuchstricturesothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughmouthornoseDistinctionbetweenCandV:Obstructionofairstream气流就是否受阻单/填空TheSoundsofEnglishRPvsGATeachingofEnglishasaforeignIanguage,itisreferredtoasreceivedpronunciation(RP)IntheUSA,thewidelyacceptedaccentusedbymosteducatedspeakersisoftenreferredtoasgeneralAmerican(GA)MannerofarticulationPlaceofarticulationbilabiallabiodentaldentalalveolarpostalveolarpalatalvelarglottalStop/plosivePbtdkgNasalmn?Fricativefv0esz/?hApproximant㈣rjwLaterallAffricatet/d?Descriptionbyfeatures:Consonants:[p]voicelessbilabialstop[b]voicedbilabialstop[s]voicelessalveolarfricative[z]voicedalveolarfricativeP36Thedescriptionofvowels:Theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low)Thepositionofthehighestpartoftongue(front,central,back)Thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tense,lax)Lip-rounding(rounded&unrounded)Vowels[i?]highfronttenseunroundedvowel[?]highbacklaxroundedvowel[?]midcentrallaxunroundedvowel[?]lowbacklaxroundedvowel[e]midfrontlaxunroundedvowelCoarticulation协同发音定义P37Whensuchsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved,wecalltheprocessCoarticulationBroadtranscriptionNarrowtranscriptionAllophones音位变体P40Peak/speakAprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound、P45Elsewherecondition剩余条件规则定义Themorespecificruleappliesfirst、较为特殊得规则应用在先DistinctivefeaturesTheideaofDistinctivefeatureswasfirstdevelopedbyRomanJacobsonSuprasegmentals超音段Suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments、Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsarestress,toneandintonation、Thesyllablestructure音节理解P47Asyllablemusthaveanucleus核心节orpeak节峰,whichisoftenthetaskofavowelATy-_*第三章Morphemeandmorphology定义Morphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageinregardtotherelationshipbetweensoundingandmeaning,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning、Thesystematicstudyofmorphemeisabreachoflinguisticscalledmorphology,whichinvestigatestheinternalstructuresandrulesofmorphemesbywhichwordsareformed、TypesofmorphemesRootaffixstem(P53)Inflectionalaffixandderivationalaffix简答P54lessproductivegrammaticalfunctione、g、toys,walks,John'smoreproductiveformnewwordse、g、receive,reception,receptionistdonotchangethewordclassofthewordmightchangethewordclassdependonotherfactorswithinaphraseorasentencedependonthemeaningwewanttoexpressinmostcasessuffixesprefixes/suffixesWordStabilityRelativeuninterruptibility相对联系AminimunfreeformClassificationofwordsvariableandinvariablewords可变化与非变化词Grammaticalwordsandlexicalwords语法词与词汇词Grammatical/Functionwords:功能词conjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronouns、Lexical/Contentwords:实义词nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs、Closed-classwordsandopen-classwords封闭类词与开放类词Closed-classwords:Newmemberscannotnormallybeaddede、g、pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,auxiliaries、Open-classwords:Newmemberscanbeadded;membershipisinfiniteorunlimitede、g、nouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs、WordclassWordformation(1)瞧 ppt 关于艾滋病ppt课件精益管理ppt下载地图下载ppt可编辑假如ppt教学课件下载triz基础知识ppt Wordformation(2):lexicalchangeInvention发明法Blending混成法举例/定义Blendingisaprocessinwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtogethertheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyonlyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords、smog烟雾(smoke+fog);boatel水上旅馆(boat+hotel);brunch早午餐(breakfast+lunch);telecastAbbreviation缩写词(clipping截断法)AnewwordiscreatedbythefollowingmethodsCuttingthefinalpart:fanatic(fan),advertisement(ad)Cuttingtheinitialpart:aeroplane(plane),omnibus(bus)Cuttingboththeinitialpartandfinalpartsaccordingly:influenza(flu),refrigerator(fridge)Acronym首字母缩略词Acronymismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword、Eg:CIA,EEC,WTO,UNESCOThisprocessisalsowidelyusedinshorteningextremelylongwordsofwordgroupsinscience,technology,andotherspecialfields、Eg:AIDS,SARS,Radar,VATBackformation逆构词法定义Anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage、Analogicalcreation类推构词Classshift词类转换Borrowing借词PPTGreek:electricity,atomFrench:entail,mortgageSpanish:macho,grandeeLatin:adjacent,inferiorGerman:quartz,plunder第四章Syntax句法学P17SyntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences、或者Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures、Syntacticrelations句法关系单P73单Syntacticrelationscanbeanalysedintothreekinds:positionalrelations位置关系relationsofsubstitutability替代关系relationsofco-occurrence同现关系Positionalrelation位置关系Positionalrelation,orWORDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage、Relationofsubstitutability可替换性关系Grammaticalconstruction语法结构P75Immediateconstituents直接成分Constituentisapartofalargerlinguisticunit、ICanalysis直接成分分析法Treediagram要求会画树形图P77EndocentricandExocentricConstructions向心结构与离心结构单Usuallynounphrases,verbphrasesandadjectivephrasesbelongtoendocentrictypesExocentric：thebasicsentence,theprepositionalphrase,thepredicate(verb+object)construction,theconnective(be+complement)construction、Predicate谓语除主语之外得其她所有成分，谓语通常表达主语得动作，过程与状态Predicatereferstoamajorconstituentofsentencestructureinabinaryanalysisinwhichallobligatoryconstituentsotherthanthesubjectwereconsideredtogether、Category范畴单Number数Gender性Case格Agreement一致关系单Thissyntacticrelationshipmaybeanaphoric,aswhenapronounagreeswithitsantecedent,Recursiveness递归性Recursivenessmainlymeansthataphrasalconstituentcanbeembeddedwithinanotherconstituenthavingthesamecategory、Recursivenessalsoincludesseveralphenomenasuchascoordinationandsubordination,conjoining连接andembedding嵌入,hypotacticandparatactic、判AtV第五章Semantics语义学Thesubjectconcerningthestudyofmeaning研究意义得学科Semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular、Meaningsof“meaning”GeoffreyLeech(1974,1981)、Semantics:TheStudyofMeaningSeventypesofmeaning:Conceptualmeaning概念意义Associativemeaning联想意义Connotativemeaning内含意义Socialmeaning社会意义Affectivemeaning情感意义Reflectedmeaning反射意义Collocativemeaning搭配意义Thematicmeaning主位意义Thereferentialtheory指称论Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownasthereferentialtheory、Words—Meaning:Words‘nameor‘referto--PiadoinigsAndthatsomethingisabstract,whichhasnoexistenceinthematerialworldandcanonlybesensedinourminds、Thisabstractthingisusuallycalledconcept（概念）、SenserelationsPPT单Synonymy同义词buy/purchaseworld/universebrotherly/fraternalAntonymy反义词1、Gradableantonyms等级反义词hotVs、cold2、Complementaryantonyms互补反义词maleVs、female3、Converseantonymy反向反义词teacherVs、pupilHyponymy上下意义关系PPT后得选择题1、WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?CA、Languageisasystem、B、Languageissymbolic、C、Animalsalsohavelanguages、D、Languageisarbitrary、2、A、ChomskyB、HallidayC、FirthD、Saussure3、Whichfunctionisthemajorroleoflanguage?AA、InformativeB、InterpersonalC、PerformativeD、Emotive4、Whichbranchofstudycannotbeincludedinthescopeoflinguistics?DA、SyntaxB、PragmaticsC、PhoneticsD、Anthropology5、Whatarethedualstructuresoflanguage?BA、SoundsandlettersB、SoundsandmeaningC、LettersandmeaningD、Soundsandsymbols6、Productivityisoneofthefeaturesoflanguages、BA、distinctiveB、designC、SuprasegmentalD、pragmatic7、ThefunctionofthesentenceLovelyweather,isnB_'__t_i、t?”isA、informativeB、phaticC、performativeD、recreational8、Oncethenotionof__B__wastakenintoconsideration,semanticsspilledintopragmatics、A、meaningB、contextArbitrarinessoflanguagewasfirstdiscussedby___DC、formD、content9、WhichofthefollowingisNOTthefunctionoflanguage?DA、MetalingualfunctionB、InterpersonalfunctionC、EmotivefunctionD、Culturaltransmission10、_A___investigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind、A、PsycholinguisticsB、SociolinguisticsC、AnthropologicallinguisticsD、Computationallinguistics11、ThefollowingaboutlanguagearewrongEXCEPT_A、（大外，11年）A、Languageevolveswithinspecifichistorical,socialandculturalcontext、B、Languagehasaform-soundcorrespondence、C、Languageisameansofcommunication、D、Languageisnotrelatedtoanyoftheindividualswhouseit、12、Verbaldueling,theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,ismainlytodowiththe_B___functionoflanguage、（武汉大学11）A、performativeB、interpersonalC、informativeD、recreational13、“IcanrefertoConfuciuseventhoughhewasdead2000yearsago、”Thisshowsthatlanguagehasthedesignfeatureof_B__、（天外11）A、arbitrarinessB、creativityC、dualityD、displacement14、_A___referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity、（天外11）A、LangueB、CompetenceC、CommunicativecompetenceD、Linguisticpotential15、_B___hasbeenwidelyacceptedasthefatherofmodernlinguistics、（天外12）A、ChomskyB、SaussureC、BloomfieldD、Halliday1、Whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguge?CA、InterpersonalfunctionB、PerformativefunctionC、InformativefunctionD、Recreationalfunction2、_C__functionreferstoexpressionsthathelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelations、A、PerformativeB、InterpersonalC、PhaticD、Metalingual3、_C__referstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations、A、CompetenceB、PerformanceC、EloquenceD、Action4、_B___isthestudyofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctionsandthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakersasthesethreeconstantlyinteractandchangewithinaspeechcommunity、A、PsycholinguisticsB、SociolinguisticsC、AnthropologicallinguisticsD、Computationallinguistics5、ThesentenceCloseyourtextbookandlistentomecarefully!performsa(n)D___function、A、InterrogativeB、informativeC、PerformativeD、directive6、C___isdefinedasthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandmind、A、SemanticsB、PragmaticsC、CognitivelinguisticsD、Sociolinguistics7、A___referstothelearninganddevelopmentofalanguage、A、LanguageacquisitionB、LanguagecomprehensionC、LanguageproductionD、Languageinstruction8、Languageisatoolofcommunication、Thesymbol“Highwayclosedon”ahighwayserves__B__、A、AnexpressivefunctionB、aninformativefunctionC、AperformativefunctionD、apersuasivefunction9、WhichofthefollowingisNOTadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?DA、ArbitrarinessB、DisplacementC、DualityD、Diachronicity10、Thedistinctionbetweenparoleandlanguewasmadeby___D__、A、HallidayB、Chomsky北二外）C、BloomfieldD、Saussure1、Allsyllablescontaina__A___A、nucleusB、codaC、onset2、Asoundwhichiscapableofdistinguishingonewordfromanotherinagivenlanguageis___C__、（北二外）A、allophoneB、phoneC、phoneme3、__D___isoneofthesuprasegmentalfeatures、A、stopB、voicingC、deletionD、tone（东南）4、WhichofthefollowingconsonantsdoesnotexistinEnglish?（东南）AA、dentalstopB、bilabialstopC、alveolarstopD、velarstop5、Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations,only_A___ispermissible、A、kiblB、bkilC、ilkbD、ilbk6、WhichpairofwordsisNOTaminimalpair?BA、cat/batB、put/butC、jig/pigD、sit/bit7、Iftwosoundsareincomplementarydistribution,theyare__B__ofthesamephoneme、A、symbolsB、allophonesC、phonesD、signs8、Wherearethevocalcords?DA、inthemouthB、inthenasalcavityC、abovethetongueD、insidethelarynx9、_B___studiesthesoundsystemsinacertainlanguage、A、PhoneticsB、PhonologyC、SemanticsD、Syntax10、Distinctivefeaturesareusedtodescribe_D___、A、phonesB、phonologyC、allophonesD、phonemes11、Intheproductionofconsonantsatleast__B__articulator（s）areinvolved、A、oneB、twoC、threeD、four12、VoicelesssoundsareproducedwhenthevocalfoldsareB、A、closedB、apartC、totallyclosedD、completelyopen13、__C__involvemorethanonemannersofarticulation、A、StopsB、FricativesC、AffricatesD、Laterals14、Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin_B___、A、theplaceofarticulationB、theobstructionofairstreamsC、thepositionofthetongueD、theshapeofthelips1、__C__areboundmorphemesbecausetheycannotbeusedasseparatewords、A、RootsB、StemsC、AffixesD、Compounds2、__C__isthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent、A、RootB、AllomorphC、MorphemeD、Word3、TheEnglishword“untouchable”iscomposeBd__o_f_morphemes、A、fourB、threeC、twoD、five4、WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?BA、pencilboxB、unreasonableC、deadlineD、upstairs5、Whenthesuffix_A__isaddedtoaverb,itchangesthisverbintoanadjective、A、lessB、nessC、fullyD、er6、The“s”indrumsisD__、A、afreemorphemeB、astemC、arootD、aninflectionalaffix7、Theword“bodyguard”isaAA、compoundwordB、complexwordC、derivationalwordD、freemorpheme8、Whichofthefollowingwordsisaderivationalone?CA、blackboardB、singsC、astonishmentD、boys1、Atomisawordof__B__origin、A、LatinB、GreekC、ArabicD、Spanish2、EnglishhasmanagedtowidenhervocabularybyborrowingwordsfromotherlanguagesEXCEPT_B___、A、3、FrenchB、KoreanC、LatinD、GreekWhichofthefollowingwordsisbuiltbyabbreviation?BA、smogB、fridgeC、motelD、edit4、Thewordhamburger”isofC__origin、A、AmericanB、ItalianC、GermanD、French5、Thewordsmog”isformedthrough_B__、A、derivationB、blendingC、clippingD、backformation6、WTOis_BA、C、anabbreviationB、anacronymablendingwordD、abackformationword7、Ofthefollowingwordformationprocesses,_D__isthemostproductive、A、clippingB、blendingC、initialismD、derivation8、Motelisa(n)__C___、A、abbreviationB、coinageC、blendingD、acronym1、Therelationbetweenthedeterminer“thisa”ndthenoun“man”inthephrase“thisman”Bis___、A、governmentB、concordC、bindingD、paradigmatic2、Whichofthefollowingphrasesisexocen