20196月四级真题及解析卷二

英语四级真题及 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 （卷二）英语四级真题及答案（卷二）  PartIWriting  1、【题干】Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanewsreporttoyourcampusnewspaperonavisittoalocalfarmorganizedbyyourStudentUnion.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.  【答案】AnImpressiveActivities-Visiting  Inordertohelpusstudentstoenrichlifeandbroadenhorizon,theStudentUnionorganizedameaningfulactivityonlastweekend--visitingthelocalfarm,bywhichwegraspedmuchusefulknowledgeaboutagriculture.  ThefarmwevisitedislocatedinthesuburbofBeijingandfarawayfromourschool,whichcoversanareaof1000squarefeet.Alongwithnativefoodslikericeandpotatoes,thefarmersonthefarmgrowmanyorganicvegetables,includingcorn,cucumbers,tomatoesandsoforth.Besides,thefarmbreedsahostoflocalspeciessuchasdairycattle,geese,chickenbymodernscientifictechnique.Oneofthemostimpressivethingsforusisthatbymeansofgreenfarmingmethods,theproblemofenvironmentalpollutionhasbeeneffectivelyalleviated.  Thisoutdoorsactivityhasareallydeepimpressionforus.Notonlydiditgetusclosertothenatureandrelievepressurefromus,italsoenhanceourprofessionalknowledgeabouthusbandrytechnology. PartⅢReadingSectionA  ThecenterofAmericanautomobileinnovationhasinthepastdecademoved2,000milesaway.Ithas_____(27)fromDetroittoSiliconValley,whereself-drivingvehiclesarecomingintolife.  Ina_____(28)totakeproductionbacktoDetroit,Michiganlawmakershaveintroduced_____(29)thatcouldmaketheirstatethebestplaceinthecountry,ifnottheworld,todevelopself-drivingvehiclesandputthemontheroad.  "Michigan's_____(30)inautoresearchanddevelopmentisunderattackfromseveralstatesandcountrieswhichdesireto_____(31)ourleadershipintransportation.Wecan'tlethappen,"saysSenatorMikeKowall,thelead_____(32)offourbillsrecentlyintroduced.  Ifallfourbillspassaswritten,theywould_____(33)asubstantialupdateofMichigan's2013lawthatallowedthetestingofself-drivingvehiclesinlimitedconditions.Manufacturerwouldhavenearlytotalfreedomtotesttheirself-drivingtechnologyonpublicroads.Theywouldbeallowedtosendgroupsofself-drivingcarsoncross-stateroadtrips,andevenseton-demand_____(34)ofself-drivingcars,liketheoneGeneralMotorsandLyftarebuilding.  LawmakersinMichiganclearlywanttomakethestatereadyforthecommercialapplicationofself-drivingtechnology.In_____(35),California,homeofSiliconValley,recentlyproposedfarmore_____(36)rulesthatwouldrequirehumandriversbereadytotakethewheel,andcommercialuseofself-drivingtechnology.  27、【题干】_____.  【选项】                                【答案】H  28、【题干】_____.  【选项】                                【答案】A  29、【题干】_____.  【选项】                                【答案】G  30、【题干】_____.  【选项】                                【答案】D  31、【题干】_____.  【选项】                                【答案】I  32、【题干】_____.  【选项】                                【答案】N  33、【题干】_____.  【选项】                                【答案】J  34、【题干】_____.  【选项】                                【答案】E  35、【题干】_____.  【选项】                                【答案】B  36、【题干】_____.  【选项】                                【答案】K  PartⅢReadingSectionB  MakeStuff,Fail,AndLearnWhileYou'reAtIt  [A]We'vealwaysbeenahands-on,do-it-yourselfkindofnation.BenFranklin,oneofAmerica'sfoundingfathers,didn'tjustinventthelightningrod.Hiscreationsincludeglasses,innovativestovesandmore.  [B]Franklin,whowaslargelyself-taught,mayhavebeenagenius,buthewasn'treallyanexceptionwhenitcomestoAmericanmakingandcreativity.  [C]ThepersonalcomputingrevolutionandphilosophyofdisruptiveinnovationofSiliconValleygrew,inpart,outofthecreationsoftheHomebrewComputerClub,WhichwasfoundedinagarageinMenloPark,California,inthemid-1970s.Members—includingguysnamedJobsandWozniak—startedmakingandinventingthingstheycouldn'tbuy.  [D]Soit'snosurprisethattheMakerMovementtodayisthrivingincommunitiesandsomeschoolsacrossAmerica.Makingisavailabletoordinarypeoplewhoaren'ttiedtobigcompanies,bigdefenselabsorresearchuniversities.ThemakerphilosophyechoesoldideasadvocatedbyJohnDewey,Montessori,andevenancientGreekphilosophers,aswepointedoutrecently.  [E]Thesemakerspacesareoftenoutsideofclassrooms,andareservinganimportanteducationalfunction.TheMakerMovementisrediscoveringlearningbydoing,whichisDewey'sphrasefrom100yearsago.WearerediscoveringDeweyandMontessoriandalotofthepracticesthattheypioneeredthathavebeenforgottenoratleastputaside.Amakerspaceisaplacewhichcanbeinaschool,butitdoesn'tlooklikeaclassroom.Itcanbeinalibrary.Itcanbeoutinthecommunity.Ithastoolsandmaterials.It'saplacewhereyougettomakethingsbasedonyourinterestandonwhatyou'relearningtodo.  [F]Ideasaboutlearningbydoinghavestruggledtobecomemainstreameducationally,despitebeingoldconceptsfromDeweyandMontessori,PlatoandAristotle,andintheAmericanContcxt,RalphEmerson,onthevalueofexperienceandself-reliance.It'snotnecessarilyanefficientwaytolearn.Welearn,inasense,bytrialanderror.Learningfromexperienceissomethingthattakestimeandpatience.It'sveryindividualized.Ifyourgoalistohavestandardizedapproachestolearning,whereeverybodylearnsthesamethingatthesametimeinthesameway,thenlearningbydoingdoesn'treallyfitthatmoldanymore.It'snottheworldoftextbooks.It'snottheworldoftesting.  [G]Learningbydoingmaynotbeefficient,butitiseffective.Project-basedlearninghasgrowninpopularitywithteachersandadministrators.However,project-basedlearningisnotmaking.Althoughthereisaconnection,thereisalsoadistinction.Thedifferenceliesinwhethertheprojectisinasensedefinedanddevelopedbythestudentorwhetherit'sassignedbyateacher.We'llallgetthekidstobuildasmallboat.WeareallgoingtolearnaboutX,Y,andZ.Thattendstobeoneformofproject-basedlearning.  [H]Ireallybelievethecoreideaofmakingistohaveanideawithinyourhead—oryoujustborrowitfromsomeone—andbegintodevelopit,repeatitandimproveit.Then,realizethatideasomehow.Thatthingthatyoumakeisvaluabletoyouandyoucanshareitwithothers.I'minterestedinhowthesethingsareexpressionsofthatperson,theirideas,andtheirinteractionswiththeworld.  [I]Insomeways,alotofformsofmakinginschooltrivialize(使变得无足轻重)making.Thethingthatyoumakehasnovaluetoyou.Onceyouaredonedemonstratingwhateverconceptwasinthetextbook,youthrowawaythepipecleaners,thecardboardtubes.  [J]Makingshouldbestudent-directedandstudent-led,otherwiseit'sboring.Itdoesn'thavethemotivationofthestudent.I'mnotsayingthatstudentsshouldnotlearnconceptsornotlearnskills.Theydo.Buttoreallyharnesstheirmotivationistobuildupontheirinterest.It'stoletthembeincontrolandtodrivethecar.  [K]Teachersshouldaimtobuildasupportive,creativeenvironmentforstudentstodothiswork.Averysocialenvironment,wheretheyarelearningfromeachother.Whentheyhaveaproblem,itisn'ttheteachernecessarilycomingintosolveit.Theyareresponsibleforworkingthroughthatproblem.Itmightbetheyhavetotalktootherstudentsintheclasstohelpgetananswer.  [L]Theteacher'sroleismoreofacoachorobserver.Sometimes,topeople,itsoundslikethisisadiminishedroteforteachers.Ithinkit'saheightenedrole.You'reereatingthisenvironment,likeamakerspace.Youhave20kidsdoingdifferentthings.Youarewatchingthemandreallyit'sthehumanbehaviorsyou'relookingat.AretheyengagedAtheydevelopingandrepeatingtheirprojectAretheystumbling(受挫)Dotheyneedsomethingthattheydon'thaveCanyouhelpthembeawareofwheretheyare？  [M]Mybeliefisthatthegoalofmakingisnottogeteverykidtobehands-on,butitenableustobegoodlearners.It'snottheknowledgethatisvaluable,It'sthepracticeoflearningnewthingsandunderstandinghowthingswork.Theseareprocessesthatyouaredevelopingsothatyouareable,overtime,totacklemoreinterestingproblems,morechallengingproblems—problemsthatrequiremanypeopleinsteadofoneperson,andmanyskillsinsteadofone.  [N]Ifteacherskeepitform-freeandstudent-led,itcanstillbetiedtoacurriculumandaneducationalplan.Ithinkamakerspaceismorelikealikealibraryinthattherearemultiplesubjectsandmultiplethingsthatyoucanlearn.Whatseemstobemissinginschoolishowthesesubjectsintegrate,howtheyfittogetherinanymeaningfulway.Ratherthansaying,‘Thisisscience,overhereishistory,'Iseeschoolstakingthisideaofprojectsandlookingat:Howdotheysupportchildreninhigherlevellearning？  [O]Ifeellikethisisashiftawayformasubjectmatter-basedcurriculumtoamoreexperientialcurriculumorlearning.It'sstillinitsearlystages,butIthinkit'sshiftingaroundnotwhatkidslearnbuthowtheylearn.  37.【题干】Amakerspaceiswherepeoplemakethingsaccordingtotheirpersonalinterests.  【选项】                                【答案】E  38.【题干】Theteachers'roleisenhancedinamakerspaceastheyhavetomonitorandfacilitateduringtheprocess.  【选项】                                【答案】L  39.【题干】Comingupwithanideaofone'sownorimprovingonefromothersiskeytotheconceptofmaking.  【选项】                                【答案】H  40.【题干】Contrarytostructuredlearning,learningbydoingishighlyindividualized.  【选项】                                【答案】F  41.【题干】Americaisanationknownfortheideaofmakingthingsbyoneself.  【选项】                                【答案】A  42.【题干】Makingwillbeboringunlessstudentsareabletotakecharge.  【选项】                                【答案】J  43.【题干】Makingcanberelatedtoaproject,butitiscreatedandcarriedoutbystudentsthemselves.  【选项】                                【答案】G  44.【题干】Theauthorsuggestsincorporatingtheideaofamakerspaceintoaschoolcurriculum.  【选项】                                【答案】N  45.【题干】Themakerconceptisamodernversionofsomeancientphilosophicalideas.  【选项】                                【答案】D  46.【题干】Makingisnottakenseriouslyinschoolwhenstudentsareaskedtomakesomethingmeaninglesstothembasedontextbooks.  【选项】                                【答案】I PartⅢReadingSectionC  PassageOne  Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.  Intheclassicmarriagevow(誓约),couplespromisetostaytogetherinsicknessandinhealth.Butanewstudyfindsthattheriskofdivorceamongoldercouplesriseswhenthewife-notthehusband—becomesseriouslyill.  "Marriedwomendiagnosedwithaserioushealthconditionmayfindthemselvesstrugglingwiththeimpactoftheirdiseasewhilealsoexperiencingthestressofdivorce,"saidresearcherAmeliaKarraker.  Karrakerandco-authorKenzieLathamanalyzed20yearsofdataon2,717marriagesfromastudyconductedbyIndianaUniversitysince1992.Atthetimeofthefirstinterview,atleastoneofthepartnerswasovertheageof50.  Theresearchersexaminedhowtheonset(发生)offourseriousphysicalillnessesaffectedmarriages.Theyfoundthat,overall,31%ofmarriagesendedindivorceovertheperiodstudied.Theincidenceofnewchronic(慢性的)illnessonsetincreasedovertimeaswill,withmorehusbandsthanwivesdevelopingserioushealthproblems.  "Wefoundthatwomenaredoublyvulnerabletomaritalbreak-upinthefaceofillness,"Karrakersaid."They'remorelikelytobewidowed,andifthey'rethenoeswhobecomeill,they'remorelikelytogetdivorced."  Whilethestudydidn'tassesswhydivorceinmorelikelywhenwivesbutnothusbandsbecomeseriouslyill,Karrakeroffersafewpossiblereasons."Gendernormsandsocialexpectationsaboutcaregivingmanymakeitmoredifficultformentoprovidecaretosickspouses,"Karrakersaid."Andbecauseoftheimbalanceinmarriagemarkets,especiallyinolderages,divorcedmenhavemorechoicesamongprospectivepartnersthandivorcedwomen."  Giventheincreasingconcernabouthealthcarecostsfortheagingpopulation,Karrakerbelievespolicymakersshouldbeawareoftherelationshipbetweendiseaseandriskofdivorce.  "Offeringsupportservicestospousescaringfortheirotherhalvesmayreducemaritalstressandpreventdivorceatolderages,"shesaid."Butit'salsoimportanttorecognizethatthepressuretodivorcemaybehealth-relatedandthatsickex-wivesmayneedadditionalcareandservicestopreventworseninghealthandincreasedhealthcosts."  47.【题干】Whatcanwelearnaboutmarriagevowsfromthepassage？  【选项】  maynotguaranteealastingmarriage.  areasbindingastheyusedtobe.  arenottakenseriouslyanymore.  mayhelpcouplestideoverhardtimes.  【答案】A  48.【题干】WhatdidKarrakerandco-authorKenzieLathamfindaboutelderlyhusbands？  【选项】  aregenerallynotgoodattakingcareofthemselves.  canbecomeincreasinglyvulnerabletoseriousillnesses.  candevelopdifferentkindsofillnessesjustliketheirwives.  aremorelikelytocontractseriousillnessesthantheirwives.  【答案】B  49.【题干】WhatdoesKarrakersayaboutwomenwhofallill？  【选项】  aremorelikelytobewidowed.  aremorelikelytogetdivorced.  arelesslikelytoreceivegoodcare.  arelesslikelytobothertheirspouses.  【答案】B  50.【题干】WhyisitmoredifficultformentotakecareoftheirsickspousesaccordingtoKarraker？  【选项】  aremoreaccustomedtoreceivingcare.  finditmoreimportanttomakemoneyforthefamily.  thinkitmoreurgenttofulfilltheirsocialobligations.  expectsocietytodomoreofthejob.  【答案】A  51.【题干】WhatdoesKarrakerthinkisalsoimportant？  【选项】  maritalstressonwives.  oldcouples'srelations.  extracarefordivorcedwomen.  menpayfortheirwives'healthcosts.  【答案】C  PassageTwo  Questions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.  Ifyouwerelikemostchildren,youprobablygotupsetwhenyourmothercalledyoubyasibling's(兄弟姐妹的)name.HowcouldshenotknowyouDiditmeanshelovedyouless？  Probablynot.Accordingtothefirstresearchtotacklethistopichead-on,misnamingthemostfamiliarpeopleinourlifeisacommoncognitive(认知的)errorthathastodowithhowourmemoriesclassifyandstorefamiliarnames.  Thestudy,publishedonlineinAprilinthejournalMemoryandCognition,foundthatthe"wrong"nameisnotrandombutisinvariablyfishedoutfromthesamerelationshippond:children,siblings,friends.Thestudydidnotexaminethepossibilityofdeeppsychologicalsignificancetothemistake,sayspsychologistDavidRubin,"butitdoestelluswho'sinandwho'soutofthegroup."  Thestudyalsofoundthatwithinthatgroup,misnamingsoccurredwherethenamessharedinitialorinternalsounds,likeJimmyandJoanieorJohnandBob.Physicalresemblancebetweenpeoplewasnotafactor.Norwasgender.  Theresearchersconductedfiveseparatesurveysofmorethan1,700people.Someofthesurveysincludedonlycollegestudents;othersweredonewithamixed-agepopulation.Someaskedsubjectsaboutincidentswheresomeoneclosetothem—familyorfriend—hadcalledthembyanotherperson'sname.Theothersurveysaskedabouttimeswhensubjectshadthemselvescalledsomeoneclosetothembythewrongname.Allthesurveysfoundthatpeoplemixedupnameswithinrelationshipgroupssuchasgrandchildren,friendsandsiblingsbuthardlyevercrossedtheseboundaries.  Ingeneral,thestudyfoundthatundergraduateswerealmostaslikelyasoldpeopletomakethismistakeandmenaslikelyaswomen.Olderpeopleandthismistakeandmenaslikelyaswomen.Olderpeopleandwomenmadethemistakeslightlymoreoften,butthatmaybebecausegrandparentshavemoregrandchildrentomixupthanparentshavechildren.Also,mothersmaycallontheirchildrenmoreoftenthanfathers,giventraditionalgendernorms.Therewasnoevidencethaterrorsoccurredmorewhenthemisnamerwasfrustrated,tiredorangry.  52.【题干】Howmightpeopleoftenfeelwhentheyweremisnamed？  【选项】  .  .  .  .  【答案】B  53.【题干】WhatdidDavidRubin'sresearchfindaboutmisnaming？  【选项】  isrelatedtothewayourmemorieswork.  isapossibleindicatorofafaultymemory.  occursmostlybetweenkidsandtheirfriends.  oftencausesmisunderstandingsamongpeople.  【答案】D  54.【题干】Whatismostlikelythecauseofmisnaming？  【选项】  personalitytraits.  spellingsofnames.  physicalappearance.  pronunciationofnames.  【答案】D  55.【题干】Whatdidthesurveysofmorethan1,700subjectsfindaboutmisnaming？  【选项】  moreoftenthannothurtsrelationships.  hardlyoccursacrossgenderboundaries.  ismostfrequentlyfoundinextendedfamilies.  mostoftenoccurswithinarelationshipgroups.  【答案】D  56.【题干】Whydomothersmisnametheirchildrenmoreoftenthanfathers？  【选项】  suffermor