中国戏剧英文介绍

IntroductionofChineseoperaandmusic中国戏曲主要是由民间歌舞、说唱和滑稽戏三种不同艺术形式综合而成。它起源于原始歌舞，是一种历史悠久的综合舞台艺术样式。经过汉、唐到宋、金才形成比较完整的戏曲艺术，它由文学、音乐、舞蹈、美术、武术、杂技以及表演艺术综合而成，约有三百六十多个种类。它的特点是将众多艺术形式以一种 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 聚合在一起，在共同具有的性质中体现其各自的个性。比较著名的戏曲种类有：京剧（BeijingOpera）、昆曲(Kunqu)、越剧(ShaoxingOpera)、秦腔（ShanxiOpera）、黄梅戏(HuangmeiOpera)。ColourfulmasksandvariousrolesWhite:Sinister,evil,crafty,treacherous,andsuspicious.Anyonewearingawhitemaskisusuallythevillain.Green:Impulsive,violent,noselfrestraintorselfcontrol.Red:Brave,loyal.Black:Rough,fierce,orimpartial.Yellow:Ambitious,fierce,cool-headed.Blue:Steadfast,someonewhoisloyalandstickstoonesidenomatterwhat.Colourfulmasksandvariousroles1.生是戏曲表演行当的主要类型之一，扮演男性人物。（分为老生、小生，武生。）2.旦：正旦——主要扮演娴静庄重的青年、中年妇女。重唱功，多用韵白。因常穿青素褶子，故又名“青衣”。花旦——多扮演性格明快活泼的青年女性。此外，还有武旦，老旦等。3.净：俗称花脸。以面部化妆运用各种色彩和图案勾勒脸谱为突出标志，扮演性格、气质、相貌上有特异之点的男性角色。4.丑：丑戏曲表演行当主要类型之一，喜剧角色。。扮演人物种类繁多，有的心地善良，幽默滑稽；有的奸诈刁恶，悭吝卑鄙。TheDevelopmentofChineseOperaFormingstage:Primitivesociety(tosatisfypeople’sspiritualneed)社火、秧歌、傩戏Boomingperiod:InYuandynasty,commercialandprofessionalperforminggroupemerged.TheDevelopmentofChineseOperaFamousworks:窦娥冤（关汉卿）、汉宫秋（马致远）Extensionphase:InMingdynasty,KunqugrewupontheregionssouthofYangtzeRiver(江南).TheDevelopmentofChineseOperaHeyday:InthelateMingandearlyQingdynasty,ChineseOperawelcomedaprosperoustimewithBeijingOperacomingup.IntroductionofoperasindifferentperiodYuanDynasty1、Definition：Yuanzaju(元杂剧)werepoeticandmusicaldramas,infour(or,occasionally,five)acts,withthe"act"definedasasetofsongsfollowingandcompletingacertainmusicalmodalprogressionThezajufeaturedparticularspecializedrolesforperformers,suchasDan(旦,dàn,female),Sheng(生,shēng,male),Hua(花,huā,painted-face)andChou(丑,chŏu,clown).2、Reason：(1)artdevelopment——ChineseOperahasdevelopedforalongtime,soitbecamemorematureininteriorstructureandexternalperformance;(2)Socialreality——thetraditionalpoetryhasbeendeclining,soscholarstreatedthedramasasanewlandtoexploit;andunderthecontrolofMongolnationality,scholarshadtomakealivingbywritingdramasforthetheatresbecauseoftheabolishmentofImperialCompetitiveExamination(科举考试).IntroductionofoperasindifferentperiodYuanDynasty3、FamousplaywrightsandRepresentatives：GuanHanqing关汉卿TheInjusticetoDouE（窦娥冤）WangShifu王实甫RomanceoftheWestChamber（西厢记）4、Characteristics:元杂剧的 剧本 关于骆驼祥子剧本台词历史剧本一秦朝校园心理剧优秀剧本荆轲刺秦王课本剧欲望都市6季英文剧本 体制，绝大多数是由“四折一楔”构成。四折，是四个情节的段落，像做文章讲究起承传合一样。将音乐结构和戏剧结构统一起来，达到体制上的规整，这表明元杂剧的艺术成熟和完善。5、Difference:Comparedwiththepreviousdramaseries,YuanZajuwasfocusedmoreonthesocialrealityinsteadofexpressingplaywrights’subjectiveemotions.IntroductionofoperasindifferentperiodMingDynasty1.Definition:ThedominantformoftheMing(1368–1644)andearlyQingdynastieswasKunqu,whichoriginatedintheWuculturalarea.Itlaterevolvedintoalongerformofplaycalledchuanqi(传奇),whichbecameoneofthe5melodiesthatmadeupSichuanopera.[4]CurrentlyChineseoperascontinuetoexistin368differentforms,thebestknownbeingBeijingopera,whichassumeditspresentforminthemid-19thcenturyandwasextremelypopularinthelatterpartoftheQingDynasty(1644–1911).2.Inthisperiod,昆曲and弋阳腔startedtobepopular.Theformeronewasappreciatedbytheupperclasswhilethelatteronewasprevalentamongordinarypeople.AndinthelateMingDynasty,Excerpts(折子戏)appeared.Itwasonlysomepartsofthewhole传奇drama,butitwasexcellentbothindancingandsinging.IntroductionofoperasindifferentperiodMingDynasty3.FamousplaywrightsandRepresentatives:《十五贯》《占花魁》《浣纱记》《牡丹亭》（汤显祖）4.Characteristics:昆山腔——classicandgraceful弋阳腔——popular,folk-custom,andfocusontheperformanceeffect明代戏曲经过长期的舞台实践，角色分工更加细密。比如昆山腔就有12个角色，主角不限于正生、正旦，净、丑也不止是调笑了。IntroductionofoperasindifferentperiodEarlyQingDynasty——BeijingOpera1.Definiton:InBeijingopera,traditionalChinesestringandpercussioninstrumentsprovideastrongrhythmicaccompanimenttotheacting.Theactingisbasedonallusion:gestures,footwork,andotherbodymovementsexpresssuchactionsasridingahorse,rowingaboat,oropeningadoor.Elaboratemake-updesignsportraywhichcharacterisacting.ThetraditionalrepertoireofBeijingoperaincludesmorethan1,000works,mostlytakenfromhistoricalnovelsaboutpoliticalandmilitarystruggles.2.Characteristcs:其表演艺术更趋于虚实结合的表现手法，最大限度超脱了舞台空间和时间的限制，达到“以形传神，形神兼备”的艺术境界。表演上要求精致细腻，处处入戏；唱腔上要求悠扬委婉，声情并茂,以“武戏文唱”见佳。IntroductionofoperasindifferentperiodEarlyQingDynasty——BeijingOpera3.Originsanddevelopment:徽秦合流（乾隆五十五年（1790年）落户北京）、徽汉合流→道光二十年至咸丰十年间（1840-1860），经徽戏、秦腔、汉调的合流，并借鉴吸收昆曲、京腔之长而形成了京剧。其标志之一：曲调板式完备丰富，超越了徽、秦、汉三剧中的任何一种（形成期）→1883年一1918年，京剧由形成期步入成熟期，代表人物为时称“老生后三杰”的谭鑫培汪桂芬、孙菊仙→1917年以来，京剧优秀演员大量涌现，呈现出流派纷呈的繁盛局面，由成熟期发展到鼎盛期，这一时期的代表人物为杨小楼、梅兰芳(贵妃醉酒）、余叔岩。由于文人崇尚的雅文化传统在20世纪遭遇灭顶之灾，京剧达到了它的全盛时期。Intheperiodof1949-1985IntheearlyyearsofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,thedevelopmentofBeijingoperawasencouraged;manynewoperasonhistoricalandmodernthemeswerewritten,andearlieroperascontinuedtobeperformed.Asapopularartform,operahasusuallybeenthefirstoftheartstoreflectchangesinChinesepolicy.Inthemid-1950s,forexample,itwasthefirsttobenefitundertheHundredFlowersCampaign,suchasthebirthofJilinopera.DuringtheCulturalRevolution,mostoperatroupesweredisbanded,performersandscriptwriterswerepersecuted,andalloperaswerebannedexceptthe“eightmodeloperas”alsoknownasrevolutionaryoperathathadbeensanctionedbyJiangQingandherassociates.Western-styleplayswerecondemnedas"deaddrama"and"poisonousweeds"andwerenotperformed.TraditionalBeijingoperawasconsidered"feudalisticandbourgeois,"andwasbanned.Intheperiodof1949-1985Intotal,eightrevolutionaryoperasweremade,and,accordingtosomesources,theyweretheonlyformsofartisticexpressionallowedinChinaatthetime.TheoperasweremadeinaccordancewithMao'sprovisionthat"artmustservetheinterestsoftheworkers,peasants,andsoldiersandmustconformtoproletarianideology.“Thelimitednumberofoperas(8)thusledtothecoinageofthetermEightModelOperasIntheperiodof1949-1985sixmodernoperas:TheRedLantern红灯记ShajiaVillage沙家浜TakingTigerMountainbyStrategies智取威虎山RaidontheWhiteTigerRegiment奇袭白虎团PraiseofDragonRiver龙江颂OntheDock海港twoballets:RedDetachmentofWomen红色娘子军White-HairedGirl白毛女eightrevolutionaryoperasModeloperaswereperformedonstages,broadcastontheradio,madeintofilms,andsungbymillions.Theyweretheonlyavailabletheatricalentertainmentfor800millionpeople,theentirepopulationofChinaatthetime.TheoperasareoftentakenasexampleoftheParty-dominatedartoftheCulturalRevolution,andhavebeencondemnedasanaesthetic（美学）andculturalaberration（畸形）.AfterthefalloftheGangofFourin1976,BeijingOperaenjoyedarevivalandcontinuedtobeaverypopularformofentertainmentbothintheatersandontelevision.Intheperiodof1949-1985NanyinMusic NanyinMusicisoneoftheoldestexistingmusicgenres(流派)inChina,whichhasexistedfor1,000years.NanyinMusicoriginatedfromroyalpalacemusic,andlaterestablisheditselfinSouthChinawhenthecourtmusiciansmigratedtothesouth.BeginningfromtheWesternandEasternHanDynastiesandespeciallyduringtheTangDynasty,peopleinCentralChinaimmigratedtotheMinnanAreatoescapethecivilwars.Theybroughtalongtheirmusicculture,whichlaterblendedintothelocalfolkmusic,andbecameanewmusicgenre:Nanyinmusic. NanyinMusicwasmainlyperformedusingthedongxiao（洞箫）,thenanpa（横颈琵琶）,theerxian（二弦）,thesanxian（三弦）andthepaiban（拍板）. Combiningvariousmusicelements,includingthelocalKunOperastyleofSouthFujian,Nanyinmusicisabeautifulmusicgenrethatissoftandsmoothinbothlyricsandmelodies.NanyinMusicsongsaresungintheMinnandialect,andthetunesretainlotsofancientwordsandmelodiesfromCentralChina.HuangmeiOpera"HuangmeiTune"or"CaichaOpera"EastChina'sAnhuiProvinceHuangmeiCounty,HubeiProvince18thCenturyAnqingCityHuangmeiOperawasderivedfrom"CaichaTune",thefolkdittiespeoplesangwhilepickingtea.Itisacombinationoflocalfolksongs,dancesandsomewidespreadancientoperas.1976~NowTheChinaDramakeptdevelopingaswellasthemusic,mainlythedifferentlocaldramas,suchasPekingOpera,HuiOpera(徽剧)，etc.MusicModernethnicinstrumentsInfluencefromWesternworld,Taiwan,HK,etc.Newtypesofmusic:Hip-pop,Soul,Jazz,Rock&Roll黄梅戏中国汉族地方戏曲，旧称黄梅调或采茶戏。它发源于湖北、安徽、江西三省交界处黄梅多云山，与鄂东和赣东北的采茶戏同出一源，其最初形式是湖北黄梅一带的采茶歌。黄梅戏用安庆语言念唱，唱腔淳朴流畅，以明快抒情见长，具有丰富的表现力；黄梅戏的表演质朴细致，以真实活泼著称。黄梅戏来自于民间，雅俗共赏、怡情悦性，她以浓郁的生活气息和清新的乡土风味感染观众。Developmentatfestivalsandspecialsolarperiods(the24weather-orienteddivisionsoftheyear)seasonal,semi-professionalgroupsappeared1926--140yearsafteritsadventappearedinShanghaiin19341949,blossomContentsChinesetraditionalfolktalestheworksofShakespeareMuchAdoAboutNothing(1986)CharacteristicsadistinctivelocalflavorofChina'sancientpastgracefulandsweet-soundingeasytounderstandandlearnRepresentatives 天仙配TheBeauty 女驸马TheFemaleSon-in-Law 牛郎织女Theromancebetweencow-herdandweaving-fairy 徽州女人TheLadyfromHuichou 韩再芬 严凤英 马兰MuchAdoAboutNothing七女：树上的鸟儿成双对，董永：绿水青山带笑颜，七女：从今不再受那奴役苦，董永：夫妻双双把家还。七女：你耕田来我织布，董永：我挑水来你浇园，七女：寒窑虽破能避风雨，董永：夫妻恩爱苦也甜。(合唱：你我好比鸳鸯鸟，比翼双飞在人间。)