研究生英语综合教程1-10单元原文 翻译

研究生英语综合教程1-10单元原文+翻译UnitOneTRAITSOFTHEKEYPLAYERSDavidG.Jensen1Whatexactlyisakeyplayer?A"KeyPlayer"isaphrasethatI'veheardaboutfromemployersduringjustabouteverysearchI'veconducted.Iaskedaclient-ahiringmanagerinvolvedinarecentsearch-todefineitforme."Everycompanyhasahandfulofstaffinagivenareaofexpertisethatyoucancountontogetthejobdone.Onmyteamofsevenprocessengineerandbiologists,I'vegottwoorthreewhomIjustcouldn'tlivewithout,"hesaid."Keyplayersareessentialtomyorganization.Andwhenwehireyourcompanytorecruitforus,weexpectthatyou'llbegoingintoothercompaniesandfindingjustthat:thestaffthatanothermanagerwillnotwanttoseeleave.Werecruitonlykeyplayers."2Thisispartofapeptalkintendedtosendheadhuntersintocompetitor'scompaniestotalktothemostexperiencedstaffaboutmakingachange.Theywanttohirea"keyplayer"fromanothercompany.Everycompanyalsohiresfromtheranksofnewbies,andwhatthey'relookingforisexactlythesame."Weholdthemuptothestandardsweseeinourtoppeople.Ifitlooksliketheyhavethesesametraits,we'llplaceabetonthem."It'sjustabitriskier.3"It'saneducatedguess,"saysmyhiringmanagerclient.Yourjobasafutureemployeeistohelpthehiringmanagermitigatethatrisk.Youneedtohelpthemidentifyyouasaprospective"keyplayer".4Trait1:TheselflesscollaboratorJohnFetzer,careerconsultantandchemist,firstsuggestedthistrait,whichhasalreadybeen writtenaboutagreatdeal.Itdeservesrepeatingbecauseitisthesinglemostpublicdifferencebetweenacademiaandindustry."It'steamwork,"saysFetzer"Thebusinessenvironmentislesslone-wolfandcompetitive,sosignsofbeingcollaborativeandselflessstandout.Youjustcan'tsucceedinanindustryenvironmentwithoutthismindset"5Manypeptidesandgradstudentshaveatoughtimeshowingthattheycanmakethistransitionbecausesomuchoftheirlifehasinvolvedplayingtheindependent-researcherroleandoutshiningotheryoungstars.Youcanmakeyourselfmoreattractivetocompaniesbyworkingtogetherwithscientistsfromotherlaboratoriesanddisciplinesinpursuitofacommongoal—anddocumentingtheresultsonyourresume.Thisapproach,combinedwithaliberaluseofthepronoun"we"andnotjust"I"whendescribingyouraccomplishments,canchangethecompany'sperceptionofyoufromalonewolftoaselflesscollaborator.Betterstill,developareputationinsideyourlabandwithpeopleyourlabcollaborateswithasapersonwhofostersandinitiatescollaborations—andmakesurethisqualitygetsmentionedbythosewhowilltakethosereferencephonecalls.6Trait2:AsenseofurgencyDonHautisafrequentcontributortotheaas.sciencecareers.orgdiscussionforum.Heisaformerscientistwhotransitionedtoindustrymanyyearsagoandthenontoaseniormanagementposition.Hautheadsstrategyandbusinessdevelopmentforadivisionof3Mwithmorethan$2.4billioninannualrevenues.Heisamongthosewhovalueasenseofurgency.7"Businesshappens24/7/365whichmeansthatcompetitionhappens24/7/365,aswell,"saysHaut."Onewaythatcompanieswinisbygetting'there'faster,whichmeansthatyounotonlyhavetomobilizeallofthefunctionsthatsupportabusinesstomovequickly,butyouhavetoknowhowtodecidewhere'there'is!Thiscreatesarequirementnotonlyforpeoplewhocanactquickly,butforthosewhocanthinkfastandhavethecouragetoactontheirconvictions.Thisrequirementneedstorunthroughoutanorganizationandisnotexclusivetomanagement."8Trait3:RisktoleranceBeingOKwithriskissomethingthatindustrydemands."Acandidateneedstohavedemonstratedtheabilitytomakedecisionswithimperfectorincompleteinformation.Heorshemustbeabletoembraceambiguityandstickhisorherneckouttodrivetoaconclusion,"wroteoneofmyclientsinajobdescription.9Hautagrees."Businesssuccessisoftendefinedbycomfortwithambiguityandrisk-personal,organizational,andfinancial.Thiscreatesadisconnectformanyscientistsbecausesuccessinacademiaisreallymoreaboutcareful,studiedresearch.Further,greatscienceisoftendefinedbyhowonegetstotheanswerasmuchasbytheansweritself,soscientistsoftenfallinlovewiththeprocess.Inabusiness,youneedtounderstandtheprocess,butyouendupfallinginlovewiththeanswerandthentakeariskbasedonwhatyouthinkthatanswermeanstoyourbusiness.Puttingyourneckonthelinelikethisisaskillsetthatallemployerslookforintheirbestpeople."10Anotherimportantpieceofrisktoleranceisacandidate'sdegreeofcomfortwithfailure.Failureisimportantbecauseitshowsthatyouwerenotafraidtotakechances.Socompaniesconsistentlylookforcandidateswhocanbewrongandadmitit.Everyoneknowshowtotalkaboutsuccesses—ortheyshouldifthey'reinajobsearch—butfarfewerpeoplearecomfortabletalkingaboutfailures,andfewerstillknowhowtobringlessonsandadvantagesbackfromthebrink."Formyorganization,acandidateneedstohavecomfortdiscussinghisorherfailures,andheorsheneedstohaverealfailures,notsomethingmadeupforinterviewday.Ifnot,thatpersonhasnottakenenoughrisk."saysHaut.11Trait4:StrengthininterpersonalrelationshipsRickLeachisinbusinessdevelopmentfordeCODEGenetics.Leachmadethetransitiontoindustryrecently,onthebusinesssideofthings'".Iaskedhimaboutthiskeytraitbecauseinhisnewbusinessrole,interpersonalabilitiesmakethedifferencebetweensuccessandfailure."Scientistsspendtheirlivesaccumulatingknowledgeanddevelopingtechnicalacumen,"hesays,"butworkingforabusinessrequiressomethingelseentirely—peopleskills.Thescientistwhoistransitioningintothebusinessworldmustprioritizehisorherrelationshipassetsabovetheirtechnicalassets.Tosuddenlybevaluedandmeasuredbyyourmasteryofhumanrelationshipscanbeaveryscarypropositionforapersonwhohasbeenvaluedandmeasuredonlybyhismasteryofthings,"saysRick.12Itwouldbeamistake,however,toassumethatstrongpeopleskillsarerequiredonlyforbusinesspeoplelikeLeach.Indeed,thekeyplayersI'vemetwhoworkatthebenchinindustryhavesucceededingreatmeasurebecausethey'vebeenabletoworkwithabroadvarietyofpersonalities,upanddowntheorganization.UnitThreeLeisurewithoutliteratureisdeathandburialalive.—Seneca,RomanphilosopherWHYHARRY'SHOT?1J.K.Rowlingswearssheneversawitcoming.Inherwildestdreams,shedidn'tthinkherHarryPotterbookswouldappealtomorethanahandfulofreaders."Ineverexpectedalotofpeopletolikethem,"sheinsistedinarecentinterview."Well,itturnedoutIwasverywrong,obviously.Itstrikesachordwithanenormousnumberofpeople."That'sputtingitmildly.With35millioncopiesinprint,in35languages,thefirstthreeHarryPotterbookshaveearnedaconservativelyestimated$480millioninthreeyears.Andthatwasjustthewarm-up.Withafirstprintingof5.3millioncopiesandadvanceorderstopping1.8million,HarryPotterandtheGobletofFire,thefourthinstallmentoftheseries,promisestobreakeverybooksellingrecord.JackMorrissey,12,plainlyspeaksforagenerationofreaderswhenhesays,"TheHarryPotterbooksarelikelife,butbetter."2Amazingly,Rowlingkeepsherseveralplotlinesclearofeachotheruntiltheend,whenhedeftlybringseverythingtogetherinacataclysmicconclusion.Forpurenarrativepower,thisisthebestPotterbookyet.3Whenthebookfinallywentonsaleat12:01am.Saturday,thousandsofchildreninBritainandNorthAmericarushedtoclaimtheircopies.Bookstoreshostedpajamaparties,hiredmagiciansandservedcookiesandpunch,butnobodyneededtoliftthespiritsofthesecrowds.Inonecase,customersmadesuchabig,happynoisethatneighborscalledthecops.AtaBordersinCharlotte,N.C.,ErinRankin,12,quicklythumbedtothebackassoonasshegothercopy.“Iheardthata_majorcharacterdies,andIreallywanttofindoutwho,"shesaid.Butminuteslatershegaveup.“Ijustcan'tdoit.Ican'treadtheendfirst."4TheonlysournoteinallthesongsofjoyoverthisphenomenonhascomefromsomeparentsandconservativereligiousleaderswhosayRowlingadvocateswitchcraft.readingofthebookshasbeenchallengedin25schooldistrictsinatleast17states,andthebookshavebeenbannedinschoolsinKansasandColorado.Butthat'snothingnew,saysMichaelPatrickHearn,achildren'sbookscholarandeditorofTheAnnotatedWizard,ofOz."Anykindofmagicisconsideredevilbysomepeople,"hesays."TheWizardofOzwasattackedbyfundamentalistsinthemid-1980s."5ButperhapsthemostcuriousthingaboutthePotterphenomenon,especiallygiventhatitisallaboutbooks,isthatalmostnoonehastakenthetimetosayhowgood—orbad—thesebooksare.Theotherdaymy11-year-olddaughteraskedmeifIthoughtHarryPotterwasaclassic.Igaveher,I'mafraid,oneofthoseadult-soundinganswerswhenIsaid,"Timewilltell."Thiswasnotanoutrightlie.There'snotellingwhichbookswillsurvivefromonegenerationtothenext.Butthefactis,Iwashedging.WhatmydaughterreallywantedtoknowwashowwellJ.K.RowlingstacksupagainstthelikesofRobertLouisStevensonorMadeleineL'Engle.6IcouldhavetoldherthatIthoughttheywerebeautifullycraftedworksofentertainment,theliteraryequivalentofStevenSpielberg.IcouldalsohavetoldherIthoughtthePotterbookswerederivative.Theysharesomanyelementswithsomanychildren'sclassicsthatsometimesitseemsasthoughRowlinghadassembledhernovelsfromakit.However,thesenovelsamountto,muchmorethanjustthesumoftheirparts.Thecrucialaspectoftheirappealisthattheycanbereadbychildrenandadultswithequalpleasure.Onlythebestauthors—andtheycanbeasdifferentasDr.SeussandPhilipPullman"and,yes,J.|K.Rowling—canpullthatoff.7P.L.Travers,theauthoroftheMaryPoppinsbooks,putitbestwhenshewrote,"Youdonotchopoffasectionofyourimaginativesubstanceandmakeabookspecificallyforchildren,for—if youarehonest—youhave,infact,noideawherechildhoodendsandmaturitybegins.Itisallendlessandallone.ThereisplentyforchildrenandadultstoenjoyinRowling'sbooks,startingwiththeirlanguage.Herprosemaybeunadorned,butherwaywithnamingpeopleandthingsrevealsaquirkyandoriginaltalent.8Thebestwritersrememberwhatitisliketobeachildwithastonishingintensity.Timeandagain,Rowlingarticulatesjusthowdefenselesseventhebravestchildrenoftenfeel.NeartheendofthesecondbookDumbledore,thewiseandprotectiveheadmaster,isbanishedfromHogwarts.ThisterrifiesHarryandhisschoolmates—"WithDumbledoregone,fearhadspreadasneverbefore"—anditterrifiedme.AndinallofRowling'sbooksthererunsanundercurrentofsadnessandloss.InthefirstbooktheorphanedHarrystaresintotheMirrorofErised,whichshowstheviewerhisorherutmostdesires.Harryseeshisdeadparents."NotuntilI'drereadwhatI'dwrittendidIrealizethatthathadbeentakenentirely-entirely-fromhowIfeltaboutmymother'sdeath,"Rowlingsaid."Infact,deathandbereavementandwhatdeathmeans,Iwouldsay,isoneofthecentralthemesinallsevenbooks."Doyoungreaderspickuponallthisdeepintellectualism?Consciously,perhapsnot.ButIdon'tthinkthebookswouldhavetheirbroadappealiftheywereonlyexcitingtalesofmagicaladventure,andIknowadultswouldnotfindthemsoenticing.9TheHarryPotterbooksaren'tperfect.WhatImissmostinthesenovelsisthepresenceofagreatvillain.AndbygreatvillainImeananinterestingvillain.Long.JohnSilverisdoublyfrighteningbecauseheisbothevilandcharming.IfhewereallBad,hewouldn'tfrightenushalfasmuch.Voldemortisresistiblepreciselybecauseheisjustbadtothebone.Thatsaid,IshouldaddthatinthenewbookRowlingoutdoesherselfwithabadguysoseductiveyou'llneverseehimcoming.Andheisscary.10Thatquibbleaside,Rowling’snovelsareprobablythebestbookschildrenhaveeverencounteredthathaven'tbeenthrustuponthembyanadult.Ienvykidsreadingthesebooks,becausetherewasnothingthisgoodwhenIwasaboy-nothingthisgood,Imean,thatwefoundonourown,thewaykidsarefindingHarry.WeaffectionatelyrememberTheHardyBoysandNancyDrew,buttryrereadingthemandtheircharmfadesawayprettyquickly.RowlingmaynotbeasmagisterialasTolkienorasquirkyasDahl,butherbooksintroducefledglingreaderstoaveryhighstandardofentertainment.Withthreebookslefttogointheseries,it'stooearlytopassfinaljudgment.Butconsideringwhatwe'veseensofar,especiallyinthelatestvolume,HarryPotterhasalltheearmarksofaclassic.UnitFourThefollowingtextisextractedfromMarriagesandFamiliesbyNijoleV.Benokraitis.Thebookhasbeenusedasatextbookforsociologycoursesandwomen'sstudiesinanumberofuniversitiesintheUnitedStates.Ithighlightsimportantcontemporarychangesinsocietyandthefamilyandexploresthechoicesthatareavailabletofamilymembers,aswellastheconstraintsthatmanyofusdonotrecognize.ItexaminesthediversityofAmericanfamiliestoday,usingcross-culturalandmulticulturalcomparisonstoencouragecreativethinkingaboutthemanycriticalissuesthatconfrontthefamilyofthetwenty-firstcentury.LOVEANDLOVINGRELATIONSHIPSNijoleV.Benokraitis1Love-asbothanemotionandabehavior-isessentialforhumansurvival-Thefamilyisusuallyourearliestandmostimportantsourceofloveandemotionalsupport.Babiesandchildrendeprivedoflovehavebeenknowntodevelopawidevarietyofproblems-forexample,depression,headaches,physiologicalimpairments,andneuroticandpsychosomaticdifficulties-thatsometimeslastalifetime.Incontrast,infantswhoarelovedandcuddledtypicallygainmoreweight,cryless,andsmilemore.Byfiveyearsofage,theyhavebeenfoundtohavesignificantlyhigherIQsandtoscorehigheronlanguagetests.2 Muchresearchshowsthatthequalityofcareinfantsreceiveaffectshowtheylatergetalongwithfriends,howwelltheydoinschool,howtheyreacttonewandpossiblystressfulsituations,andhowtheyformandmaintainlovingrelationshipsasadults.Itisforthesereasonsthatpeople'searlyintimaterelationshipswithintheirfamilyoforigin1aresocritical.Childrenwhoareraisedinimpersonalenvironments(orphanage,somefosterhomes,orunlovingfamilies)showemotionalandsocialunderdevelopment,languageandmotorskillsretardation,andmentalhealthproblems3Loveforoneself,orself-love,isalsoessentialforoursocialandemotionaldevelopment.ActressMaeWestoncesaid,"IneverlovedanotherpersonthewayIlovedmyself."Althoughsuchastatementmayseemself-centered,it'sactuallyquiteinsightfulSocialscientistsdescribeself-loveasanimportantoasisforself-esteem.Amongotherthings,peoplewholikethemselvesaremoreopentocriticismandlessdemandingofothers.Fromm(1956)sawself-loveasanecessaryprerequisiteforlovingothers.Peoplewhodon'tlikethemselvesmaynotbeabletoreturnlovebutmayconstancyseekloverelationshipstobolstertheirownpoorself-images.Butjustwhatislove?Whatbringspeopletogether?4Loveisanelusiveconcept.Wehaveallexperiencedloveandfeelweknowwhatitis;however,whenaskedwhatloveis,peoplegiveavarietyofanswers.Accordingtoanine-year-oldboy,forexample,"Loveislikeanavalanchewhereyouhavetorunforyourlife."Whatwemeanbylovedependsonwhetherwearetalkingaboutloveforfamilymembers,friends,orlovers.Lovehasbeenasourceofinspiration,wrywitticisms,andevenpoliticalactionformanycenturies.5Lovehasmanydimensions.Itcanberomantic,exciting,obsessive,andirrational-Itcanalsobeplatonic,calming,altruistic,andsensible?Manyresearchersfeelthatlovedefiesasingledefinitionbecauseitvariesindegreeandintensityandacrosssocialcontexts.Attheveryleast,threeelementsarenecessaryforalovingrelationship:(1)awillingnesstopleaseandaccommodatetheotherperson,evenifthisinvolvescompromiseandsacrifice;(2)anacceptanceoftheotherperson'sfaultsandshortcomings;and(3)asmuchconcernaboutthelovedone'swelfareasone'sown.And,peoplewhosaytheyare"inlove"emphasizecaring,intimacy,andcommitment.6Inanytypeoflove,caringabouttheotherpersonisessential.Althoughlovemay,involvepassionateyearning,respectisamoreimportantquality.Respectisinherentinalllove:"Iwantthelovedpersontogrowandunfoldforhisownsake,andinhisownways,andnotforthepurposeofservingme." Ifrespectandcaringaremissing,therelationshipisnotbasedonlove.Instead,itisanunhealthyorpossessivedependencythatlimitsthelovers'social,emotional,andintellectualgrowth.7Love,especiallylong-termlove,hasnothingincommonwiththeimagesofloveor.frenziedsexthatwegetfromHollywood,television,andromancenovels.Becauseoftheseimages,manypeoplebelieveavarietyofmythsaboutlove.Thesemisconceptionsoftenleadtounrealisticexpectations,stereotypes,anddisillusionment.Infact,"real"loveisclosertowhatoneauthorcalled"stirring-the-oatmeallove"(Johnson1985).Thistypeofloveisneitherexcitingnorthrillingbutisrelativelymundaneandunromantic.Itmeanspayingbills,puttingoutthegarbage,scrubbingtoiletbowls,beingupallnightwithasickbaby,andperformingmyriadother'oatmeal"tasksthatarenotverysexy.8Somepartnerstaketurnsstirringtheoatmeal.Otherpeopleseekrelationshipsthatoffercandlelitgourmetmealsinaromanticsetting.Whetherwedecidetoenteraseriousrelationshipornot,whattypeoflovebringspeopletogether?9Whatattractsindividualstoeachotherinthefirstplace?Manypeoplebelievethat"there'sonepersonouttherethatoneismeantfor"andthatdestinywillbringthemtogether.Suchbeliefsareromanticbutunrealistic.Empiricalstudiesshowthatculturalnormsandvalues,notfate,bringpeopletogetherWewillnevermeetmillionsofpotentialloversbecausetheyare"filteredout"byformalorinformalrulesonpartnereligibilityduetonfactorssuchasage,race,distance,Socialclass,religion,sexualorientation,health,orphysicalappearance.10Beginninginchildhood,parentsencourageorlimitfutureromanticliaisonsbyselectingcertainneighborhoodsandschools.Inearlyadolescence,pearnormsinfluencetheadolescent'sdecisionsaboutacceptableromanticinvolvements("Youwanttodatewho?!").Evenduringthepreteenyears,romanticexperiencesareculturedinthesensethatsocietalandgrouppracticesandexpectationsshaperomanticexperience.Althoughromancemaycrossculturalorethnicborders,criticismandapprovalteachuswhatisacceptableromanticbehaviorandwithwhom.Onemight"lust"forsomeone,buttheseyearningswillnotleadmostofusto"fallinlove"iftherearestrongculturalorgroupbans.11ReganandBerscheid(1999)differentiatebetweenlust,desire,andromanticlove.Theydescribelustasprimarilyphysicalratherthanemotional,aconditionthatmaybeconsciousorunconscious.Desire,incontrast,isapsychologicalinwhichonewantsarelationshipthatonedoesn'tnowhave,ortoengageinanactivityinwhichoneisnotpresentlyengaged.Desiremayormaynotleadtoromanticlove(whichtheauthorsequatewithpassionateoreroticlow).ReganandBerscheidsuggestthatdesireisanessentialingredientforinitiatingandmaintainingromanticlove.Ifdesiredisappears,apersonisnolongersaidtobeinastateofromanticlove.Oncedesirediminishes,disappointedloversmaywonderwherethe"spark"intheirrelationshiphasgoneandmayreminisceregretfully(andlongingly)about"thegoodolddays".12Oneshouldnotconclude,however,thatdesirealwaysculminatesinphysicalintimacyorthatdesireisthesameasromanticlove.Marriedpartnersmayloveeachothereventhoughtheyrarely,ornever,engageinphysicalintimacy.Inaddition,therearesomenotabledifferencesbetweenlove-especiallylong-termlove-andromanticlove.Healthylovingrelationships,whetherphysicalornot(suchasloveforfamilymembers),reflectabalanceofcaring,intimacy,andcommitment.UnitFiveThetermyogacomesfromaSanskritwordwhichmeansyokeorunion.Traditionally,yogaisamethodjoiningtheindividualselfwiththeDivine,UniversalSpirit,orCosmicConsciousness.Physicalandmentalexercisesaredesignedtohelpachievethisgoal,alsocalledself-transcendenceorenlightenment.Onthephysical levelyogapostures,calledasanas,aredesignedtotone,strengthen,anaalignmebody.Theseposturesareperformedtomakethespinesuppleandhealthyandtopromotebloodflowtoalltheorgans,glands,andtissues,keepingallthebodilysystemshealthy.Onthementallevel,yogausesbreathingtechniques(pranayama)andmeditation(dydna)toquiet,clarify,anddisciplinethemind.However,expertsarequicktopointoutthatyogaisnotareligion,butawayoflivingwithhealthandpeaceofmindasitsaims.YOGAINAMERICADouglasDupler1YogaoriginatedinancientIndiaandisoneofthelongestsurvivingphilosophicalsystemsintheworld.Somescholarshaveestimatedthatyogaisasoldas5,000years;artifactsdetailingyogapostureshavebeenfoundinIndiafromover3,000B.C.Yogisclaimthatitisahighlydevelopedscienceofhealthylivingthathasbeentestedandperfectedforalltheseyears.YogawasfirstbroughttoAmericainthelate1800swhenSwamiVivekananda.anIndianteacherandyogi,presentedalectureon.meditationinChicago.Yogaslowlybegangainingfollowers,andflourishedduringthe1960swhentherewasasurgeofinterestinEasternphilosophy.TherehassincebeenavastexchangeofyogaknowledgeinAmerica,withmanystudentsgoingtoIndiatostudyandmanyIndianexpertscomingheretoteach,resultingintheestablishmentofawidevarietyofschools.Today,yogaisthriving,andithasbecomeeasytofindteachersandpractitionersthroughoutAmerica.ArecentRoperpoll,commissionedbyYogaJournal,foundthat11millionAmericansdoyogaatleastoccasionally"andsixmillionperformitregularly. Yogastretchesareusedbyphysicaltherapistsandprofessionalsportsteams,andthebenefitsofyogaarebeingtoutedbymoviestarsandFortune500executives.Manyprestigiousschoolsofmedicinehavestudiedandintroducedyogatechniquesasproventherapiesforillnessandstress.Somemedicalschools,likeUCLA,evenofferyogaclassesaspartoftheirphysiciantrainingprogram.2ThereareseveraldifferentschoolsofhathayogainAmerica;thetwomostprevalentonesareIyengarandAshtangayoga8.IyengaryogawasfoundedbyB.K.S.Iyengar,whoiswidelyconsideredasoneofthegreatlivinginnovatorsofyoga.Iyengaryogaputsstrictemphasisonformandalignment,andusestraditionalhathayogatechniquesinnewmannersandsequences.Iyengaryogacanbegoodforphysicaltherapybecauseitallowstheuseofpropslikestrapsandb