河南理工第三届模联英文场背景文件定稿

河南理工大学2014模拟联合国大会TheHPUModelUnitedNation2014英文组EnglishGroup背景文件BackgroundGuide河南理工大学外国语学院学生会编写TOPIC:UkraineCrisisCONTENTSIntroduction-------------------------------------3Background-------------------------------------4ThereasonforUkrainecrisis------------------8Currentsituation-------------------------------10Internationalreaction--------------------------13Focusonthetopic------------------------------18Relevantpapers--------------------------------19MUNresources---------------------------------21Introduction:The Crimeancrisis isanongoing internationalcrisis principallyinvolving RussiaandUkraine.Mostdevelopmentsapplytothe CrimeanPeninsula,formerlyamulti-ethnicregionof Ukraine composedofthe AutonomousRepublicofCrimea andtheadministrativelyseparatemunicipalityof Sevastopol;botharepopulatedbyan ethnicRussianmajorityandaminorityofbothethnic Ukrainians and CrimeanTatars.ThecrisisunfoldedinlateFebruary2014intheaftermathofthe UkrainianRevolution whichendedwith President ViktorYanukovich'simpeachmentbythe VerkhovnaRada,hissubsequentflightfromthecapital,andtheinterimappointmentoftheYatsenyukGovernmentwithOleksandrTurchynovnamedthefromGermanChancellorAngelaMerkel,andU.S.VicePresidentJoeBiden.However,theRussiangovernmentheldthatYanukovych(亚努科维奇）wasillegallyimpeachedandcontinuestoregardhimasUkraine’slegitimatepresident,whileconsideringtheYatsenyuk（阿尔谢尼·亚采纽克，乌克兰议会前议长）governmentillegitimateandtheresultofa"coupd'etat",onconstitutionalgrounds.BeginningonFebruary26,pro-RussianforcesbeguntograduallytakecontroloftheCrimeanpeninsula.Atfirstthegunmen,wearingmasksandunmarkeduniforms,seizedgovernmentbuildings  butbynolaterthanthe24thofMarchhadoccupiedallUkrainianmilitarybasesinCrimea,forcingtheUkrainearmedforcestowithdrawfromthepeninsula.  Duringthistime,thequestionofsecessionwasputtoareferendum,whichresultedina96%affirmativevote buthasbeencondemnedbytheEU,USA,andtheinterimUkrainegovernmentasunconstitutionalandthusillegal. Despiteinternationalopposition,on17MarchtheCrimeanparliamentdeclaredindependencefromUkraineandaskedtojointheRussianFederation.Asaresult,onMarch27the U.N.GeneralAssembly passedanon-bindingresolution100infavor,11againstand58abstentionsinthe193-nationassemblythatdeclaredinvalidCrimea'sMoscow-backedreferendum.BackgroundThe CrimeanKhanate,a vassal ofthe OttomanEmpire,was conquered bythe RussianEmpire in1783.FollowingitsincorporationintotheRussianEmpire,Crimeabecamethe"heartofRussianRomanticism"andtheregioncontinuedtoattractvacationerswellaftertheRussianEmpirewasreplacedbythe SovietUnion. The demographicsofCrimea haveundergone dramaticchanges inthepastcenturies.Crimeahadautonomywithinthe RussianSovietFederativeSocialistRepublic asthe CrimeanAutonomousSovietSocialistRepublic from1921until1945,when JosephStalin deportedtheCrimeanTatars andabolishedCrimeanautonomy. In1954,theSovietUnionunder NikitaKhrushchev transferred the CrimeanOblast fromthe RussianSFSR tothe UkrainianSSR,ina"symbolicgesture"thatseemedinsignificantatthetime,sincebothrepublicswereapartoftheSovietUnion. Crimea'spre-1945autonomywasre-establishedwiththe Crimeansovereigntyreferendum in1991,the finalyearoftheSovietUnion'sexistence.In1992,theCrimeanParliamentvotedtoholdareferendumtodeclareindependence,whiletheRussianParliamentvotedtovoidthecessionofCrimeatoUkraine.In1994,Russiannationalist YuriMeshkov wonthe 1994Crimeanpresidentialelection andorganizeda referendumonCrimea'sstatus.Laterinthatsameyear,Crimea'slegalstatusaspartofUkrainewasrecognizedbyRussia,whichpledgedtoupholdtheterritorialintegrityofUkraineintheBudapestmemorandum signedin1994.Thistreaty(or "executiveagreement" forpurposesofUSlaw),wasalsosignedbytheUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom,andFrance.Ukrainerevokedthe Crimeanconstitution andabolishedtheofficeof CrimeanPresident in1995.[75] Crimeawouldgainanew constitution in1998thatgrantedtheCrimeanparliamentlesserpowersthanthepreviousconstitution,includingnolegislativeinitiative. Crimeanofficialswouldlaterseektorestorethepowersofthepreviousconstitution.ThefurtherdevelopmentsinCrimeaandthefutureofthe Russiannaval basein Sevastopol therehavebeenapointofcontentioninRussian-Ukrainianrelations.UnderthenowdefunctRussian-UkrainianPartitionTreaty determiningthefateofthemilitarybasesandvesselsinCrimea–signedin1997andprolongedin2010-Russiawasallowedtohaveupto25,000troops,24artillerysystems(withacalibersmallerthan100 mm),132armoredvehicles,and22militaryplanes,ontheCrimeanpeninsula.TheRussianBlackSeafleetwasgivenbasingrightsinCrimeauntil2042.Moscowannuallywroteoff$97.75millionofKiev’sdebtinreturnfortherighttouseUkrainianwatersandradiofrequencies,andtocompensatefortheBlackSeaFleet’senvironmentalimpact.Accordingtothe 2001census, ethnicRussians makeupabout58%ofthetwomillionresidentsofCrimea.InSevastopol,whichhousesabaseforthe RussianNavy'sBlackSeaFleet,ethnicRussiansmakeup70%ofthecity'spopulationof340,000， Ukrainians makeup24%oftheCrimeanpopulation,while12%are CrimeanTatars. EthnicRussiansdidnotbecomethelargestpopulationgroupinCrimeauntilthe20thcentury,afterSovietleaderJosephStalinorderedthedeportationoftheCrimeanTatarsin1944forallegedcollaborationwithNaziinvadersinWorldWarTwo.CrimeanTatarswerenotpermittedtoreturntoCrimeaaftertheirdeportationin1944,andbecameaninternational causecélèbre, untilthecollapseoftheSovietUnionin1991.ThecontinuingreturnofCrimeanTatarstotheirhomelandinCrimeasincetheSovietcollapsehascausedpersistenttensionswiththeRussianpopulationofthepeninsula. Anewsreportclaimedpro-Russianforcesmarking"X"onthedoorsofhousesofCrimeanTatars. Theleaderofthe MejlisoftheCrimeanTatarPeople RefatChubarov protestedagainsttheinterventionofRussia.Inthe2010localparliamentaryelections,the PartyofRegions received357,030votes,whilethesecond-placedUkrainianCommunistParty received54,172votes.Bothpartiesweretargetedbyprotestersduringthe 2014Ukrainianrevolution.InJuly2011, YuriyOlexandrovichMeshkov theformerpresidentofCrimea(1994–1995)calledforareferendumonrestoringthe1992versionofthe ConstitutionofCrimea.TheDistrictAdministrativeCourtofCrimearespondedbydeportingMeshkov（electedpresidentofCrimeain1994）fromUkraineforaperiodof5years.AccordingtotheInternationalCentreforDefenseStudies,sincethe OrangeRevolution in2004,RussiahaspressuredUkraineforitspreferencestoassociateitselfwiththeWest. IthasbeenstatedthattheinformationcampaigninCrimeahasbecomeespeciallyproficientandsystematic,becomingparticularlyintenseduringthe2006–08 UkrainebidforNATOmembership.EachofUkraine'sattemptstoachieve Europeanintegration hasledtoincreasedRussianhostilitytotheideaviaitsuseofinformationcampaign.RussiaopposesUkrainianintegrationwiththeWestforvariousreasons,includingafearof NATO expandingtoRussia'sWesternbordersandRussia'sclaimeddesiretoincludeUkraineinan EurasianUnion.Accordingto TarasKuzio,duringtheViktorYushchenkopresidency(2005–2010),Russia'srelationswithUkraine deteriorated,promptingtheRussiansecurityservice(FSB)andRussianmilitaryintelligence(GRU)toexpandtheircovertsupportforpro-RussianforcesinSouthernUkraineandRussianseparatistsinCrimea.Followingthe OrangeRevolution andthe2008Russo-GeorgianWar,American diplomaticcables leaked tothepublicnotedthatRussianmilitaryactionagainstUkrainewas"nolongerunthinkable."ThereasonforUkrainecrisisOn31stOctober,2004.Ukraineexperiencedthefourthpresidentialelectionsinceitsdependence.On14th,November,UkraineTheelectioncommissioninthesecondroundofelectionsannouncedthat,Mryanukovychnarrowlywantheelectionfortheadvantageof2.85%.Theopponentsrefusedtheresult,protestedonthestreetandaskedforanewelection,whicharousedthedissatisfactionofMrYanukovych’ssupporters.Asaresult,apoliticalbrokeout.First,nationalconflictistoblameforthecrisis.Ukraine'seasternregionandwesternregionhavedifferenthistoricalexperiences.Sincetheancienttimes,Ukrainehasbeeninthestateofthesegmentation.TheeasternregionhasalwaysbeenapartofRussiasince1654whilesince1939,westernregionhasbeencontrolledbyPolandandothercountries.Ontheotherhand,bothsideshasdifferentreligionbeliefs.Allofthesedifferencesresultindifferentpolitics,economyandculture.Intermsoftherelationshipwithforeigncountries,easternregioniscloselyassociatedwithRussiawhilewesternregionprefertoclosewithPoland,EuropeandAmerica.Second,Poland,EuropeandAmericainterferewiththeissuesofUkraineforthesakeofestablishinganregimewhichisbeneficialforthemselves.Moreimportantly,UkrainethatisthesecondlargestcountryintheformerSovietunionoccupies animportant position.TheeastofUkraineisconnectedwiththeRussianfederation;ThenorthneighborswithWhiteThewestbordersPoland,Czech,Slovakia;South-westbordersHungary,Romaniaandmoldova.Intermsofsize,UkraineisthesecondlargestcountryinEuropeafterRussia.WhetheritwasthetimewhenRussialaunchedthegreatrevolutionorintheperiodofSovietunion,Ukrainewasalwaysoneofthemostimportanteconomicregions.Inaddition,thebaseofRussia'sblackseafleetwasbuiltintheportcityofsevastopolwithintheterritoryofUkraine.UkrainianalsoisthetransferstationwhereRussiaexportsoiltoEurope.So,establishingapro-RussianregimeinUkraineisvitalforRussia.AnotherfactorthatRussia,theUnitedStatesandEuropefightforthestrategicpositionofUkraineisrelatedtotheEUenlargementandNATOeastwardexpansion.AfterthecollapseoftheSovietunionRussia'sregionalinfluencecontinuouslydecline.Atthesametime,someformerSovietrepublicsjoinedNATOandtheEuropeanUnion.SuspiciousofwesterncountriesadvancedonRussia.Aboveall,Ukraine'spoliticalcrisisisnotonlythereflectionoftheallkindsofaccumulatedissuesthatthecountryencounteredineconomicandpoliticaltransition,butalsotheresultofforeignercountries’interference.Evenifthecrisiseases,thesituationinUkraineisstilldifficulttostabilizeinashorttime.CurrentsituationThepowerinUkrainehasbeenseizedbyextremists,fascists,andUSstooges,whilethelegitimatePresidenthasfledforhislife.Asthingsstandnow,Ukrainehasanewdemocraticgovernment,whichissupportedbythepopulationandusesitsbesteffortstoeliminatetheeffectsofadeeplong-termeconomic,politicalandsocialcrisisinUkrainethathasaffectedthelifeofeveryUkrainianwithoutexception.Yanukovychhasfledthecountryknowingthathewillbecommittedfortrial,atleastforhisunlawfulactsinJanuaryandFebruary2014thathavecauseddozensofdeaths. RussianmediaallegethattherearepeopleintheEastandSouthofUkraine,whogoouttoprotestagainstthe“newregime”butfacetheradicallyinclinedextremists. Thistriggersconfrontationandcausesbodilyinjuriestotheprotesters.Infact,theUkrainiangovernmentdoesnotsendanytroopstootherregionsasthereisnoneedtodoso.Theregionsaregovernedbylegitimatestateauthoritiescomprisingdulyelectedlocalrepresentatives.RiotsinKharkovandotherregionswereprovokedalsoby“protesters”broughttoUkrainefromborderregionswiththeRussianFederation,whichisconfirmedbynumerousproofs.OnMarch1,2014RussianmediareportedaboutRussiansintheCrimeawhoallegedlydiedastheCrimeanMinistryofInternalAffairswasattacked. AccordingtoRussianandUkrainianofficialstherewasnolost.Ukrainiancitizens,includingtheCrimeans,areawareofhowcomplexthesituationis.Therefore,theymakeeveryefforttopreventaprovocation,i.e.killingofforeignnationals,whichcouldleadtoanoutbreakofhostilities.Anothermythpromotedbypro-governmentmediainRussiaisamassexodusofpeoplefromUkrainetoRussiabecauseofriots. However,theriotsareimitatedinmajorcitiestoachievethedesiredresponseandthentheneedednewsbreak.ThereallifeinUkrainiancitiesgoeson:businesses,schools,hospitals,lawenforcementagencies,publicadministrationetc.operateasusual.Ukrainianshavenoreasontofleefromthecountryanddon’tdoso.YoumayhaveheardthattheArmedForcesofUkraineintheCrimeasupportandtakethesideoftheCrimeangovernment,whileCrimeanswelcomethepresenceofRussiantroopsintheCrimea.Despitethereallytensesituation,thebanontheuseofweaponsandconstantattacksonplacesofdeploymentofUkrainiantroops,theArmedForcesofUkraineremainfaithfultotheiroathandarereadytodefendtheircountry.Moreover,thebringingofRussiantroopsintoUkrainewasnotuniversallysupportedbytheCrimeans,asitinfringesontheirwayoflifeandmakesthemfearfortheirfuture.Afterall,anyoneunderstandsthatwarisatragedy.RecenteventshaveshownthatnocountryintheworldhascomeupwiththesupportofRussianaggressionintheCrimea.Onthecontrary,yesterday’sUNSecurityCouncilmeetingshowedthattheleadingcountriesoftheworld,suchastheUnitedStates,France,Britain,Australia,China,andalltheEUMemberStatesstandsfortheterritorialintegrityandsovereigntyofUkraine,stronglycondemnRussia’sactionstowardsUkraineanddeclaretheapplicationofappropriatesanctionstoRussia.DespitethealarmingsituationintheCrimea,lifeandworkintherestofUkrainetaketheircourse.Everythingisfunctioningnormally,thereisnopanic.InternationalreactionsInternationalreactionstothe 2014Crimeancrisis (andtothe 2014RussianmilitaryinterventioninUkraine)hasalmostalwaysbeencondemnatoryof Russia'sdecisiontointervene,supportiveof Ukraine's sovereigntyandterritorialintegrity,whilealsosupportiveoffindingaquickendtothecrisis.The UnitedStates andthe EuropeanUnion threatenedandlaterenactedsanctionsagainstRussiaforitsroleinthecrisis,andurgedRussiatowithdraw UnitedNations –OnMarch1,while members ofthe UNSecurityCouncil weremeetinginanemergencyclosed-doorsession,aspokesmanforthe UNSecretary-General BanKi-moon deliveredastatementsayingthattheSecretaryGeneralwas"gravelyconcernedaboutthedeteriorationofthesituation"inUkraineandplannedtospeakshortlywiththeRussianPresident VladimirPutin.Ban'sstatementcalledfor"fullrespectforandpreservationoftheindependence,sovereigntyandterritorialintegrityofUkraine"anddemanded"immediaterestorationofcalmanddirectdialoguebetweenallconcerned."TheSecurityCouncilitselfexpressedsupportfortheunity,territorialintegrityandsovereigntyofUkraine.TheCouncilagreedthatitwasimportantthatallpoliticalactorsinUkraineexercisemaximumrestraintandcalledforaninclusivedialoguerecognizingthediversityoftheUkrainiansociety. OnMarch15theSecurityCouncilvoted13-1,withoneabstentiontocondemntheproposedCrimeanreferendum.ThesolenegativevotewascastbyRussia-themotionfailed,asRussiaisapermanentmemberoftheCouncilwithvetopower. OnMarch27,the UNGeneralAssembly adoptedanon-bindingresolutioncondemningthereferendumallowingannexationofCrimeabyRussiaasillegal.Thevotewas100for,11against,with58abstentions.CouncilofEurope PACE'sStandingCommitteeexpresseditsfullsupportfortheterritorialintegrityandnationalunityofUkraineonMarch7th.NATO –OnMarch2,2014, NATOSecretaryGeneral AndersFoghRasmussen convenedtheNorthAtlanticCouncil duetobothRussia’smilitaryactionandPresidentPutin’sthreatsagainstUkraine.[10] TheNorthAtlanticCouncilcondemnedRussia'smilitaryescalationinCrimeaandstatedthatitwasbreachofinternationallaw.ItcalledonRussiatorespectitsobligationsundertheUNCharter,theBudapestMemorandumof1994,theTreatyonFriendshipandCooperationbetweenRussiaandUkraineof1997,andthelegalframeworkregulatingthepresenceoftheRussianBlackSeaFleet.VisegrádGroup–OnMarch4,2014,V4issuedajointstatementurgingRussiatorespectUkraine'sterritorialintegrityandforUkrainetotakeintoaccountitsminoritygroupstonotfurtherbreakfragilerelations.IturgedforRussiatoactinfullrespectofUkrainianandinternationallawandinlinewiththeprovisionsofthe1994BudapestMemorandum."TheCzechRepublic,Hungary,PolandandSlovakiaareappalledtowitnessamilitaryinterventionin21stcenturyEuropeakintotheirownexperiencesin 1956, 1968 and 1981."[12] OnMarch7,2014,theVisegradGroup'sMinistersofForeignAffairsissuedajointstatementwiththeNB8countries'MinistersofForeignAffairs,declaringthat"AgainstanEuropeancountryanactofaggressionhasbeencommittedbyRussianmilitaryforces".Theyalsocondemned"theunprovokedviolationofUkrainiansovereigntyandterritorialintegritybytheRussianFederation"andcalledonRussia"toimmediatelywithdrawitsarmedforcestotheareasoftheirpermanentstationing,inaccordancewiththerelevantagreements" Armenia,On7thMarch,President SerzhSargsyan statedatthe EuropeanPeople'sParty sessioninDublinthatthe"Ukrainianeventsareamatterofseriousconcerntoallofus".Hecalled"totakeallpossiblemeasuresinordertoeasethetensionandfindreasonablesolutionsbythemeansofadialogue."DuringaphoneconversationwithPutinonMarch19President SerzhSargsyan saidthereferenduminCrimeawasanexerciseofpeoples'righttoself-determinationviafreeexpressionofwill.ChinaisdeeplyconcernedaboutthecurrentsituationinUkraine.WecondemntherecentextremeandviolentactsthereandhavebeenurgingtherelevantpartiesinUkrainetoresolvetheirinternaldisputespeacefullywithinthelegalframeworksoastosafeguardthelawfulrightsandinterestsofallethniccommunitiesinUkraineandrestorenormalsocialorderatanearlydate.AmericaandRussianFederation—ObamaandPutinDiscussSolutionstoUkraineCrisisRussianPresidentVladimirPutincalledPresidentBarackObamaonFridaytodiscussadiplomaticsolutiontotheUkrainiancrisis,whileUkraine'sfugitiveleaderurgedanationwidereferendumthatwouldserveMoscow'spurposeofturningitsneighborintoalooselyknitfederation.ThestatementfromViktorYanukovych,theformerUkrainianpresidentwhofledtoRussialastmonthafterthreemonthsofprotests,raisedthethreatofmoreunrestinUkraine'sRussian-speakingeasternprovinces,wheremanyresentthenewUkrainiangovernment.AlsoFriday,RussianDefenseMinisterSergeiShoigutoldPutintheUkrainianmilitarywithdrawalfromCrimeawascomplete.UkrainiansoldierswereseencarryingduffelbagsandflagsastheyshippedoutoftheBlackSeapeninsulathatRussiahasannexed.WhileYanukovychhaspracticallynoleverageinUkraine,hisstatementclearlyreflectedtheKremlin'sfocusonsupportingseparatistsentimentsineasternUkraine.TheWhiteHousesaidthatPutincalledObamatodiscussaU.S.proposalforadiplomaticresolutiontothecrisisinUkraine,whichU.S.SecretaryofStateJohnKerrypresentedtoRussiancounterpartSergeyLavrovearlierthisweek.ObamasuggestedthatRussiaputaconcreteresponseinwritingandthepresidentsagreedthatKerryandLavrovwouldmeettodiscussthenextsteps."PresidentObamanotedthattheUkrainiangovernmentcontinuestotakearestrainedandde-escalatoryapproachtothecrisisandismovingaheadwithconstitutionalreformanddemocraticelections,andurgedRussiatosupportthisprocessandavoidfurtherprovocations,includingthebuildupofforcesonitsborderwithUkraine,"theWhiteHousesaidinastatement.AWhiteHouseofficial,whowasn'tauthorizedtocommentbynameanddemandedanonymity,saidthatObamaandPutinspokeforanhour.Hesaidtheplanwastheoldoff-ramproadmapthathadbeendraftedbeforeRussiaannexedCrimealastweek.TheKremlinsaidinitsaccountoftheconversationthatPutintalkedaboutactionbyextremistsinUkraineandsuggested"possiblestepsbytheinternationalcommunitytohelpstabilizethesituation"inUkraine.ItaddedthatPutinalsopointedatan"effectiveblockade"ofMoldova'sseparatistregionofTrans-Dniester,whereRussiahastroops.RussiaandthelocalauthoritieshavecomplainedofUkraine'srecentmovestolimittravelacrosstheborderoftheregiononUkraine'ssouthernborder.TherewerefearsinUkrainethatRussiacoulduseitsforcesinTrans-Dniestertoinvade.DeepdivisionsbetweenUkraine'sRussian-speakingeasternregions,wheremanyfavorclosetieswithMoscow,andtheUkrainian-speakingwest,wheremostwanttointegrateintoEurope,continuetofueltensions.