1995年考研英语真题及答案

1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyPartA:Directions:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)1.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed________.[A]hadproduced[B]havebeenproduced[C]wouldhaveproduced[D]hadbeenproduced2.Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofgettingcancerthan________inthepublicmindtoday.[A]exists[B]exist[C]existing[D]existed3.Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgrounds________hisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.[A]whichtobaseon[B]onwhichtobase[C]tobaseonwhich[D]whichtobebasedon4.________canhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.[A]Everybody[B]Anybody[C]Somebody[D]Nobody5.Howmanyofus________,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?[A]attended[B]Attending[C]toattend[D]haveattended6.Hydrogenisthefundamentalelementoftheuniverse________itprovideshebuildingblocsfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.[A]sothat[B]butthat[C]inthat[D]providedthat7.Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyle________inapersonalone.[A]ratherthan[B]Otherthan[C]betterthan[D]lessthan8.________isgenerallyaccepted,economicalgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.[A]What[B]That[C]It[D]As9.Itisbelievedthattoday’spopmusiccanserveasacreativeforce________stimulatingthethinkingofitslisteners.[A]by[B]with[C]at[D]on10.Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,________theatmosphere.[A]asitis[B]thesameas[C]sois[D]andsoisPartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)11.TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesirereflecting[A]notsomuchaleisurely[B]lifestyleasabusylifestyleinwhichevenminutesoftimeare[C]toovaluabletobewasted[D].12.Indebatingonemustcorrecttheopponent’s[A]facts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythat[B]what[C]hepresentsasproof,unless[D]relevant,issufficient.13.Wearenotconsciousof[A]theextentofwhich[B]providesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthat[C]canmakethedifference[D]betweenafullandanemptylife.14.ThePortuguesegive[A]agreatdealofcredittooneman[B]forhavingpromoted[C]seatravel,thatmanwas[D]PrinceHenrythenavigator,wholivedinthe15thcentury.15.Accountsof[A]scientificexperimentsaregenerallycorrectfor[B]thosewriteabout[C]sciencearecarefulinchecking[D]theaccuracyoftheirreports.16.wheneverwehearof[A]anaturaldisaster,even[B]inadistantpartoftheworld,wefeelsympathy[C]forthepeopletohaveaffected[D].17.Itisperhapsnotanexaggerationtosay[A]thatweshallsoonbetrusting[B]ourhealth,wealthandhappinesstoelementswithwhom[C]verynamesthegeneralpublicare[D]unfamiliar.18.Thespeakerclaimedthatnoother[A]modernnationdevotessosmall[B]aportionofitswealthtopublicassistanceandhealththan[C]theUnitedStatesdoes[D].19.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefence-linked[A]researchprojectswillaccountfor[B]animprovementinthestandardoflivingor,alternately,todomuch[C]toprotectourdiminishing[D]resources.20.Ifindividualsareawakened[A]eachtimeas[B]theybeginadreamphaseofsleep,theyarelikelytobecomeirritableeventhough[C]theirtotalamountofsleephasbeen[D]sufficient.PartC:Directions:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)21.Inthatcountry,gueststendtofeeltheyarenothighly________iftheinvitationtoadinnerpartyisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.[A]admired[B]regarded[C]expected[D]worshipped22.[A]________ofthelongreportbythebudgetcommittedwassubmittedtothemayorforapproval.[A]shorthand[B]scheme[C]schedule[D]sketch23.[A]manhastomake________forhisoldagebyputtingasideenoughmoneytoliveonwhenold.[A]supply[B]assurance[C]provision[D]adjustment24.Thenewly-builtScienceBuildingseems________enoughtolastahundredyears.[A]spacious[B]sophisticated[C]substantial[D]steady25.Itiswell-knownthattheretiredworkersinourcountryare________freemedicalcare.[A]entitledto[B]involvedin[C]associatedwith[D]assignedto26.Thefarmersweremoreanxiousforrainthanthepeopleinthecitybecausetheyhadmoreat________.[A]danger[B]stake[C]loss[D]threat27.Ifelt________todeathbecauseIcouldmakenothingofthechairman’sspeech.[A]fatigued[B]tired[C]exhausted[D]bored28.Whentheenginewouldnotstart,themechanicinspectedallthepartstofindwhatwasat________.[A]wrong[B]trouble[C]fault[D]difficulty29.Youradvicewouldbe________valuabletohim,whoisatpresentathiswit’send.[A]exceedingly[B]excessively[C]extensively[D]exclusively30.Hefailedtocarryoutsomeoftheprovisionsofthecontract,andnowhehasto________theconsequences.[A]answerfor[B]runinto[C]abideby[D]stepinto31.Theriverisalready________itsbanksbecauseofexcessiverainfall;andthecityisthreatenedwithalikelyflood.[A]parallelto[B]levelin[C]flaton[D]flushwith32.People________thatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.[A]convinced[B]anticipated[C]resolved[D]assured33.Inspiteofthewiderangeofreadingmaterialspeciallywrittenor________forlanguagelearningpurposes,thereisyetnocomprehensivesystematicprogrammedforthereadingskills.[A]adapted[B]acknowledged[C]assembled[D]appointed34.Themothersaidshewould________hersonwashingthedishedifhecouldfinishhisassignmentbeforesupper.[A]letdown[B]letalone[C]letoff[D]letout35.Weshouldalwayskeepinmindthat________decisionsoftenleadtobitterregrets.[A]urgent[B]hasty[C]instant[D]prompt36.Johncomplainedtothebooksellerthattherewereseveralpages________inthedictionary.[A]missing[B]losing[C]dropping[D]leaking37.Inthepast,mostforestershavebeenmen,buttoday,thenumberofwomen________thisfieldisclimbing.[A]engaging[B]devoting[C]registering[D]pursuing38.Thesupervisordidn’thavetimesofartogointoit________,buthegaveusanideaabouthisplan.[A]athand[B]inturn[C]inconclusion[D]atlength39.Theirdemandforapayraisehasnottheslightest________ofbeingmet.[A]prospect[B]prediction[C]prosperity[D]permission40.It’susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina________waywheninafuriousstate.[A]stable[B]rational[C]legal[D]credibleSectionII:CloseTestForeachnumberedblankinfollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.__41__kindofsleepisatallwellunderstood,butREMsleepis__42__toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore__43__.Thenewexperiments,suchasthese__44__forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanations__45__ofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep__46__is100percentfataltorats,yet,__47__examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow__48__themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats__49__bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,__50__theirimmunesystems--theself-protectingmechanismagainstdisease--hadcrashed.41.[A]Either[B]Neither[C]Each[D]Any42.[A]intended[B]required[C]assumed[D]inferred43.[A]subtle[B]obvious[C]mysterious[D]doubtful44.[A]maintained[B]described[C]settled[D]afforded45.[A]inthelight[B]byvirtue[C]withtheexception[D]forthepurpose46.[A]reduction[B]destruction[C]deprivation[D]restriction47.[A]upon[B]by[C]through[D]with48.[A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsightof[C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton49.[A]develop[B]produce[C]stimulate[D]induce50.[A]if[B]asif[C]onlyif[D]ifonlySectionIII:ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabour,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubled,andtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof.ThereisonemorepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade.Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation--andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive--advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants.51.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat________.[A]heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofadvertising[B]everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyconsuming[C]advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingelse[D]itisworthwhiletospendmoneyonadvertising52.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising?[A]Securinggreaterfame.[C]Enhancinglivingstandards.[B]Providingmorejobs.[D]Reducingnewspapercost.53.Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis________.[A]verypreciseinpassinghisjudgmentonadvertising[B]interestedinnothingbutthebuyers’attention[C]correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformation[D]obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising54.Intheauthor’sopinion,________.[A]advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidinginformation[B]advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemover[C]thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyer[D]thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvertisementText2Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage--alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay“fail”atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe’reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.55.Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen________.[A]hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit[B]hehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork[C]heiskeenonleaninganythingnew[D]hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourney56.Intheauthor’seyes,onewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould________.[A]succeedinclimbingupthesocialladder[B]judgehisabilitytogrowfromhisownachievements[C]facedifficultiesandtakeupchallenges[D]aimhighandreachhisgoaleachtime57.Whentheauthorsays“anewwayofbeing”(line2~3,Para.3)heisreferringto________.[A]anewapproachtoexperiencingtheworld[C]anewmethodofperceivingourselves[B]anewwayoftakingrisks[D]anewsystemofadaptationtochange58.Forpersonalgrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingexcept________.[A]curiosityaboutmorechances[C]open-mindednesstonewexperiences[B]promptnessinself-adaptation[D]avoidanceofinternalfearsanddoubtsText3Insuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday.Inadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarII.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachine-readablefiles,andtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevision,radio,andveryshortly,electronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity,theneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.“Knowledgeispower”maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople.59.Theword“it”(line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto________.[A]thelackofstablecommunities[B]thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels[C]theincreasedmobilityoffamilies[D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace60.Themainproblempeoplemayencountertodayarisesfromthefactthat________.[A]theyhavetolearnnewthingsconsciously[B]theylacktheconfidenceofsecuringreliableandtrustworthyinformation[C]theyhavedifficultyobtainingtheneededinformationreadily[D]theycanhardlycarryoutcasualcommunicationswithanextendedfamily61.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat________.[A]electronicmailwillsoonplayadominantroleintransmittingmessages[B]itwillbecomemoredifficultforpeopletokeepsecretsinaninformationera[C]peoplewillspendlesstimeholdingmeetingsorconferences[D]eventswillbereportedonthespotmainlythroughsatellites62.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]itisnecessarytoobtainasmuchknowledgeaspossible[B]peopleshouldmakethebestuseoftheinformation[C]weshouldrealizetheimportanceofaccumulatinginformation[D]itisofvitalimportancetoacquireneededinformationefficientlyText4Personalityistoalargeextentinherent--A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.OneplacewherechildrensoakupA-characteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe‘winatallcosts’moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:“Rejoice,weconquer!”Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.TheworldneedsAtypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.63.Accordingtothepassage,A-typeindividualsareusually________.[A]impatient[B]considerate[C]aggressive[D]agreeable64.Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecause________.[A]thepressureistoogreatonthestudents[B]somestudentsareboundtofail[C]failureratesaretoohigh[D]theresultsofexanimationsaredoubtful65.Theselectionofmedicalprofessionalsiscurrentlybasedon________.[A]candidates’sensitivity[B]academicachievements[C]competitivespirit[D]surervalues66.Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat________.[A]thepersonalityofachildiswellestablishedatbirth[B]familyinfluencedominatestheshapingofone’scharacteristics[C]thedevelopmentofone’spersonalityisduetomultiplefactors[D]B-typecharacteristicscanfindnoplaceincompetitivesocietyText5Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaseffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgetting