Harvard referencing 1

The Learning Centre Referencing The ‘Harvard’ System What is Referencing? Referencing is a system that allows you to acknowledge the sources of information you use in your writing. A feature of academic writing is that it contains references to the words, information and ideas of others. Whenever you use ANY words, ideas or information from ANY source in your assignments, you must reference those sources. Many schools at The University of New South Wales have Style Guides indicating how referencing for assignments should be done. The Learning Centre strongly suggests that you check with your tutor about which method to use. General Principles of the Harvard System 1. Within the Text—In-text Citations The Harvard system of referencing requires you to include three pieces of information about a source within the text of your work. This information is: • the name of the author or authors • the year of publication • the page number (if the information/idea can be located on a particular page; particularly when directly quoted) 2. At the End of the Text—List of References At the end of your text, you must include a List of References. This is a list of all the books, journal articles and other sources of information you have referred to in your assignment. Full bibliographical information must be included (for further details, see page 3 of this guide). 1. In-Text Citations How to Cite 'In-Text' Citations may be placed at the end of a sentence (before the concluding punctuation) in brackets: The theory was first developed by Browne (Gibbs 1981). Another way of including a reference in your text is to integrate the author’s surname into your sentence, followed by the year of publication, in parentheses: Gibbs (1981) states that Browne was the first to develop the theory of... For Example: The following extract is an example of a paragraph using the Harvard system: Criticisms aside, Durkheim’s work in The Elementary Forms was an extraordinary contribution to the sociology of religion, perhaps more specifically to a greater understanding of the origins of collective morality. Gardner makes an extremely important point about Durkheim when he writes “Durkheim had a lifelong interest in morality . . .for Durkheim morality was ‘the centre and end of his work’ and society itself was ‘the end and source of morality’”(1987, p.74). For Durkheim, the nature of morality was the nature of social solidarity. In The Elementary Forms Durkheim defined religion as the main expression of the deep moral sentiments inspired by society in individuals. His interest in the moral substratum of the modern social order expressed concern with the moral consequences of modernisation (Toles 1993). visit The Learning Centre webiste http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au To cite a direct quotation Write the text word for word and place inverted commas at the beginning and end of the quote. The author, date and page number must be included. "Australia is a settler society" (Hudson & Bolton 1997, p.9). To cite a quotation or idea from an author who attributes it to another source You must acknowledge both sources in your text: Graham Gibbs, in his 1981 study into student learning wrote that “because students are aware of their tutor’s mastery of the subject matter, it is quite common for them to assume that their reader has no needs at all” (Gibbs 1981, p.39, quoted in Bowden 1985, p.35). To reference the overall content of a work You do not need to include page numbers because it is the entire work you are referring to: Larsen and Greene (1989) studied the effects of pollution in three major cities... Referencing from a journal If the page number is required, as it is for direct quoting: (Entwistle 1977, p.23) If you are citing an idea only: (Entwistle 1977) To refer to more than one work Separate the references either with a semicolon or the word and (Entwistle 1977; Haddon 1969) or : Entwistle (1977) and Haddon (1969) both demonstrated that... To cite more than one author (Sontag & Paglia 1987) To cite more than three authors Use the surname of the first author and et al. ('and others'): Brown et al. (1987) argued that... or: (Brown et al., 1987) To cite more than one work by the same author Arrange citations in chronological order: (Smith 1981, 1984, 1985) To cite authors with the same surname who have published in the same year: Use their initials to indicate different people: The theory was first developed early this century (Smith, A.K. 1979) but later many of its elements were refuted (Smith J.A. 1979). To reference an author who published more than one work in the same year Attach an a, b, c, d etc. after the year: Dawkins (1972a, 1972b) completed a number of studies on... To cite from newspapers If there is no author, list the name of the newspaper, the date, year and page number: (Sydney Morning Herald 7 Mar. 1994, p.8) If there is an author, cite as you would for a journal article: (Peters 2000) To quote from a privately obtained interview or other personal communication include the abbreviation 'pers. comm.' in your reference: (Daly, B. 1994, pers. comm., 7 Aug.) To cite a CD-ROM Include the full title and year of publication: (CD-ROM, Microsoft Encarta, 1995) To cite an Internet source In-text citations usually require page numbers, but Internet documents rarely contain them. Use the author's name and the date created: (Cogdill, 1996) If the author's name is unknown, cite the website URL (http://www.aaa.unsw.edu.au) To reference a film or video Include the full title and year of release: (Three Colours Red, 1995) Different Types of In-Text Citations 2 2:List of References Listing the References You Use The List of References in the Harvard system is a list of all the books, journal articles and other sources you have referred to throughout your assignment. Books • Lay out your list of references alphabetically by author surname. • The title of the book should be either underlined or in italics. It is up to you which style you choose, but you must be consistent. Every main word in the book's title should begin with a capital letter. • The title of an article appears between single quotation marks and is given minimal capitalisation. Only capitalise the first word of the article's heading/subheading and proper nouns (eg. Australia). • If bibliographic information exceeds one line of text, then the following lines should have a hanging indent. • If there is more than one author or editor, all must be listed in the List of References. Don't use et al. Book Include full bibliographic details, presented in the following order: 1. author’s surname and initial(s) 2. year of publication 3. title of publication 4. edition (if applicable) 5. publisher 6. place of publication Journal Article When listing journal articles you need to place the information in the following order: 1. author’s surname and initial 2. year of publication 3. title of article (between single quotation marks and with minimal capitalisation) 4. title of journal or periodical (underlined or in italics) 5. volume number, if applicable 6. issue number or month (if applicable) 7. page numbers of the article Examples: Kozulin, A. 1993, ‘ Literature as a psychological tool’, Educational Psychologist vol. 28, no. 3, summer, pp. 253-265. Souban, J.C., Kouzman, T.H., & Whitman, W. 1991, ‘A sociological survey into enterprise bargaining’, Journal of the Australian Sociological Association, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 23-45. Articles from a Book Collection When a book consists of a collection of articles, each by different authors, but with an editor(s), use the following layout: Marton, F., Hounsell, D. & Entwistle, N. (eds) 1982, The Experience of Learning, Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh. When you use an article from a book collection, the title of the article appears in quotations. The title of the book is either underlined or italicised. Here is an example: Curthoys, A. 1997, ‘History and identity’ in Creating Australia: Changing Australian History, eds W. Hudson & G. Bolton, Allen & Unwin, Australia. Journal Articles Examples: Leeder, S. R., Dobson, A. J., Gribberd, R. W. & Patel, N. K. 1996, The Australian Film Industry, Dominion Press, Adelaide. Smith, G. & Brown, J. 1993, Introduction to Sociology , UNSW Press, Sydney. Article from a Book Collection When listing an article from a book collection, place the information in the following order: 1. author's surname and initial 2. year of publication 3. name of article (between single quotation marks and with minimal capitalisation) 4. in name of collection (the name on the front cover) 5. ed(s) 6. initial(s) and surname(s) of editor(s) 7. publisher 8. place of publication 3 A World Wide Web Page Author Known: 1. author's surname and inital 2. year of publication 3. title of site/page 4. [online] 5. Available: URL or Internet address 6. year, month and date accessed (between square brackets) Author Unknown: 1. title of site/page 2. [online] 3. year of publication 4. Available: URL or Internet address 5. year, month and date accessed (between square brackets) Internet Sources A Note About Internet and Electronic Sources There are some special problems and demands when referencing Internet sites. In comparison to print material, electronic sources can easily be changed, or vanish altogether. This makes full and accurate information essential. Methods for referencing electronic sources are changing and developing rapidly, so the following are suggestions only. Always check with your lecturer or tutor about their preferred referencing method. How Do I . . .? It is impossible to include every possible referencing requirement or format in this pamphlet. If you need referencing procedures for a format not listed here, seek further assistance from a Harvard referencing site, a style manual such as those below, ask your lecturer, or visit The Learning Centre. More Examples A newspaper article with a named author: Donaghy, B. 1994, ‘National meeting set to review tertiary admissions’, Campus News, 3-9 Mar, p. 3. An unattributed newspaper article: ‘UNSW gains top ranking from quality team’, Sydney Morning Herald, 30 February, 1994, p.21. Government publications: Give the name of the ministry or agency that has issued the report: Department of Education, Employment & Training, 1992, Annual Report 1991-92, AGPS, Canberra. Off-Air recordings: Channel Four, 1992, Cutting Edge: Neighbours, Off-air recording, 4 May 1992, Video. Example: To reference a web page with an author: Winston, J. 1999, A look at referencing, [online], Available: http://www.aaa.edu.au/aaa.html [2000, October 20]. To reference an unauthored web page: A look at referencing [online] 1999, Available: http://www.aaa.unsw.edu.au/index.html [2000, October 20]. Further Reading Li, X. & Crane, N. 1996, Electronic Style: A Handbook to Citing Electronic Information, Information Today, Medford, New Jersey. Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers. 1994, 5th edn. AGPS, Canberra. 4