纳米电子封装23

Chapter 23 Nanoelectronics Landscape: Application, Technology, and Economy G. Q. Zhang 23.1 Introduction The semiconductor industry and its suppliers are the cornerstones of today’s high-tech economy. Representing a worldwide sales value of $340 billion in 2005, the sector supported a global market of more than $1.3 trillion in terms of electronic systems and an estimated value of $6 trillion in services, with applications ranging from trans- portation to health care, and from general broadcasting to electronic banking. The shift from the past era of microelectronics where semiconductor devices were measured in microns (one millionth of a meter) to the new era of nanoelec- tronics where they shrink to dimensions measured in nanometers (one billionth of a meter) will make the semiconductor sector even more pervasive than it is today. It will allow much more intelligence and far greater interactivity to be built into many more everyday items around us, with the result that silicon chip technology will play a part in virtually every aspect of our lives, from personal health and traffic control to public security. This chapter will briefly summarize the current and potential application domains, highlight the major technology challenges and research agenda, and discuss the economic implications of micro/nanoelectronics. 23.2 Applications The society of the future expects environments that are sensitive and responsive to the presence and needs of people, characterized by many invisible devices distrib- uted and connected throughout the environment – devices that know about their situational state, that can recognize individual users, tailor themselves to each G.Q. Zhang Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering Delft University of Technology Delft , The Netherlands, NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands J.E. Morris (ed.) Nanopackaging: Nanotechnologies and Electronics Packaging, 517 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-47326-0_23, © Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2008 Morris_Ch23.indd 517Morris_Ch23.indd 517 9/29/2008 8:09:58 PM9/29/2008 8:09:58 PM 518518 G.Q. Zhang user’s needs, and anticipate each user’s desires without conscious mediation. In other words, environments will be of more and more Ambient Intelligence. Although micro/nanoelectronics is relevant for nearly all aspects of human life, the following six application domains, each of them driven by clearly recognizable societal needs, will be highlighted in this chapter [1 – 4] . 23.2.1 Health The continuous rise of healthcare costs, in most highly developed countries, substan- tially higher than the rise of the GDP, calls for a reform of the healthcare systems to increase the efficiency and to improve the quality. One way to achieve this is the move from how to treat patients to how to keep people healthy and prevent illness . The current health reform going on in several countries, including the Netherlands, leads to an increased responsibility for individuals with respect to choice (which doctor, which hospital, which insurance and insurance level). This results in a situation that individuals need to be informed how to invest in effort as well as money. Also the organization of healthcare outside hospitals (primary care in group practices and week-end service, care after discharge, and care pathways or “ketenzorg”) leads to a situation that several care professionals are involved in the care of patients. All these professionals should have access to up-to-date informa- tion of the patient involved, not only in their offices but also on the move. In the situation of care after discharge and prevention of recurrent hospitalization of chronic patients, telemonitoring and remote support of patients will be important. The proper means to do this is however not available yet, or only rudimentary implementations exist. Examples of means in this area are sensors or sensor net- works that capture relevant signs from individuals and send them to a health appli- cation, which can give personalized advice taking into account the health information stored at several locations (including the electronic health records at hospitals and general practitioners). An approach like this would not only support patients recovering from diseases or having a chronic disease but also individuals who want to maintain healthy condition by maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Requirements in this domain are sensors and actuators (including the connection to sensor networks for home and mobile monitoring, security and privacy), fine- grained role-based access control, interoperability standards, data exchange proto- cols on the application level, use of multiple access networks to an internet backbone, dynamic configuration of services, web services technology, and ecosys- tems that allow multiple electronics health record services (from hospitals, GPs, other care providers) to collaborate. Also, many improvements are necessary for the care cycle itself, which can be described as a healthcare workflow involving technologies inside and outside the hospital to prevent, diagnose, treat, and monitor diseases. To improve the life expec- tation of the patient, the time between the patient entering the hospital and the treat- ment should be as short as possible. This also needs minimal invasive treatment as Morris_Ch23.indd 518Morris_Ch23.indd 518 9/29/2008 8:09:58 PM9/29/2008 8:09:58 PM 23 Nanoelectronics Landscape: Application, Technology, and Economy 519 the standard way of medical intervention. In addition, optimization of the information flow around the patient is a key so that all necessary information is available and can be assessed when needed, including patient history, anamnesis, medication, previous images, etc. To support the reduction of the time in the hospital it is important to be able to track the movement of patient through the hospital. Relevant information of the patient should preferably be prefetched at each place of contact with the personnel. This implies the availability of a safe and secure ambient identification system. In addition, fast access to all relevant historical and current medical information of the patient is important. Diagnostic imaging, being a key technology for obtaining actual patient information, should be processed and result in short times to well- structured information in all relevant aspects. This involves massive image processing in short times using segmentation to isolate organs and associated metabolistic processes based on molecular imaging technologies such as PET and SPECT. Multimodality interventional rooms (X-MR, X-CT, X-Spect, PET-CT) are impor- tant to monitor and assess the staging and treatment progress of the patient. The availability of multiple modalities and multimodality processing will speed up the whole treatment process considerably, improve patient outcome, and reduce costs. Clinical outcome can also be improved in a more cost-efficient manner by predict- ing treatment planning through the use of advanced numerical simulation tools. Moving the monitoring of patients after treatment to outside the hospital can further reduce hospital time. Patients may be managed remotely at home, or in less expensive recovery homes . This needs reliable, safe, and secure network connec- tions between the medical personnel and the patient. The monitoring system should be mainly autonomic relating the monitored information to the profile of the patient. Alarms should be precise and in time to enable direct treatment of endan- gering complications. In urgent situations, ambulances should be connected to the network to enable precise treatment already during the transport of patients. Minimal invasive treatment needs actual image information during surgery. Virtual simulation of endovascular devices prior to treatment will become a standard method for determination of device dimension, position of its deployment, and determination of potential complications. This enables the doctor to see what is hap- pening without operating the patient. As a consequence, in even shorter times, the same well-structured information about the present state of the patient should be available. Therefore, improved medical equipment, mainly diagnostic medical imag- ing as well as catheters and associated equipment, should be developed to address these needs. In particular, earlier obtained medical data of the patient should be related to the present position of the patient. This should not be disturbed by intrinsi- cally moving parts of the patients (heart, lungs). To reduce the amount of damage caused by the treatment, the medical equipment should be as intelligent as possible to find its way semiautomatically through the patient via the best possible way. Reduction of failures can be achieved in several ways. Formalizing the medical know-how in accessible databases enables the selection of the right protocols for the right situation. Semiautomatic support guides the course of diagnosis and treat- ment according to these protocols. In deviant situations, new protocols should be Morris_Ch23.indd 519Morris_Ch23.indd 519 9/29/2008 8:09:58 PM9/29/2008 8:09:58 PM 520520 G.Q. Zhang selected or added by the medical specialist. Advanced information technology is necessary to support decisions and to plan and execute the workflow in real-time situations. As the patient is moving within and outside the hospital, wireless devices are needed to ensure that the right treatment is given to the right patient. Another domain is prevention. This can be achieved by population screening (for high-impact diseases such as breast, prostate, and colon cancer). However, the analysis of information and the low number of exceptions requires technologies like computer-aided detection to improve the productivity of radiologists. IT services, like long- and medium-term storage of patient data, will be out- sourced to reduce the management costs. External medical information needs to be added to improve the diagnosis and the treatment plan. Hospital infrastructures need to support the incorporation of real-time safe and secure access to external services at any time. Fast, highly sensitive DNA/protein assays made possible by innovative new bio- sensors will allow many diseases to be diagnosed “in vitro” from simple fluid sam- ples (blood, saliva, urine, etc.) even before sufferers complain of symptoms. Similar tests will identify those predisposed to certain diseases, allowing them to enter screening programs that will identify early onset of the disease. Conventional and molecular imaging, increasingly combined with therapy, will pinpoint and eradi- cate diseased tissue. Early diagnosis will lead to earlier treatment, and earlier treat- ment to better prognoses and aftercare. By nipping disease in the bud it will make many therapies either noninvasive or minimally invasive. Equipped with body sen- sors that continuously monitor their state of health and report significant changes through telemonitoring networks, patients will be able to return home sooner and enjoy a faster recovery. Nanomedicine will also revolutionize prosthetics, with bio- implants restoring sight to the blind and hearing to the deaf. Automated drug-delivery implants will prevent conditions such as epileptic fits. Nanoelectronics will pose many challenges, such as the biocompatibility of the materials, reliability, and the need for very low power dissipation. Developing implants in biocompatible packages will push system-in-package (SiP) miniaturi- zation to the limits, while at the same time having to cope with the integration of devices such as biological sensors, nanoelectro-mechanical system (NEMS)/ mechatronics devices, optical devices, energy scavenging systems, and RF inter- faces. At the same time, many of these highly complex heterogeneous systems will have to provide life-support system reliability. 23.2.2 Mobility/Transport The following aspects are essential to achieve sustainable road transportation: safety (increased safety for all road users), mobility (meeting the significant growth and changes in mobility and the transport of goods), and sustainable pow- ertrain (reducing environmental impact and managing the efficient use of energy Morris_Ch23.indd 520Morris_Ch23.indd 520 9/29/2008 8:09:59 PM9/29/2008 8:09:59 PM 23 Nanoelectronics Landscape: Application, Technology, and Economy 521 resources). As the volume of traffic on our roads continues to increase, there will be an increased demand for safety management systems that outperform their drivers in terms of speed control and collision avoidance through drive-by-wire systems. At the same time, there will be a need to transfer an increasing amount of data to and from moving vehicles, not only for driver information, navigation, and entertainment systems, but also for vehicle tracking and road toll applica- tions. The world’s limited oil and energy resources will stimulate the develop- ment of far more fuel-efficient vehicles as well as new alternative energy (battery or fuel-cell powered) vehicles. Nanoelectronics will be at the heart of many of these advances. With the current revolution in electronics and electronic applications, the auto- motive industry is faced with a new technology: HMI (human machine interaction). This is the field of expectations and acceptance of, and attitude and behavior toward, new intelligent vehicle systems (e.g., drive-by-wire systems). Although HMI is not new in itself, other requirements are requiring new research. HMI is becoming increasingly important with respect to driver safety and safety of all road users, efficiency, and productivity in the field of professional transport and comfort. Electronics allow for most comfort improvements; infotainment is probably the strongest growth segment within this area. Throughout the automotive industry, a digital revolution is taking place that has prompted the emergence of a new innovation area: Dependability and Information and Communication Technology. Electronics and, subsequently, software, are key challenges for R&D and for the automotive industry. In 2002, the value creation per car on electrics/electronics including software was 20% – of which some two-thirds were in software alone. More than 90% of all future automotive innovations will be driven by electronics and embedded software, including other drivers for more complex embedded systems – in addition to active safety systems – such as for more comfort: with in-car information, navigation, and entertainment, and helping the environment: less pollution, lower fuel consumption, new fuels, alternative pro- pulsion technologies, etc. In 2015, the value creation of electronics will be 35–40% of total value creation per car. Electronic automotive systems have to withstand very harsh environments, including high temperatures, humidity, vibration, fluid contamination, and EMC (electromagnetic compatibility). While these problems have largely been solved for conventional IC-style packaged devices, a whole new set of challenges will have to be faced when these packages also contain integrated sensor, actuator, mechatron- ics or optoelectronics functions. Some systems, such as collision avoidance radars and engine-assist/traction motor drives, will push the performance limits of current high-volume low-cost semiconductor solutions in terms of frequency capability or power/thermal handling. In addition, the critical role in drive-by-wire systems will require extreme reliability, with failure rates down to a few parts per billion, which means zero defects for the whole production volume of a device. On top of this, the automotive industry imposes special constraints such as parts warranty for up to 20 years and conformance with EU directives. Morris_Ch23.indd 521Morris_Ch23.indd 521 9/29/2008 8:09:59 PM9/29/2008 8:09:59 PM 522522 G.Q. Zhang 23.2.3 Security Security reflects itself in public demand for personal emergency and home security systems, and government-led protection from crime and terrorism. There is a need for massive deployment of personal protection without restriction of liberty, which means that safety and security systems need to be both reliable and easy to use. We need to improve the recognition of individuals and detection of threats such as explosives and chemical warfare agents (CWA). Nanoelectronics will provide the necessary sensors, computing power, and reliability at cost levels that allow safety and security to be built into the fabric of our environment. These system will includes advanced algorithms within the embedded systems that fit in an infrastruc- ture and standards necessary for an integrated solution . Massive deployment for military, civil security, and personal safety requires the costs of these functionalities to decrease tenfold. For example, the department of defense (DOD–USA) needs for miniaturized detectors amount close to US$500 millions, and the personal markets in the EU and US alone following the military and civil market will increase to more than US$5 billions. Safety and security systems can be divided into three groups: first, low-cost personal emergency and home protection systems, which are affordable for consumers, sec- ond, high-performance, high-efficiency systems for applications such as airport, transportation, seaports, shopping malls, etc, and third, distributed information systems such as electronic banking, electronic ordering and payment, health information systems within hospitals, between multiple care providers and patients outside hospi- tals. For these applications, it is essential that traditional security and privacy solu- tions of the IT system of closed infrastructures be extended to include general purpose and dedicated devices (remote monitoring) at multiple locations, authentication, and identification of persons. To enable massive deployment, these systems need to be unobtrusive and of low cost. Therefore, these systems must be small and easy to use, and only high levels of miniaturization are able to serve this unmet market demand. Yet their requirement to be highly reliable also means that they must be complex and multifunctional so that they make decisions based not on a single parameter but on combinations of parameters (fingerprint, voice, iris pattern, etc.) This will involve the integration of a wide range of sensors, MEMS/mechatronics, and photonic devices. Such devices will also need to communicate reliably by wired and wireless networks, and they must be made tamper-resistant and able to withstand environmental conditions that might affect their performance (radiation, chemical corrosion, shock, etc.). 23.2.4 Communication People are becoming used to having easy access to friends, relations, and information services, and more frustrated when that access is not available to them. Making infor- mation available anywhere at any time relies on connectivity and communication, increasingly via the use of wireless-based networks (cellphones, Wi-Fi networks, Morris_Ch23.indd 522Morris_Ch23.indd 522 9/29/2008 8:09:59 PM9/29/2008 8:09:59 PM 23 Nanoelectronics Landscape: Application, Technology, and Economy 523 etc.) to meet the anywhere requirement. In future, such communication systems must be easier to use, even to the point where specific connectivity channels become irrel- evant to the user. Information will simply tunnel itself to its destination by whatever communication channels are available. At the same time, the bandwidth of systems will