5语言测试教案

nullChapter Four Testing Specifications (考试规范的制定)Chapter Four Testing Specifications (考试规范的制定) I.什么是考试规范 What are the test specifications ：According to Alderson et al ( 2001, p 9) , testing specification is defined as “ to provide the official statement about what the test tests and how it tests it. 考试规范是单个或一系列有关正式文件，对考什么和如何考做出详细的规定。为什么需要考试规范？ Why are Testing Specifications needed? 为什么需要考试规范？ Why are Testing Specifications needed? 考试规范的使用者是考试命题人员或考试评估人员，它详尽地 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 述了考试的所有部分，从所考的语言范畴、具体语言技能，一直到评分 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 的使用等。 作为具体的指导性文件，考试规范可以在每次命题过程中使用，它可以保证每套试题的稳定性。考试规范与考试效度 Testing Specifications and Validity考试规范与考试效度 Testing Specifications and Validity一个考试是否具有效度是衡量考试的重要标准之一。考试规范的制订是考试效度的一个必要保证。考试规范详细地规定了所测试的能力结构（theoretical construct），以及相应的具体语言技能。命题者在命题时参照这部分可以使考试题目或任务更符合结构效度的要求。另外，考试规范对考试的内容有详细、明确的表述，这有助于命题者在命题过程中做到内容更有代表性和针对性。 考试规范与总体设计 Testing Specifications and General Design 考试规范与总体设计 Testing Specifications and General Design命题者在命题过程中常常会偏重某一方面而忽略其他方面。如，为了减轻评阅试卷的工作量，有时会出现客观试题被过度使用的情况。有如，测试学生听、说、读、写水平的试卷中可能缺少对说的考查。再或者是各个考查项目之间比例失调。 考试规范涉及到考试的各个层面，促使我们从全局来考虑考试的效度、信度以及考试项目之间的关系。 因此，考试规范在一定程度上可以帮助命题者避免出现设计上的片面性，促进全面性和均衡性。考试规范包括哪些内容 What content do Testing Specifications contain?考试规范包括哪些内容 What content do Testing Specifications contain?1.测试目的（test purpose）:考试的目的是什么？为什么要考？ 2.测试范畴(test domain )：测试的语言能力结构是什么？它在试卷中具体体现在哪些技能上？ （theoretical construct and operations） 3.测试对象（test taker）：考生是什么程度的学生？参加本课程学习的情况。 4.测试内容(test content)：考试阅读材料的选择范围、材料所涉及的题材范围、测试层次（是识记、理解、还是应用或分析等）。 5.明确测试的方式方法（test method): 是直接考试还是间接考试？是分离式考试还是综合式考试？是各种方式结合型的考试还是单一型考试。 6.阐述测试题型（test tasks and item types）：考试采用哪些具体题型？这些题型有哪些特点？对学生的要求是什么？ 7.解释试卷结构及分值（test organization and weighting）:对试卷的整体结构以及相应的分值进行说明，如考试由哪些项目组成？每个项目的分值是多少？试卷满分是多少？ 8.规定测试的时间（time duration） 9.提供评分标准（scoring criteria） 10.提供施考操作规定。III. Who need test specifications ?III. Who need test specifications ?The people who produce the tests Test constructors People who are responsible for or interested in establishing the test’s validity. Teachers who wish to enter their students for some public examinations Administrations officers who have to make a decision on the basis of test scores . Material publishers wising to produce textbooks related to the test. Classroom tasks for students : How can we draw up very scientific and standard test specifications ? Deriving from this is another definition : the test syllabus. They can be used sometimes interchangeably, like in UK examinations boards. However there is still slight difference between them. Deriving from this is another definition : the test syllabus. They can be used sometimes interchangeably, like in UK examinations boards. However there is still slight difference between them. II. The difference between test specifications and test syllabus. II. The difference between test specifications and test syllabus. A test specification: a detailed document, and focuses on internal purposes only. Sometimes it is confidential to the examining body. It is for the test developers and those who need to evaluate whether a test has met its aims or not. A test syllabus: a public document , often much simplified ，indicates to test users what the test will contain. It is directed more to teachers and students who wish to prepare for the test; people who need to make decisions on the basis of test scores and publishers who wish to produce materials related to the test. A test syllabus: a public document , often much simplified ，indicates to test users what the test will contain. It is directed more to teachers and students who wish to prepare for the test; people who need to make decisions on the basis of test scores and publishers who wish to produce materials related to the test. IV. What should the test specification look like?IV. What should the test specification look like?1.The test purpose 2.Description of the test taker 3.Test level 4.Construct theoretical framework for test 5.Description of suitable language course or textbook. 6.Number of sections/papers 7.Time of for each sections 8.Text-type 9.Text-length 10.Language skills to be tested 11.Language elements to be tested 12.Test tasks 13.Test methods 14.Rubrics 15.Criteria for marking 16.Description of typical performance at each level 17.Description of what candidates at each level can do in the real world 18. Sample papers 19. Sample of students’ performance on tasks. Imagine you have been asked to give a test for some people who will enter the primary school to be the English teacher temporarily for one term, the students will be grade two. How can you use the test specifications ‘checklists to write a test specification for them null What have you got from the lesson today?