专四语法题

名词 可数与不可数的“相对论” ——名词的可数性重在意义而不是形式，与使用的语境有关，意义与语境的不同会导致名 词的可数性不同。 不可数名词转化为可数名词的三条基本规律： 1）对于物质名词或总称的名词，若是表示不同的种类，或者因为特定的意思，或者是液体表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量，则转化为可数名词。 e.g. a. A: Would you like a cake? B: No, I don’t like cake. b. I need some paper to write a letter on. I have a term paper to write on weekends. I bought a paper. c. Two beers and three coffees, please! 2) 对于抽象名词，若是具体化了，则转化为可数名词。并且，此时往往伴随着词义上或大或小的改变。 e.g. a. She had great beauty in her youth. She was a beauty in her youth. b. There’s plenty of room for everybody to sit down in this room. c. I pronounce this couple to be husband and wife. (一般作为可数的名词，在某些特殊的语境中，也可能作为不可数名词来使用。) 3) 从更广泛的意义上来说，当一个名词表示抽象的、总称的概念时，一般作为不可数名词来用。而当它表示具体的、特定的事物时，则通常用作可数名词。 e.g. a. The square covers an area of 20,000 square meters. b. Shanghai is the largest city in area in China, but Beijing is the largest city in population. 单数与复数 ——不同语言对于单复数的概念是不同的，汉语不区分单复数，英语把“多于一”的算作复数。 e.g. one half day 半天（单数）； one day 一天（单数）； one and a half days 一天半（复数） 1. He gained ____ in dealing with such people. A. experience B. experiences 2 I had some interesting ____ during the journey. A. experience B. experiences 3. The woman over there is ______ mother. A. Julia and Mary B. Julia and Mary’s C. Julia’s and Mary’s D. Julia’s and Mary 4. Suddenly ______ fire broke out in the ware house and everything in it was on ______ fire. A. \ / a B. the/ \ C. a / \ D. \ / the 5. The basketball team ______ baths now. A. has B. have C. is having D. are having 6. The soldier left his ______ in the ______. A. arm, quarter B. arm, quarters C. arms, quarter D. arms, quarters 7. There ______ bad news on television tonight. A. is too much B. are too much C. is too many D. are too many 8. There are a lot of ______ in the field. A. sheeps and cows B. sheeps and cow C. sheep and cows D. sheep and cow 9. The old house belongs to ______.. A. Jack’s and his brother B. Jack’s and his brother’s C. Jack and his brother’s D. Jack and his brother 冠词 冠词的位置与读音 a: 以辅音音素（并非辅音字母）开头的名词前； an: 以元音音素（并非元音字母）开头的名词前 the: 辅音前 [ ]；元音前[ ] e.g. a. a university, a unique person, an unkind old lady b. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. c. Old Hen: Let me give you a piece of good advice. Young Hen: What is it? Old Hen: _____ egg _____day keeps_____ ax away. 注：有时在口语中表示“迟疑一下”的时候，或者想强调下面一个词时，即便这个词以辅音开头，前面的the也读成[ ]. e.g. A: My name is James Bond. B: What, not the James Bond? 定冠词the的特指用法 a. Andy Lau, the famous actor. Andy Lau, a famous Chinese actor. b. He said his name was Yao Ming. I knew he wasn’t the Yao Ming, but he was a good basketball player anyway. c. I live in Beijing, not the Beijing, but a little village in Anhui. 说话者有或没有相关的背景知识，就决定了他用或者不用the来特指。 a/an 与不可数名词 1）+很多不可数名词，表示“一种”或“一类” e.g. A cheese that I like is Camembert. 2）+ 饮料类的不可数名词，表示“一杯” e.g. I’d like a beer, please. 3) +部分不可数名词，意思会发生改变 e.g. glass玻璃 vs. a glass 一个玻璃杯； iron 铁 vs. an iron 一个电熨斗 a/an 与数词one one 可以作为a的强调形式的等同词而替代a. e.g. a mile or two = one or two miles; a foot and a half = one and a half feet (1) 三种宜用one的情况： ① 想加强语气或引人注意的时候，用one强调“只有一个”的意思。 e.g. Customer: When will they be ready? Assistant: They take a week. Customer: One week, right, thanks very much. ② 用于准确的对照数字 e.g. two kilos of flour and one liter of water ③ 想突出叙述 故事 滥竽充数故事班主任管理故事5分钟二年级语文看图讲故事传统美德小故事50字120个国学经典故事ppt 中的一件事或一个人，使之成为我们的话题时，用one。 e.g. a. There is one place we go to which is a Mexican restaurant, and they have a happy hour between 5:30 and 7:30. one+时间名词：特指某事发生的时间 b. One night there was a terrible storm. c. One day you’ll be sorry for what you are doing now. (2) 不能用one替换a/an的三种情况： ① 表示类指意义的a/an e.g. A shotgun is no good. One shotgun is no good. ② 表示度量的a/an e.g. The rent is $100 a week. (The rent is $100 one week.*) four times a day (four times one day*) ③ 表示数量的固定搭配中的a e.g. a few (one few*), a great many (one great many*) 用/不用冠词the的意义区别 对于表示处所或社会事业机构类的名词： 用冠词the时，强调处所，指实际的建筑物或地点。 不用冠词the时，强调活动，不是指实际的建筑物或地点。此时名词只表示一种抽象的概念，说话人并非特指具体的、实际的建筑物或地点，主要是强调在该处所的活动。 e.g. a. His mother is in hospital and he has been in the hospital to take care of her. b. go to bed vs. go to the bed c. in bed vs. in the bed d. go to/ be in town vs. The town is very old. e. go to school vs. go to the school g. in class vs. in the class h. go to sea vs. go to the sea i. by sea vs. by the sea 一般来说，没有冠词修饰的名词，这个名词往往具有一种抽象意义或者总称意义；有冠词修饰的名词，此时的名词都是具体特指某个事物或者其他意思。 e.g. in office vs. in the office in front of vs. in the front of The tree is _____ of the house, and John is _____ of the house. So he can’t see the tree. out of question vs. out of the question 判断下列各句中空格处是否需要冠词。 1. When you’re in town, can you get_____ paper? The printer has run out. 2. When you’re in town, can you get_____ paper? I want to get the football result. 3. I live in Rome, not _____ Rome, but _____ little village in Wales. 4. John went to _____ church to take some photographs of the buildings. 5. Ken went to_____ prison to visit his brother because he was in_____ prison for bribery. 数量限定词与个体限定词 用a few, few, a little, little 填空。 1. A: Are you finished? B: Not yet. I need ____ more minutes. B: Not yet. I need ____ more time. 2. Do you have ____ minutes? I’d like to ask you ____ questions. I need ____ more information. 3. He is very poor and he has ____ clothes. 4. I had ____ food this morning. Now I am very hungry. 用some或any填空： 1. Last night I was very hungry and I wanted ____ food to eat. But now I am not hungry and I don’t want ____ food to eat. 2. A: Mike promised he’d help on this rush job. But he never showed up. B: ____ friend he is. another/ other We will stay here for another three days. （“another +数词+名词复数”：强调的是数量概念，“在原有基础上的一个延续”） I am always busy from Monday to Thursday, but I can come on three other days. （“数词+ other+名词复数”：强调的是类别概念，“其他的，另外的”） 注：“another +数词+名词复数”= “数词+ more +名词复数” e.g. another few weeks/ a few more weeks another three days = three more days=/= three other days 用each或every填空： 1. Please write your suggestions _____ other line. 2. We should be ready to help _____ other in learning English. 3. Then she told them to think of the nicest thing they could say about _____ of their classmates and write it down. 形容词 多个形容词修饰名词时的词序排列 限定词（my, the, three, this）— 观点形容词（beautiful, famous）—尺寸大小（large, small, long）—形状（round, square）—新旧（new, old, ancient）— 颜色（white, yellow）— 国籍、出处或产地 — 质地材料 — 中心名词 e.g. This beautiful, big, old, red, Chinese wooden table was my grandmother’s. a crystal, drinking glass (材料 + 用途 + 名词) -ing形容词和-ed形容词 e.g. Tom had a frightening look on his face. Tom had a frightened look on his face. 1. The _____ children can make other people feel _____ in them. (interesting, interested) 2. The _____ children will show an interest in something _____. (interesting, interested) 3. The _____ student fell asleep during the _____ lecture. (boring, bored) than 的比较级句型 a. A+比较级+ than +B e.g. This question is less difficult than that question. b. A+ 比较级+情形1+than+情形2 e.g. Since it has been repaired, the machine works more efficiently than it did before. c. 在一事物包含另一事物的所属关系中，此时要用other或else将其与整体区别开来 e.g. She works harder than any other student in her class. She works harder than any student in her class*. 一般时态 a. A: Do you see the person with loose pants and long hair? Is it a boy or girl? B: A girl. She is my daughter. A: Oh, please forgive me. I didn’t know you were her mother. B: No, I’m her father. b. 一个书名：Afghanistan: The Land that Was 商场打折：Was $57, Now $38 c. A: I really thought that I’d win the match. (vs. I really think that I will win the match.) B: Oh, well, better luck next time, Henry. be going to 1) 表示将来——预测 在表示“预测”时，be going to与will的区别： 1．be going to比will有更多的证据支持，而且事件发生的时间更近 e.g. a. Look at the time. I’m going to miss my bus. b. There will be a lot of rainfall next spring. c. The bridge is going to collapse. The bridge will collapse. 2．Will的语气比be going to 显得正式 be going to常用于私人谈话，在口语中常用，常被读成be gonna。 e.g. Rachel: Okay, Monica, what are you doing? You’re gonna lose your job! This is not you! 2) 表示“ 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 ” 1. be going to表示“计划或打算”，用“人”作主语 e.g. a. Close your eyes. I’m going to give you a surprise. b. A: Doctor, help me. My heart is beating very quickly and I feel terrible, I think I’m going to die B: Nonsense. That’s the last thing you’ll do. 2. be going to可以表示“决心”，具有强烈的感情色彩 e.g. We’re going to become the world’s leading forwarding company. You’re gonna be sorry! You’re gonna be so sorry! Will表示“意愿”的情况要注意： ①表示“意愿”时，句子的主语通常是有生命的“人”，若用“物”作主语，则有拟人的意味，此时说话人往往是在抱怨，而且通常用否定形式的“won’t”。 e.g. My car won’t start. Will you give me a ride? The closet door won’t open. Will you try it? ②若用于第二人称(you)的一般疑问句（will you）中，则可以用来提出“请求”。 e.g. A: Will you help me to mail these letters? B: I’ll do it. ③will的否定 e.g. Paul won’t come. = Paul won’t come, because he is too busy. = Paul won’t come, because he doesn’t want to. 比较：will表示“意愿”和be going to表示“打算” e.g. Husband: There isn’t any milk left in the fridge. Wife: I’ll buy some after work. / I’m going to buy some after work. be doing与be going to表示计划的区别 be doing往往表示将来的活动是确定好的计划，是工作安排的一部分，已做出决定，并已写入时间安排表中了，相较而言，be going to do更多的是表达一种不确定的未来计划，或者说是一种个人的意图或打算。所以用be doing 谈将来的计划往往比be going to do更确定。 e.g. a. I’m taking my holiday in April. I’m going to take my holiday in April. B. I’m flying to Shanghai next Monday. I’m going to fly to Shanghai next Monday. 一般现在时表示将来 e.g. A: My daughter gets married at three o’clock in St. Mary’s Church on Saturday. B: How do you feel about it? A: Well, I’m losing a daughter but I am gaining a telephone! be to do ①表示已安排好要在将来发生的事，是比较正式的用法 e.g. They are to go on a strike on July 8th. The Premier is to visit Australia next month. ②表示强烈的命令，相当于must, should，如：父母对孩子、上级对下级或法律条文中的规定等 e.g. You are to finish your homework before you go to play. The form is to be filled out in ink and returned this week. be about to 这一结构用来表示即将发生的动作（比如通常在5分钟之内就会发生），意思是“正要，马上就要”。 e.g. The train is about to leave. Sally has her hand on the doorknob. She is about to open the door. be on the point/verge/brink/eve of doing 这一结构与be about to的意思差不多，但其动作发生的时间比be about to还要快一些。 e.g. He was on the point of killing himself when she stepped into his room. The child was on the verge of laughing, but he held back. 进行时态 （一）进行时态的核心含义 进行动作的核心意义在于：事件具有持续性、短暂性和/或未完成性。 1．进行体动作与一般动作对比 ①活动与状态的对比 e.g. I am thinking about the answer. I think it is 144. ②发生在说话那一刻的一个动作与一个习惯的对比 e.g. Why are you wearing glasses? Why do you wear glasses? ③具体事件与概括描述的对比 e.g. What are you doing for Thanksgiving? What do you do for Thanksgiving? ④暂时的事件与长期的状态对比 e.g. a. Joan is singing well. Joan sings well. b. Mr. Smith is standing by the Nile. The Sphinx stands by the Nile. ⑤未完成与完成对比 e.g. He was drowning in the lake, so the lifeguard raced into the water. He drowned in the lake. ⑥事件可变化与不变化的对比 e.g. He was calling Mary when I came in. He called Mary when I came in. 表示人的五官感觉的动词可能有三方面含义： 一是系动词； 二是表示结果，此时表示的是一个状态，而不是主语有意识地发出的动作； 三是表示动作的过程，此时是主语有意识的动作。 系动词和表示结果的动词不能用于进行时态；表示动作过程的动词可以用于进行时态。 e.g. a. The chef is tasting the soup. And it tastes good. I taste ginger in these spring rolls. b. He is smelling the chicken. And it smells nice. I smell something burning in the kitchen. c. I am looking at the picture. It looks beautiful. I see the picture. d. I am listening to the music. It sounds nice. I hear the music. 静态动词用于进行时态可能产生各种含义上的变化： ①加强动词所表达的感情 e.g. I’m loving it. （麦当劳的广告词） ②通过强调随时间的流逝而发生的程度上的变化，来表明状态的变化 e.g. I’m understanding less and less about life, the older I get. ③强调有意识的参与 e.g. What we are seeing is a red dwarf star. ④表明生动性 e.g. One night in the middle of the night, I’m hearing dripping. ⑤使批评变得缓和 e.g. I like the first piano notes, but I’m not liking where the strings come in. ⑥与一般性描述不同，进行时态表示当前的行为 e.g. He’s being rude. He’s rude. 完成时态 没有延续性的时间状语，则表示一个“完成了”的动作 若没有延续性的时间状语，可以用完成时态，但表示的是一个在过去已经完成的动作，而没有延续到现在。 e.g. 1. John has lived in Paris for ten years. John has lived in Paris. That was ten years ago. He is now living in Beijing. A: Where has John lived since he left Beijing? B: He has lived in Paris. (=He has lived in Paris ever since he left Beijing.) 2. I have been a school teacher for 28 years now. I have been a school teacher. 请用适当的时态填空。 1. A: Was Clint at the party when you arrived? B: No, he _____ (already, go) home. 2. A: Was Clint at the party when you arrived? B: Yes, but he _____ (go) home soon afterwards. 3. I felt very tired when I got home, so I _____ (go) straight to bed. 4. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody _____ (go) to bed. 5. Sorry I’m late. The car _____ (break) down on my way here. 6. We _____ (drive) along the road when we saw a car that _____ (break) down, so we stopped to see if we could help. 7. I _____ (lose) my key. I can’t get into my house. 8. I _____ (lose) my key, so l couldn’t get into my house. But now I _____ (find) it. 9. A: I hear you _____ (get) lost on your way to the hotel. B: I _____ (not, know) how I _____ (do) it. I _____ (be) there a million times. 10. A: Look at the time. I’m going to miss my bus. B: Don’t worry. I _____ (drive) you to the stop. And if the bus _____ (already, leave), I can get you to your apartment. 11. A: How many interviews _____ you _____ (have) this month? B: I _____ (have) two interviews so far this month. 12. A: How many interviews _____ you _____ (have) last month? B: I _____ (have) four interviews last month. 完成进行时态 Be careful! I’ve been painting the door!（活动刚刚结束） I’ve been painting the door for half an hour.（活动还没结束） 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf ：1）在有持续的时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时通常都表示一个延续至今的活动，除非有上下文明确表明这个活动刚刚结束。 2）在没有持续的时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时通常都表示一个刚刚结束的活动，除非有上下文明确表明这个活动仍在延续。 完成进行时与完成时对比总结 完成进行时强调“延续过程”，完成时强调“结果” 完成进行时重在“进行”，即未完成，强调动作持续的过程；完成时重在“完成”，即已完成，强调动作的结果或成就。 1）未完成与已完成 e.g. 1. I have been reading the book you lent me but I haven’t finished it yet. I have read the book you lent me, so you can have it back now. 2. a. A: Have you been cleaning the windows? B: Yes, but I haven’t finished them yet. b. A: Have you cleaned the windows? B: No, I haven’t finished them yet. 2）延续过程与结果/成果 e.g. 1. Sorry about the mess – I’ve been painting the house. I’ve painted two rooms since lunchtime. 2. A: Oh, I have been sitting in the same position too long. My legs have fallen asleep. B: Shake it a little before you get up. 3. The phone has been ringing for almost a minute. Why doesn’t someone answer it? The phone has rung four times this morning, and each time it has been for Clint. 3）感情色彩的不同 由于完成进行时更强调动作的延续性，因而往往带有强烈的感情色彩，较为口语化。而完成时则只是说明一个事实，一种结果，较为平铺直叙，缺乏明显的感情色彩。 e.g. A: What have you done with my knife? B: I put it back in your drawer. A: (taking it out) But what have you been doing with it? The blade’s all twisted! Have you been using it to open tins? 4）重复活动：完成进行时强调持续，不讲次数；完成时强调成果，讲次数 e.g. I’ve been ironing my shirts this morning. I’ve ironed five shirts this morning. 1）请用括号中动词的适当的形式填空。 1. The novel is so interesting. I _____ (read) for two hours and _____ (read) 55 pages so far. 2. I _____ (knock) at the door six times, but nobody answers it. I don’t think anybody is in. 3. I _____ (knock) at the door for two minutes, but nobody answers it. 4. This morning I came to class at 9:00. Right now it is 10:00, and I am still in class. I _____ (sit) at this desk for an hour. By 9:30, I _____ (sit) here for half an hour. By 11:00, I _____ (sit) here for two hours. 5. It is midnight. I _____ (study) for five straight hours. No wonder I’m getting tired. 6. It was midnight. I _____ (study) for five straight hours. No wonder I was getting tired. 2）请选择最佳 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 填空。 1. You three boys look very guilty! What _____ since I _____ the room? A. did you do/ have left B. have you done/ left C. have you been doing/ left D. have you been doing/ have left 2. I’m having problems with David. He _____ me up in the middle of the night and _____ me his troubles. A. has called/ told B. has been calling/ telling C. has been calling/ told D. called/ told 3. I feel really tired. I _____ the garden for the last three hours and I _____ for a single moment. A. weeded/ didn’t rest B. have weeded/ haven’t rested C. have been weeding/ haven’t rested D. have been weeding/ didn’t rest 4. Don’t forget that you _____ Mrs. Dawson. She _____ outside since 10:30. A. didn’t see/ has waited B. haven’t seen/ has waited C. haven’t seen/ has been waiting D. didn’t see/ has been waiting 5. I can’t believe that you _____ three pizzas already! I _____ them in fifteen minutes ago! A. ate/ only brought B. have been eating/ only brought C. have eaten/ have only brought D. have eaten/ only brought 6. It’s a long time since I _____ you. What _____? A. saw/ did you do B. have seen/ have you done C. saw/ have you been doing D. have been seeing/ have you been doing 7. When I _____ the letter, I _____ it to you. A. wrote/ will show B. wrote/ would show C. have written/ will show D. have written/ would show 8. I _____ New York in 1986, but I _____ there since. A. visit/ hadn’t been B. visited/ haven’t been C. visit/ haven’t been D. visited/ hadn’t been 9. Someone_____ my book. I _____ for it for the last ten minutes, but I can’t see it anywhere. A. took/ have been looking B. has taken/ am looking C. took/ was looking D. has taken/ have been looking 10. I _____ to visit them yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave. A. planned B. had planned C. did plan D. was planning 11. I _____ there five minutes when all the lights _____ out. A. was/ went B. had been/ went C. have been/ go D. have been/ went 12. That was the first time the old lady _____ her suffering to others. A. was telling B. had told C. have told D. told 虚拟语气 a. What do you think would be the value of the necklace, if I were to sell it? What do you think is the value of the necklace, if I sell it to you? b. If it were to rain, I would stay home. If it rains, I will stay home. 总结：对于很多将来的情况，选择用虚拟还是不用虚拟，完全取决于说话人对所述事件的态度，或者说虚拟语气能表明说话人的态度。 混合虚拟： e.g. 1. A: I don’t like my mother-in-law. B: Listen, don’t you realize that you couldn’t have your wife if it hadn’t been for your mother-in-law? A: Yes, that’s why I don’t like her. 2. If I didn’t love her, I wouldn’t have married her. vs. If I hadn’t loved her, I wouldn’t have married her. If I didn’t love her, I wouldn’t marry her. 倒装虚拟 当if 引导的条件句省去If时，可将should, had或were置于句首，从而构成倒装虚拟句。 e.g. 1. Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday. = If he were to leave today, he would get there by Monday. 2. Should you change your mind, no one would blame you. = If you should change your mind, no one would blame you. 3. Had he not been promoted, he would never have remained with the company. = If he had not been promoted, he would never have remained with the company. 跳层虚拟 这类虚拟句一般分为两个部分，两部分在语气上截然相反，一部分虚拟，另一部分不虚拟