语言学第四章课后练习

8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and in some cases a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrases. a. rich in minerals AP b. often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N Often read detective stories c. the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP Det N the argument against the proposals d. already above the window PP Qual P NP Det N already above the window 9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures. a. A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution. Infl P(S) NP Infl VP V NP PP Det AP N None pst Det N P NP A AP N A A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution b. A huge moon hung in the black sky. Infl P (s) NP Infl VP Det AP N V PP P NP A Det AP N A A huge moon hung in the black sky C. The man examined his car carefully yesterday. Infl P（S） NP infl VP Det N pst V NP Adv Adv Det N The man examined his car carefully yesterday d. A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm. Infl P (S) NP Infl VP Det AP N PP V PP P NP P NP Det N Det N A wooden hut neat the lake collapsed in the storm 10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences. a. Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S) NP ＶＰ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Aux V NP N Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants or InflP(=S) NP ＶＰ 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Aux V NP N Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants b. Helen put on her clothes and went out. InflP(=S) NP VP VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP pst VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out c. Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. InflP(=S) NP VP VP CON VP N VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR InflP(=S) Infl NP VP nonpst VP CON VP N VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics 11. The following sentences all contain contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence. a. You know that I hate war. S NP VP N V CP C S NP VP N V NP N You know that I hate wat OR S NP Infl VP N Nonpst V CP C S NP VP N V NP N You know that I hate wat b. Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam. S NP VP N VP NP NP CP V C S Det N NP VP N V NP Det A N Gerry believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam c. Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce. S NP VP N V A CP C S NP VP Det N V NP NP N Det N Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce d. The children argued over whether bats had wings. S NP VP Det N VP CP V P C S NP VP N V NP N The children argued over whether bats had wings 12. a. The essay that he wrote was excellent. Deep structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP Infl VP V NP N N The essay he wrote that was too long Surface structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP NP Infl VP V NP N N N The essay that he wrote e was too long b. Hebert bought a house that she loved. Deep structure CP C S NP VP N Infl V NP Det N CP C S NP Infl VP N V NP N Hebert bought a house she loved that Surface structure CP C S NP VP N Infl V NP Det N CP C S NP NP Infl VP N N V NP N Hebert bought a house that she loved e c. The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics. Deep structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V PP C Infl S P NP NP VP NP N V N The girl he adores whom majors in linguistics Surface structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V PP C Infl S P NP NP NP VP NP N N V N The girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics 13. a. Would you come tomorrow? Deep structure CP C S NP VP N Infl V AdvP Adv You would come tomorrow Surface structure CP C S Infl NP VP N Infl V AdvP Adv would you e come tomorrow b. What did Helen bring to the party? Deep structure CP C S NP VP Infl V NP PP N N P NP Det N Helen did bring what to the party Surface structure CP NP C S N Infl NP VP Infl V NP PP N N P NP Det N What did Helen e bring e to the party c. Who broke the window? Deep structure A PP P NP N Rich in minerals