托福阅读教案

冯一伟 新托福iBT阅读 爱博教育 新托福考试 阅读部分 冯一伟 目录 The TOEFL Test Brief Introduction to Reading………………………………………………………………4 Vocabulary Question…………………………………………………………………………..5 Sentence Simplification Question…………………………………………………………6 Rhetorical Purpose Question………………………………………………………………..18 Insert Text Question……………………………………………………………………………29 Factual Information Question………………………………………………………………46 Reference Question……………………………………………………………………………..66 Inference Question………………………………………………………………………………74 Prose in Summary……………………………………………………………………………….82 Vocabulary Practice……………………………………………………………………………..83 Preface 十六字令(长征) 三首 山，快马加鞭未下鞍。 惊回首，离天三尺三。 山，倒海翻江卷巨澜。 奔腾急，万马战犹酣。 山，刺破青天锷未残。 天欲堕，赖以拄其间。 Structure of the TOEFL iBT Section Testing Time Questions Score Scale Reading 60~100 min 36~42 Qs 0~30 Listening 60~90 min 34 Qs 0~30 Break 10 min - - Speaking 20 min 6 tasks 0~30 Writing 50 min 2 tasks 0~30 Total 3h 10min ~ 4h 30min   120 Additional Test Reading Section : two more passages Or Listening Section: one more section (one more conversation and two lectures) Types of Question in Reading Section Basic Information and Inferencing questions 1. Factual information questions 2. Inference question questions 3. Rhetorical purpose questions 4. Vocabulary questions 5. Reference questions 6. Sentence simplification questions 7. Insert text questions Reading to Learn questions: 8. Prose summary Fill in a table E．G． Vocabulary Question (iBT) Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one's money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction. The word squander in the passage is closest in meaning to: a. extend b. transform c. activate d. waste Background Preparation: http://www.putclub.com/ VOA(NORMAL SPEED), science 60 secs, No BBC Please!!! http://www.taisha.org/ http://www.gter.com/ For Business School (MBA,MA,PhD) http://www.chasedream.com/ For Undergraduates http://www.cuus.cn/ 1. Vocabulary Questions (3-5) There is no “list of words” that must be tested. (OG, p25) 题型 1) The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to 2) In stating X, the author means that 正确选项必须与所选词汇在词性，单复数和情感色彩上一致 解题方法 1) 并列 A and B，A　or B 2) 转折 A but B 3) 介词搭配 n/v+介词 介词本身不是被考察对象 4) 解释线索 形式：A=B/A-B/A(B)/A“B” 内容：A is B A that is B A refer to B A is defined as B 可以使用的词汇书《词以类记》前120页（张红岩） 《托福红宝》（俞敏洪） 2. Simplify a Sentence best express the essential information in correct answer 1) change the meaning 2) leave our essential information 从句子拆分的角度讲 句子题的实质是保留外层，剥离内层的过程 S 逻辑 语义 相关语义 无关语义 从句子构造的角度讲句子题的本质是保留逻辑和相关语义，剔除无关语义的过程。 解题步骤： 1）句子中有明确的逻辑关系标志词 圈出本句逻辑关系标志词：转折、因果、否定、比较 转折 前信息 因果 原因 否定 错v全局否定 never deny 后信息 结果 某概念-局部否定except unless 比较 A方面 B方面 2）错误选项设置： 1.引入原文出现的虚假逻辑关系 2.将原文细节过分放大（Minor points或者限定词放大sometimes, some of, part of, only, necessarily，包括量词）；或出现未涉及的限定语， 也就是说限定的条件可以被缩小，不可以被放大 3.与原文矛盾或引入原文为提及的信息（不是关键词，有可能是同义） 正确选项保留原文重现和同义双写 3) 如果句子中出现了引入两个及以上并列信息点的 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 达 Eg. Both A and B Between A and B Not only A but also B 则正确答案有两种情况 1 A+B 2 A+B的概括和总结 不可能是只讲A or 只讲B 4) 逻辑关系标志词 转折: however, but, even though, even if, although While 转折 ……的时候（SAT语法when划线部分） Whereas 转折（A… whereas B）, yet, despite, in spite of 比较 因果：because, because of, since, in that, so, therefore, thus, hence, result in, result from, as a result, consequently, in as much as, reason(v.), lead to, accordingly, on account of, … why, explain… 否定：no, not…, none, neither… nor…, never, deny, fail to, lack of, remove, ignore, miss, dearth 比较 More…than…, less…than, as… than, increase, decrease, improve, outway, surpass, transcend, maximum, minimum, peak, no more than, rather than, contrary to Eg. Fj is no more beautiful than Frjj. （像……一样不）两者都不怎么样 从句中内容（逻辑）可以忽略，主句中逻辑一定要表达；也就是说，这种选项不为错 Eg. ① for… In order to By… ② experts estimate They agree that A survey shows that 几个注意点： 1 Not from… but from 后者是重点，而且这种结构可能为比较级 2 TOP 4 Deer Q11（划线中的Term或者代词，可以用同义改写）; 上下文中提到的term 3 Unless容易扩大论述范围，“大”，OG P.60 4 OG的试题；难度较低，逻辑简单，与真正的试题有偏差 5 Whether or not=regardless of 6 如果划线句以but（转折词）开头，则居中物转折涵义 7 一句话中有 主要逻辑 frjj beautiful 因为身材好，甚至于fj相比比 与次要逻辑 她身材也很好 8 比较级和最高级（不能丢失）也是一种逻辑关系 9 As (p.8, p.13) 与 suggest Show 都有因果关系 demonstrate 10 破折号里的内容（也就是同位语或者解释）不应该出现在选项中 1. Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms. 9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.  When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.  Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.  Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.  Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms. 2.Although her early theatrical career had included stints as an actress, she was not primarily interested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance; the drama of her dancing emanated from her visual effects. 4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.  Fuller was more interested in dance’s visual impact than in its narrative or emotional possibilities.  Fuller used visual effects to dramatize the stories and emotions expressed in her work.  Fuller believed that the drama of her dancing sprang from her emotional style of storytelling.  Fuller’s focus on the visual effects of dance resulted from her early theatrical training as an actress. 3. One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun, but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions. 3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.  One explanation notes that green icebergs stand out among other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions, but this is attributed to an optical illusion.  One explanation for the color of green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion that occurs when the light from a near-horizon red Sun shines on a blue iceberg.  One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to a great variety of light conditions, but green icebergs stand out best among other icebergs when illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun.  One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions, but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions. 4. Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. 9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.  Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.  The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.  Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.  The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed. 5. At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups. 9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.  The animals found in the Tommotian fossil bed were once thought to belong to avariety of modern animal groups, but now they are thought to have descended from a single group.  Animals in the Tommotian fossil beds were initially assigned to modern animal groups but are now thought to belong to groups that emerged and died out during the Cambrian period.  Though at first they thought otherwise, paleontologists now agree that the animals in the Tommotian have body forms from which modern animals have descended.  It is unclear whether the Tommotian fossils from the early Cambrian period represent unique body forms or whether they should be assigned to various modern animal groups. 6. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. 1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information．  Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven．  The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories which explains why so many water—powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places  Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills as well as other factories tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland．  Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise. 7. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world． 6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information．  The discovery of regional differences in the sequences of rocks led geologists to believe that rock types could someday become reliable time markers．  Careful analysis of strata revealed that rocks cannot establish geological time because the pattern of rock layers varies from place to place．  Smith's catalogs of rock strata indicated that the sequences of rocks are different from place to place and from region to region．  Because people did not catalog regional differences in sequences of rocks. It was believed that rocks could never be reliable time markers 8. Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers. 11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information．  Incomplete physiological development may partly explain why hearing stories does not improve long-term memory in infants and toddlers  One reason why preschoolers fail to comprehend the stories they hear is that they are physiologically immature  Given the chance to hear stories，infants and toddlers may form enduring memories despite physiological immaturity．  Physiologically mature children seem to have no difficulty remembering stories they heard as preschoolers． 9As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. 10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting. The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined. The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them. 10. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. 1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.  The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm.  Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls; they used regular controls to maintain their realm.  Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together.  Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws. 11.Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development, Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron. 10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.  While American iron makers developed the latest furnaces, African iron makers continued using earlier techniques.  Africans produced iron much earlier than Americans, inventing technologically sophisticated heating systems.  Iron making developed earlier in Africa than in the Americas because of the ready availability of carbon and iron ore.  Both Africa and the Americas developed the capacity for making iron early, but African metallurgy developed at a slower rate. 12.Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). 7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.  The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic era.  Few fossils of the Mesozoic era have survived in the rocks that mark the end of the Cretaceous.  Fossils from the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic up to the beginning of the Cenozoic era have been removed from the layers of rock that surrounded them. Plants and animals from the Mesozoic era were unable to survive in the Cenozoic era. 13. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. 9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.  But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.  But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.  But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.  But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water. 14.Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest. 6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways to leave out essential information.  Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.  Fladmark's hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.  The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis  According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas. 15.There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect-for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who mig