民法总则中英对照版

《民法总则》中英对照版编者序：译仁译智，译无止境本次编译《<民法总则>英译本》，更多是为寻找灵感，而查字典、读国际公约、品原版教材，就是源头活水、灵感之源。为此，专设“参考资料”一栏，来纪录和分享这些灵感。《<民法总则>英译本》，从翻译、校对到编辑，用时不到一个月，时间有限，且本人才疏学浅，译文部分难免有所疏漏。因此，真诚希望读者，无论是法律人士还是英语爱好者，多关注引用的参考资料，品读原汁原味英文，感受 规则 编码规则下载淘宝规则下载天猫规则下载麻将竞赛规则pdf麻将竞赛规则pdf 之间的共通性以及差异性。受篇幅和排版限制，参考资料中，仅录入英文原文，无对应译文，还望读者见谅。“参考资料”一栏，援引的文献如下：1.《布莱克法律词典》（第10版）2.《国际商事合同通则》（2010年版）3.《国际货物销售公约》4.《世界人权宣言》5.Apen:ContractsExamples&Explanation(2rdEdition)6.EmanuelLawOutline:CorporationsandotherBusinessEntities(7thEdition)（注：上述资料，参考资料一栏中均使用简称）7.《牛津法律 手册 华为质量管理手册 下载焊接手册下载团建手册下载团建手册下载ld手册下载 》8.维基百科9.《元照英美法词典》译文部分，尽量做到言出有据，是本版的追求目标。然而，《民法总则》“监护”、“个体工商户和农村承包经营户”等章节，可供参照的英文文献极少，故本版对于这些比较有“中国特色”的条款，未做翻译，还望读者见谅。未翻译的章节，在原文及目录都中做了标注。每套法律文件，都有专有的术语体系。“译者注”一栏，正是力求建立自己的术语体系。相同词汇，不同法域下，概念的内涵可能不同，比如“unjustenrichment”，字面含义是不当得利，但在英美法系中，该词也涵盖无因 管理制度 档案管理制度下载食品安全管理制度下载三类维修管理制度下载财务管理制度免费下载安全设施管理制度下载 ；另一方面，“法律行为”、“法人”、“物权”等专业词汇，有多种译法可供选择。法律翻译中，这类“一词多义”及“一词多译”的现象经常出现，故专设“译者注”一栏，保证译文的统一性和严谨性。译仁译智，译无止境。《<民法总则>英译本》，更多的是希望提供一种思考维度，翻译的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 。译文难免有疏漏之处，望读者不吝指正。我的微信号是lifeinoone.李飞2018年7月31日中华人民共和国民法总则GeneralProvisionsoftheCivilLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina（2017年3月15日第十二届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过）(AdoptedbytheTwelfthNationalPeople'sCongressatitsFifthSessiononMarch15,2017)目录Contents第一章基本规定ChapterIBasicRules第二章自然人ChapterIINaturalPersons第一节民事权利能力和民事行为能力SectionICivilStatusandCivilCapacity第二节监护SectionIIGuardianship第三节宣告失踪和宣告死亡SectionIIIDeclarationofDisappearanceandDeclarationofDeath第四节个体工商户和农村承包经营户SectionIVIndividual'sBusinessesandFarmers'LeaseholdBusinesses第三章法人ChapterIIILegalPersons第一节一般规定SectionITheGeneral第二节营利法人SectionIIFor-ProfitLegalPersons第三节非营利法人SectionIIINon-ProfitLegalPersons第四节特别法人SectionIVSpecialLegalPersons第四章非法人组织ChapterIVUnincorporatedOrganizations第五章民事权利ChapterVCivilRights第六章民事法律行为ChapterVIJuristicActs第一节一般规定SectionITheGeneral第二节意思表示SectionIIExpressionofIntention第三节民事法律行为的效力SectionIIITheEffectsofJuristicActsSectionIVJuristicActsSubjecttoConditionandJuristicActsSubjectto第四节民事法律行为的附条件和附期限Term第七章代理ChapterVIIAgency第一节一般规定SectionITheGeneral第二节委托代理SectionIIAgencybyEntrustment第三节代理终止SectionIIITerminationofAgency第八章民事责任ChapterVIIICivilLiabilities第九章诉讼时效ChapterIXLimitationPeriods第十章期间计算ChapterXCalculationofPeriodsofTime第十一章附则ChapterXISupplementaryProvisions译后记Translator'sRemarks特别提示：标注下划线的章节，本版中无对应的译文第一章基本规定（ChapterIBasicRules）法律规定参考资料参考译文译者注Consideringtheneedtomeettherequirementsof1.《民法总则》，英译全称为为了保护民事主体的合法权《布莱克词典》"civillaw"词条：developingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsandto"GeneralProvisionsoftheCivil益，调整民事关系，维护社会OneofthetwoprominentlegalsystemsintheWesternworld,carryforwardsocialistcorevalues,thisLawisenacted,onLaw"，本版简称为"thisLaw"。和经济秩序，适应中国特色社第1条originallyadministeredintheRomanEmpireandstillinfluentialthebasisoftheConstitution,togoverncivilrelations会主义发展要求，弘扬社会主betweenandamongcivilpersonsandtoprotecttheir条译为出于排版考义核心价值观，根据宪法，制incontinentalEurope,LatinAmerica,Scotland,andLouisiana,2.“”"article",虑，每条序号将不再翻译。定本法。amongotherpartsoftheworld.rightsandinterests,withaviewtomaintainingsocialandeconomicorder.《布莱克词典》"legalrelation"词条：民法调整平等主体的自然人、Thecivillegislationgovernsthepersonalandproprietary考虑《民法（典）》至今未出Theconnectioninlawbetweenonepersonorentityand第2条法人和非法人组织之间的人身relationsbetweenandamongco-equalentities,i.e.natural台，故此处“民法”译为"civilanother.关系和财产关系。persons,legalpersonsandunincorporatedorganizations.legislation"。《世界人权宣言》第12条：民事主体的人身权利、财产权NooneshallbesubjectedtoarbitraryinterferencewithhisThepersonal,proprietary,andotherrightsandinterestsof利以及其他合法权益受法律保“民事主体”，本版译为"civil第3条privacy,family,homeorcorrespondence,nortoattacksuponcivilpersonsareprotectedbylawfromandagainst护，任何组织或者个人不得侵person"。interferencebyanyotherorganizationorindividual.犯。hishonourandreputation.Everyonehastherighttotheprotectionofthelawagainstsuchinterferenceorattacks.《世界人权宣言》第7条：民事主体在民事活动中的法律Civilpersons,whileengagingincivilactivities,areequalin第4条Allareequalbeforethelawandareentitledwithoutany地位一律平等。legalstatus.discriminationtoequalprotectionofthelaw.民事主体从事民事活动，应当《通则》第1.1条(Freedomofcontract):Civilpersons,whileengagingincivilactivities,arefreeto遵循自愿原则，按照自己的意第5条Thepartiesarefreetoenterintoacontractandtodeterminecreatecivilrelations,andtomodifyorterminatethemof思设立、变更、终止民事法律theirownvolition.关系。itscontent.《布莱克词典》"goodfaith"词条：Astateofmindconsistingin(1)honestyinbelieforpurpose,民事主体从事民事活动，应当(2)faithfulnesstoone'sdutyorobligation,(3)observanceofCivilpersonsmustactontheprincipleoffairnesssoasto第6条遵循公平原则，合理确定各方reasonablecommercialstandardsoffairdealinginagivendeterminetheirrightsandobligationsarisingfromcivil参考资料，对应第七条。的权利和义务。tradeorbusiness,or(4)absenceofintenttodefraudortoseekactivitiesinareasonablemanner.unconscionableadvantage.—Alsotermedbonafides.法律规定参考资料参考译文译者注民事主体从事民事活动，应当《通则》第1.7条(Goodfaithandfairdealing):Civilpersons,whileengagingincivilactivities,shallactin第7条遵循诚信原则，秉持诚实，恪Eachpartymustactinaccordancewithgoodfaithandfair请参考上一条的注释部分。goodfaith,betrustworthyandhonortheirpromise.守承诺。dealingininternationaltrade.1.《布莱克词典》"publicpolicy"词条：Thecollectiverules,principles,orapproachestoproblemsthataffectthecommonwealthor(esp.)promotethegeneralgood;1.“公序良俗”,为避免歧义，本specif.,principlesandstandardsregardedbythelegislatureor版译为"publicorderandgoodbythecourtsasbeingoffundamentalconcerntothestateandmorals"。thewholeofsociety.•Courts2.英美法系也有类似的 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 。sometimesusethetermtojustifytheirdecisions,aswhen英美契约法中，违反publicdeclaringacontractvoidbecauseitis“contrarytopublic民事主体从事民事活动，不得policy的合同无效。publicpolicypolicy.”Nocivilpersonmayengageincivilactivitiesagainstlawor第8条违反法律，不得违背公序良俗不是指官方书面文件，涵盖面2.ApenContracts,§13.13ContractsContrarytoPublicpubicorderandgoodmorals.。较广。经查，“不得强制用工”Policy(节选)：、“不得实施竞业限制”等都曾Sometimes,thelawdoesnotactuallyforbidaparticular在个案中被认定为publicpolicycontract,yetitisapparentthatthelaw'spolicygoalsare。注意，如果某行为后被法律incompatiblewiththerecognitionandenforcementofa禁止，则相关合同因违法contractofthiskind...Whenacontactisnotillegal,butoffends(illegality)而无效。publicpolicy,thesamerulesaregenerallyapplicable,butnotwiththesamedegreeofforce.民事主体从事民事活动，应当Civilpersonsshallactinanenergy-efficientandecology-第9条有利于节约资源、保护生态环conservingmanner.境。《布莱克词典》"custom"词条：“法律另有规定的，依照其规定处理民事纠纷，应当依照法CivildisputesshallbesettledinaccordancewiththeAcustomthatoperatesasabindingruleoflaw,independently”，本法中经常出现这样的表律；法律没有规定的，可以适provisionsoflaw,orintheabsenceofrelevantprovisions,第10条ofanyagreementonthepartofthosesubjecttoit.—Often述，如第104、138、180条等。用习惯，但是不得违背公序良inaccordancewithcustom,providedthatthecustomtobeshortenedtocustom.有些英译本中，译为"unless俗。applieddoesnotoffendpublicorderandgoodmorals.otherwiseprovidedbylaw"，这样的翻译不准确。译者认为，这类措辞，主要是其他法律对民事关系有特别规Intheeventthatotherlawshavespecificprovisions第11条为《合同法》、《物权法》等定的，依照其规定。regulatingcivilrelations,suchprovisionsshallapply.单行法及未来的民法分则中，具体的细化性规则的适用，作铺垫。比如本条中，“另有规定”就指向《法律适用法》。Allcivilactivitiesoccurringwithintheterritoryofthe中华人民共和国领域内的民事因此，“法律另有规定的，从其People’sRepublicofChinashallbesubjecttothelawof活动，适用中华人民共和国法规定”，在本版中统一译作第12条thePeople’sRepublicofChina.Wherethereareother律。法律另有规定的，依照其"wherethereareother规定。provisionsinlawconcerningtheapplicationoflawincivilactivities,suchprovisionsshallapply.provisions[inthisrespect],suchprovisionsshallapply".第二章自然人（ChapterIINaturalPersons）第一节民事权利能力和民事行为能力（SectionICivilStatusandCivilCapacity）法律规定参考资料参考译文译者注《布莱克词典》"status"词条：自然人从出生时起到死亡时1.Aperson'slegalcondition,whetherpersonalorproprietary;Anaturalpersonhascivilstatusfrombirthtilldeath,止，具有民事权利能力，依法thesumtotalofaperson'slegalrights,duties,liabilities,and“民事权利能力”，本版统一译第13条duringwhichheenjoyscivilrightsandassumescivil享有民事权利，承担民事义务otherlegalrelations,oranyparticulargroupofthem为"civilstatus"。obligationsinaccordancewithlaw.。separatelyconsidered.自然人的民事权利能力一律平第14条Naturalpersonsareequalincivilstatus.等。自然人的出生时间和死亡时Thedateofbirthanddateofdeathofanaturalpersonare间，以出生证明、死亡证明记suchdatesthatarerecordedinhisbirthordeath载的时间为准；没有出生证明certificate,orintheabsenceofsuchcertificates,aresuch本版中，代词人称统一用、死亡证明的，以户籍登记或第15条datesthatarerecordedinthehouseholdregistrationor"he"，包含阴性人称代词及中者其他有效身份登记记载的时othervalididentificationregistrationsystems.Wherethere性。间为准。有其他证据足以推翻以上记载时间的，以该证据证issufficientevidencetoinvalidatetheabovedates,the明的时间为准。datesstatedinsuchevidenceshallprevail.涉及遗产继承、接受赠与等胎Afetusisdeemedtohavecivilstatusonlyincasesthat儿利益保护的，胎儿视为具有estatesuccession,oracceptanceofgiftisinvolvedorhis第16条民事权利能力。但是胎儿娩出otherinterestsaretobeprotected.However,ifthatfetus时为死体的，其民事权利能力自始不存在。isstillborn,hehasnocivilstatusabinitio.十八周岁以上的自然人为成年《布莱克词典》"minor"词条：“未成年人”，本版译为"minor"Anaturalpersonaged18orolderisanadult.Anatural第17条人。不满十八周岁的自然人为Someonewhohasnotreachedfulllegalage;achildor。另有juvenile，infant等译法personagedunder18isaminor.未成年人juvenile.—Alsotermedinfant.。《布莱克词典》“capacity”词条：成年人为完全民事行为能力Thepowertocreateorenterintoalegalrelationunderthe人，可以独立实施民事法律行samecircumstancesinwhichanormalpersonwouldhavetheAnadulthasfullcapacitytoindependentlyperformjuristic“民事行为能力”，本版统一译为。acts.powertocreateorenterintosucharelation;specif.,the为"civilcapacity"。另有legal第18条十六周岁以上的未成年人，以Aminoraged16orolderisdeemedtohavefullcivilsatisfactionofalegalqualification,suchaslegalageorcapacity，capacity/abilityfor自己的劳动收入为主要生活来capacityifhecanbasicallysupporthimselfbyhislaborsoundnessofmind,thatdeterminesone'sabilitytosueorbeconductingcivilacts等译法。源的，视为完全民事行为能力earnings.人。sued,toenterintoabindingcontract,andthelike.法律规定参考资料参考译文译者注八周岁以上的未成年人为限制《布莱克词典》"ratification"词条：民事行为能力人，实施民事法Aperson'sbindingadoptionofanactalreadycompletedbutAminoraged8orolderhaslimitedcivilcapacity.Anyof律行为由其法定代理人代理或eithernotdoneinawaythatoriginallyproducedalegalhisjuristicactsmustbeentrustedtohisstatutoryagent,or者经其法定代理人同意、追obligationordonebyathirdpartyhavingatthetimenoissubjecttoconsentorratificationbyhisstatutoryagent,“法定代理人”，本版统一译为第19条认，但是可以独立实施纯获利authoritytoactastheperson'sagent.performindependently.为。不满八周岁的未成年人为无民Aminoragedunder8hasnocivilcapacity,andanyofhis第20条事行为能力人，由其法定代理juristicactsmustbeentrustedtohisstatutoryagent.人代理实施民事法律行为。不能辨认自己行为的成年人为无民事行为能力人，由其法定《布莱克词典》“insanity词条：Anadultwhoisincapableofunderstandinghisacthasno代理人代理实施民事法律行为Anymentaldisordersevereenoughthatitpreventsapersoncivilcapacity.Anyofhisjuristicactsmustbeentrustedto第21条。fromhavinglegalcapacityandexcusesthepersonfromhisstatutoryagent.八周岁以上的未成年人不能辨criminalorcivilresponsibility.Theprecedingparagraphisalsoapplicabletoaminor认自己行为的，适用前款规定aged8orolderwhoisincapableofunderstandinghisact.。不能完全辨认自己行为的成年人为限制民事行为能力人，实《布莱克词典》“diminishedcapacity"词条：Anadultwhocannotfullyunderstandhisacthaslimited施民事法律行为由其法定代理civilcapacity.AnyofhisjuristicactsmustbeentrustedtoAnimpairedmentalcondition—shortofinsanity—thatis人代理或者经其法定代理人同hisstatutoryagent,orissubjecttoconsentorratification第22条causedbyintoxication,trauma,ordiseaseandthatpreventsa意、追认，但是可以独立实施byhisstatutoryagent,exceptthosejuristicactsthatarepersonfromhavingthementalstatenecessarytobeheld纯获利益的民事法律行为或者purelytohisbenefit,orappropriatetohisageandresponsibleforacrime.与其智力、精神健康状况相适intelligence,whichhecanperformindependently.应的民事法律行为。《布莱克词典》“guardian"词条：无民事行为能力人、限制民事SomeonewhohasthelegalauthorityanddutytocareforTheguardianofapersonwithnoorlimitedcivilcapacityis第23条行为能力人的监护人是其法定another'spersonorproperty,esp.becauseoftheother'shisstatutoryagent.代理人。infancy,incapacity,ordisability.•Aguardianmaybeappointedeitherforallpurposesorforaspecificpurpose.第24条该条文过长，不再翻译Thedomicileofanaturalpersonistheresidencewhere自然人以户籍登记或者其他有thepersonregistershishousehold,ortheresidence《布莱克词典》"domicile"词条：效身份登记记载的居所为住recordedinothervalididentificationregistrationsystems.第25条Theresidenceofapersonorcorporationforlegalpurposes.所；经常居所与住所不一致However,wheretheabovedomicileisdifferentfromthe的，经常居所视为住所。placewherehehabituallyresides,thelatterisdeemedashisdomicile.注：第二节（监护）、第三节（宣告失踪和宣告死亡）、第四节（个体工商户和农村承包经营户），不再翻译。第三章法人（ChapterIIILegalPersons）第一节一般规定（SectionITheGeneral）法律规定参考资料参考译文译者注《布莱克词典》"artificialperson"词条：法人是具有民事权利能力和民“法人”，本版统一译为“legalAnentity,suchasacorporation,createdbylawandgivenAlegalpersonisanentitywithcivilstatusandcivil事行为能力，依法独立享有民person”。此外，还有第57条certainlegalrightsanddutiesofahumanbeing;abeing,realcapacitythatcanindependentlyenjoycivilrightsand事权利和承担民事义务的组织artificial/juridical/fictitiousorimaginary,whoforthepurposeoflegalreasoningistreatedassumecivilobligationsinaccordancelaw.。person等译法。moreorlessasahumanbeing.Alegalpersonshallbeestablishedinaccordancewith法人应当依法成立。law.法人应当有自己的名称、组织Alegalpersonshallhaveitsownname,governance机构、住所、财产或者经费。structure,domicile,andassetsorfunds.Requirements法人成立的具体条件和程序，第58条andprocedureforestablishinglegalpersonsasprovided依照法律、行政法规的规定。inlawandadministrativeregulations,shallbefollowed.设立法人，法律、行政法规规定须经有关机关批准的，依照Theestablishmentofalegalpersonissubjecttoapproval其规定。byarelevantauthorityifanylaworadministrativeregulationrequiressuchapproval.法人的民事权利能力和民事行Alegalperson’scivilstatusandcivilcapacitystartsfrom第59条为能力，从法人成立时产生，establishmentandendsuponextinguishment.到法人终止时消灭。《布莱克词典》"limitedliability"词条：法人以其全部财产独立承担民Liabilityrestrictedbylaworcontract;esp.,theliabilityofaAlegalpersonshallbeliabletotheextentofallofits第60条事责任。company'sownersfornothingmorethanthecapitaltheyhaveassets.investedinthebusiness.依照法律或者法人章程的规Thelegalrepresentativeofalegalpersonisonewhoacts定，代表法人从事民事活动的onbehalfofthelegalpersonincivilactivitiesin负责人，为法人的法定代表人《布莱克词典》"vicariousliability"词条：accordancewithlaworitsarticlesofassociation.。Liabilitythatasupervisoryparty(suchasanemployer)bearsWhenalegalrepresentativeactsinthelegalperson’s法定代表人以法人名义从事的fortheactionableconductofasubordinateorassociate(suchnameinacivilactivity,thelegalconsequencethereof第61条民事活动，其法律后果由法人asanemployee)basedontherelationshipbetweenthetwoshallbebornebythelegalperson.承受。parties.—Alsotermedimputedliability.Wherethearticlesofassociationorthedecision-making法人章程或者法人权力机构对bodyofalegalpersonimposesrestrictiononthelegal法定代表人代表权的限制，不representative’sauthoritytorepresent,suchrestrictionis得对抗善意相对人。noteffectiveagainstagood-faiththirdparty.法律规定参考资料参考译文译者注法定代表人因执行职务造成他《布莱克词典》"respondeatsuperior"词条：Wherealegalrepresentativecausesharmtootherswhile人损害的，由法人承担民事责performinghisduties,thelegalpersonherepresentsshallThedoctrineholdinganemployerorprincipalliableforthe任。beliablefortheharm.Ifthelegalrepresentativeisatfault,第62条employee'soragent'swrongfulactscommittedwithinthe法人承担民事责任后，依照法thelegalperson,aftersatisfyingtheliability,isentitledtoscopeoftheemploymentoragency.—Alsotermedmaster-律或者法人章程的规定，可以recoverfromthelegalrepresentativeinaccordancewithservantrule.向有过错的法定代表人追偿。laworitsarticlesofassociation.Thedomicileofalegalpersonistheplacewhereits法人以其主要办事机构所在地principalbusinessofficeislocated.Wherealegalperson为住所。依法需要办理法人登第63条isrequiredbylawtoregister,theplacewhereitsprincipal记的，应当将主要办事机构所businessofficeislocatedshallberegisteredasits在地登记为住所。domicile.法人存续期间登记事项发生变Ifwhatisrecordedintheregistrationhaschangedduring第64条化的，应当依法向登记机关申theexistenceofalegalperson,thelegalpersonshall请变更登记。applytotheregistrationauthorityformodification.法人的实际情况与登记的事项Ifwhatisrecordedintheregistrationisdifferentfromthe第65条不一致的，不得对抗善意相对actualsituationofalegalperson,agood-faiththirdpartyis人。entitledtorelyontheregistration.Theregistrationauthorityshallmakeavailabletopublic,in登记机关应当依法及时公示法第66条atimelymannerandasrequiredbylaw,relevant人登记的有关信息。informationalegalpersonsubmitsfromtimetotime.1.《布莱克词典》"consolidation"词条：Wherealegalpersonmergesintoanother,ortheyareconsolidatedintoanewentity,thesurvivingentityorthe法人合并的，其权利和义务由Theunificationoftwoormorecorporationsorothernewentityshallassumetherightsandobligationsofthe合并分为“吸收合并(merger)”和合并后的法人享有和承担。organizationsbydissolvingtheexistingonesandcreatingaextinguishedlegalperson.“新设合并(consolidation)”两法人分立的，其权利和义务由singlenewcorporationororganization.第67条Wherealegalpersonisdividedintotwoormorelegal种，法规原文未作区分。为准分立后的法人享有连带债权，2.《布莱克词典》"merger"词条：entities,itsrightsandobligationsshallbeenjoyedand确起见，译文中兼顾了两种情承担连带债务，但是债权人和Theabsorptionofoneorganization(esp.acorporation)that况。债务人另有约定的除外。assumedjointlyandseverallybetweenoramongsuchceasestoexistintoanotherthatretainsitsownnameandlegalentities,unlessthecreditorsandthedebtorshaveidentityandacquirestheassetsandliabilitiesoftheformer.agreedotherwise.Alegalpersonextinguishesinanyofthefollowing有下列原因之一并依法完成清《布莱克词典》"bankruptcy"词条：circumstances,providedthatithasalreadycompleted算、注销登记的，法人终止：Astatutoryprocedurebywhicha(usu.insolvent)debtorliquidationandderegistrationasrequiredbylaw.（一）法人解散；obtainsfinancialreliefandundergoesajudiciallysupervised1.dissolution;（二）法人被宣告破产；reorganizationorliquidationofthedebtor'sassetsforthe第68条2.beingdeclaredbankrupt;or,（三）法律规定的其他原因。benefitofcreditors;acaseundertheBankruptcyCode(Title113.anyothercircumstanceprovidedinlaw.法人终止，法律、行政法规规oftheUnitedStatesCode).定须经有关机关批准的，依照Theextinguishmentofalegalpersonissubjectto其规定。approvalbyarelevantauthorityifanylaworadministrativeregulationrequiressuchapproval.法律规定参考资料参考译文译者注有下列情形之一的，法人解Alegalpersondissolveswhen:散：1.thetermofexistencestipulatedinitsarticlesof（一）法人章程规定的存续期associationexpires,oranyothercausefordissolution间届满或者法人章程规定的其stipulatedthereinoccurs;他解散事由出现；《布莱克词典》"dissolution"词条：2.thedecision-makingbodythereofchoosestodissolve（二）法人的权力机构决议解Theterminationofacorporation'slegalexistencebyexpirationthelegalpersonbyresolution;第69条散；ofitscharter,bylegislativeact,bybankruptcy,orbyother3.thelegalpersonmustbedissolvedasaresultof（三）因法人合并或者分立需means;theeventimmediatelyprecedingtheliquidationormerger,consolidationordivision;要解散；winding-upprocess.（四）法人依法被吊销营业执4.itsbusinesslicenseorregistrationcertificatehasbeen照、登记证书，被责令关闭或revoked,orithasreceivedanorderofclosure;or,者被撤销；5.anyothercircumstanceprovidedinlawoccursthatmay（五）法律规定的其他情形。giverisetodissolution.《布莱克词典》"trustee"词条：Bankruptcy.ApersonappointedbytheU.S.TrusteeorelectedWherealegalpersondissolvesforanyreasonotherthan法人解散的，除合并或者分立bycreditorsorappointedbyajudgetoadministerthemerger,consolidationanddivision,thepersonsincharge的情形外，清算义务人应当及bankruptcyestateduringabankruptcycase.•Thetrustee'sofliquidationshallsetupaliquidationcommitteeina时组成清算组进行清算。dutiesinclude(1)collectingandreducingtocashtheassetsoftimelymanner.法人的董事、理事等执行机构theestate,(2)operatingthedebtor'sbusinesswithcourtThepersonsinchargeofliquidationaremembersofthe或者决策机构的成员为清算义executiveordecision-makingbody,suchasdirectorsorapprovalifappropriatetopreservethevalueofbusiness务人。法律、行政法规另有规councilorsthereof.Wherethereareotherprovisionsinlaw第70条assets,(3)examiningthedebtoratameetingofcreditors,(4)定的，依照其规定。inthisrespect,suchprovisionsshallapply.filinginventoriesandmakingperiodicreportstothecourton清算义务人未及时履行清算义Thepersonsinchargeofliquidationshallbeliableiftheirthefinancialconditionoftheestate,(5)investigatingthe务，造成损害的，应当承担民failuretoperformtheirdutiesinatimelymannercauses事责任；主管机关或者利害关debtor'sfinancialaffairs,(6)examiningproofsofclaimsandharmtoothers.Thedirectsupervisoryauthorityor系人可以申请人民法院指定有objectingtoimproperclaims,(7)furnishinginformationinterestedpersonsthereofmayrequestthecompetent关人员组成清算组进行清算。relatingtothebankruptcytointerestedparties,and(8)people’scourttoappointrelevantpersonstoformaopposingdischargethroughbankruptcy,ifadvisable.liquidationcommitteetoliquidatethelegalperson.《布莱克词典》"liquidation"词条：Bankruptcy.Theprocess—underChapter7oftheBankruptcyTheliquidationcommitteeshallhavesuchauthoritiesand法人的清算程序和清算组职carryoutliquidationinaccordancewithsuchprocedureasCode—ofcollectingadebtor'snonexemptproperty,权，依照有关法律的规定；没areprovidedinlaw.Intheabsenceofapplicable第71条convertingthatpropertytocash,anddistributingthecashto有规定的，参照适用公司法的provisions,theauthoritiesandprocedurepertainingtothevariouscreditors.•Uponliquidation,thedebtorhopesto有关规定。corporationliquidation,asprovidedinthecorporationlaw,obtainadischarge,whichreleasesthedebtorfromanyfurthershallapply.personalliabilityforprebankruptcydebts.法律规定参考资料参考译文译者注清算期间法人存续，但是不得Alegalpersoncontinuestoexistduringliquidation,butit从事与清算无关的活动。maynotengageinanyactivityunrelatedtoliquidation.法人清算后的剩余财产，根据Theresidualassetsofalegalperson,afterbeing法人章程的规定或者法人权力liquidated,shallbedisposedofaccordingtoitsarticlesof《布莱克词典》"windingup"词条：机构的决议处理。法律另有规associationortherelevantresolutionadoptedbyits第72条Theprocessofsettlingaccountsandliquidatingassetsin定的，依照其规定。decision-makingbody.Wherethereareotherprovisionsinanticipationofapartnership'soracorporation'sdissolution.清算结束