高中英语句子成分课件

语法复习----句子成分英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋ 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf ）三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）*句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有八种：_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)补语（complement）、同位语、独立成分。（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）主语(Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.9.TheprofessorJohnNashisaNobelPrizewinner.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（复合主语）注意：It作为形式主语的用法复合主语的出现主语从句（三）谓语谓语(Predicate) 说明 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主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hedoesn’thaveabadcold.（2）由某些固定搭配构成。如：haveto/beto/begoingto加dohavedone谓语是决定是否有宾语，有几个宾语的关键。基本句型：ＳＶ（主＋谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词，主格代词，动词不定式，动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：Wecome.Ｓ│Ｖ（不及物动词）1.Thesun│rose.2.Who│cares?3.Whathesaid│doesnotmatter.4.They│talkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepen│writessmoothly此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。（四）宾语根据谓语（为及物动词时），可将宾语分为三类：1.一个宾语2.双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）3.宾语+宾语补语基本句型：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。（2）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.Showmeyourpassport.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother..（3）宾语+宾补Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）（间宾+直宾)与(宾语+宾补)区别（间宾+直宾)中，两个宾语没有逻辑关系，而(宾语+宾补)构成了逻辑上的“主谓”关系。因而可用一个“be”动词去实验。例如：Heboughtmeaticket.Me和aticket是两个宾语。用be去检验Iamaticket并不对。所以该句话为（间宾+直宾)结构Ioftenfindhimatwork.him和atwork同为宾语。Heisatwork.形成了逻辑语义。因而为宾补结构。Sheorderedherselfanewdress.Theheadteacherhastoldushistelephonenumber.3.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.4.Thissetthemthinking.5.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.6.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.7.Isawthemgettingonthebus.（五）系动词系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。基本句型：ＳＶ（主＋谓）1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting. 3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.   4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.  6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.  （六）表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）（七）定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）8.Farmerswhosawusstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.(定语从句)重点：后置定语1.副词用作定语一般要后置。Peoplethereareveryfriendly.(那儿的人们)Hedidn’tlikethemandownstairs.（楼下的那个人）2.形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。Thenextmanisascientist.Themannexttomeisascientist.（我旁边的那个人）3.介词短语作定语时要后置。TheboyunderthetreeisTom.（树下的那个男孩）ThetallestboyinourclassisJohn.（我们班最高的那个男孩）4.现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。Ihavesomethingtosay.(直译：我有要说的话)Theboycryingoverthereismyclassmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）Thehousebuiltlastyearisimpressive.（去年建的那座房子）（八）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式充当状语：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下（根据意义划分）：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen.在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）Beforehismother,Tomisalwaysaboy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)介词短语作状语：Hesitsthere,askingforapen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）Frightened,hesitstheresoundlessly.（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）分词（短语）作状语：Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.不定式作状语：几个并列状语的先后顺序一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如：Heworkedhardathislessonslastyear.Ifoundalostpenoutsideourschoolyesterdaymorning.Hewaswalkingslowlyoutsidetheparkatthatmoment.句子成分详解表句子成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子WestudyinHuangQiaoMiddleSchool.谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组Sheisdancingunderthetree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语BothofuslikeEnglish.表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语Herfatherisachemist.Hiswordssoundreasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子Wehaveeightlessonseveryday.状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句子Heworksveryhard.TheyheldapartyinHollywood.宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词短语等Shealwayskeepsthehouseclean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！三、同位语：同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）Weallarestudents.(all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）练习（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbial6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分：Ontheleftofmyhouseisanoldchurch.Whycouldtheboilingpointofwaterbeloweratthetopofamountain?3.Iamnotgoingtoworktoday.4.Thisthingisforpeelingpotatoes.5.Whattimewillyouarrive?6.TheGeniepromisedthatifanyoneshouldcomeandsethimfree,hewouldmakehimveryrich.7.Whatnationalityareyou?S.S.V.Prep.O.Adv.O.C.Predicative8.Icouldn’tunderstandwhyhehaddecidedtoretireat50.9.Iamterriblyconfusedbyallthisinformation.10.Wehadalreadyreached9000feetbythen.11.Sheremindedmetoswitchoffallthelights.12.I’llbeabletopassmydrivingtestafterIhavehadafewlessons.13.Iloveswimming.Itkeepsmefit.14.Itisobviousthatmoneydoesn’tgrowontrees.AdverbialV.O.C.O.O.C.S.O.1.使我吃惊的是他的英语讲得这么好.WhatmakesmesurprisedisthathespeaksEnglishsowell.2.这种布料很难洗的.Thiskindofclothdoesn’twasheasily..3.在最近十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourhometowninthepasttenyears.4.我依然记得我去英国的那一天。IstillrememberthedaywhenIwenttoEngland.5.他是如此可爱的一个孩子以至于每个人都喜欢他。Heissuchalovelyboythateveryonelikeshim.6.他的主要兴趣是打网球.Hismaininterestisplayingtennis.7.我答应你我决不对你撒谎.IpromiseyouthatIwillneverlietoyou.8.美国不是你想的那个样儿.Americaisn’twhatyouthinkitis.9.良好的饮食使人健康.Agooddietkeepsyouhealthy.10.Jones被发现头部中了弹.Joneswasfoundshotinthehead.(二)。划分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.I’veorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.April’Dayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.17.Heusuallytakesanapafterlunch,asishishabit.18.Ifoundthebookinthecorneroftheroom.19.hefinishedlunchandwentintothegarden.20.Thetelephonerang.21.Westudyhard.22.Hisfathermighthavedied.23.Willyouleavethedooropenwhengoingout.24.Canyoumakethedogstandstill?25.Thelandlordhadthemworkingdayandnight.26.Ithinkasoundknowledgeofgrammarisimportanttogoodwriting.27.Weallbreathe,eat,drink.28.Iwokeupat6:00inthemorning.29.Thebookweighsfivekilos.30.TheywillbeflyingtoLondon.31.Theshopassistantfoundsomecertainmaterialsforme.32.HepromisedmeanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.33.Pleasepassanewly-publishedtome.34.HelivedinGuangZhou.35.Thefatherisshowingtheboyhowtoplanttrees.36.Hisunclelefthimsomemoney.37.SheisteachingthepianotoseveralofthevillagechildrenandshehastaughtusEnglishfor3years.38.Ilikepopularmusic.39.Sheknowswhattodonext.40.Itexcitedallofusthatthepresidentwouldvisitourschool.HowcanIhelpthemunderstandwhentheywillnotlistentome?Themomenthereachedthecountry,hestartedhissearch.Childasheis,hehaslearntalotofnewwordsIwanttousethesamedictionaryaswasusedyesterday.(状语从句)(状语从句)(状语从句)(定语从句)Whateveryousay,Iwillnotbelieveyou.Hewasverycrudetothecustomsofficer,whichofcoursemadethingsevenworse.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Theboythatyoumetlastnightisthegroupleaderwhostudiesveryhard.Thisisthehotelwheretheystayedlastmonth.(状语从句)(定语从句)(状语从句)(定语从句)(定语从句)Unlessyouhurry,youwillmissthebus.Childasheis,hehaslearntalotofnewwords.Thefactorywhichwe'llvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.Wesetupthememoriallestthatourchildrenshouldforget.(状语从句)(状语从句)(定语从句)(状语从句)WhatIwanttodoistogoshopping.2.Thenewsthattheywonthegamespreadthewholeschool.3.Idon’tthinkthatheisanhonestboy.4.Thefactisthathestolethecar.判断从句的方法：一找谓语动词二找引导词划从句三看从句在主句的位置________________________________________________________(主语从句)(同位语从句)(宾语从句)(表语从句)1.ThathewillcomehereonSundayiscertain.2.Shehadafeelingthatshewasbeingwatched.3.Idon’tknowthatyouwillcomehere.4.Whowillgowithyouisdecidedbyyourself.请判断出下列的句子属于哪种从句________________________________________________________________________________________________________(主语从句)(同位语从句)(宾语从句)(主语从句)5.Theproblemiswhatweshoulddonext.6.Thenewsthathecouldn’tcomemakesusupset.7.Ourpurposeisthathecanrealizehisfaults.8.Doyouknowthefactthathestolethecar?请判断出下列的句子属于哪种从句______________________________________________________________________________________(表语从句)(同位语从句)(表语从句)(同位语从句)试区分以下句子Doyouknowthefactthathestolethecar?Doyouknowthefactthattheyweretalkingabout?注意：1.定语从句，从句是不完整的，关系词充当成分；而同位语从句中的that只起连接作用。2.定语从句是对先行词起修饰作用，而同位语从句则解释说明先行词的具体内容。(同从)(定从)一、同位语从句与定语从句的相似之处1.都跟在名词后；2.都可以翻译成“…的”Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。（同位语从句）（定语从句）二、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处1、含义不同：同位语从句是对前面名词的补充说明，知道具体内容，指同一件事（可以划等号）,且名词都是一些抽象的概念；定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词，不知道具体内容。e.g.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.（从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.（从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）二、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处2、引导词区别：同位语从句中，that：无成分，用于肯定句；whether/if:用于疑问、否定句。定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。e.g.DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.2)Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.（that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语。）（that不充当任何成分）I.Tellthefunctionoftheclausesinthefollowingsentences说出下列从句的功能：A:Appositive（同位语）;B:Attributive（定语）Hisproposalthatwegothereonfootisacceptable.Manyteachersholdtheviewthatteenagersshouldnotspendtoomuchtimeonline.3.Thefirstrequestthathemadewastoaskforfreedom.4.Doyouhaveanyideawherewewillbesent?5.Isthisthecompanywhereyourfatherworks?6.Thisisthereasonthathegaveforhisabsence.7.Hemadeanexcusethathiscarbrokedownontheway.BBB1.Thenewsthattheplanewouldtakeoffontimemadeeverybodyhappy.2.Thenewsthatisspreadingaroundtheairportisthataheavystormiscoming.3.Thesuggestionthatstudentsshouldlearnsomethingpracticalisworthconsidering.4.Thesuggestionthattheyareconsideringisthatstudentsshouldlearnsomethingpractical.Analyzethesentences.