希望全套英语第一册复习资料

希望全套 英语 关于好奇心的名言警句英语高中英语词汇下载高中英语词汇 下载英语衡水体下载小学英语关于形容词和副词的题 第一册复习资料 第三部分 北京市级高职高专精品课程 公共基础课《大学英语》 教师教案与 课件 超市陈列培训课件免费下载搭石ppt课件免费下载公安保密教育课件下载病媒生物防治课件 可下载高中数学必修四课件打包下载 (1-3册选编) 北京青年政治学院 英语系 Unit 1 Going to College New words and phrases Tackle Stress 2 Paraphrase Tend to Fulfill 3 Excessive Result in 4 Issue Paraphrase Chances are … 5 Complementary material: 不可数名词不能用个体计数，但是某些表示单位的名词可和of一起来表示不可 数名词的数量，其中使用最广泛的单位词是piece, item, bit e.g. a piece/sheet of paper, a piece of work, a piece/an item of news, a piece/an item of information, a piece of advice, two pieces of advice, three pieces of land, a bit of paper, a bit of rice, a piece of bread, a piece of good luck, a piece of evidence. A round/burst of applause, a suite of furniture, an article/a piece of furniture, a blade of grass, a slice of meat/bread/cake, an article of clothing, a grain of rice/sand, a drop of oil/water, a lump of coal/sugar, a bar of chocolate, a sack of flour, several gallons of water, a meter of cloth 单位词也可以用来修饰可数名词，但是可数名词用复数形式:a bunch of flowers, five boxes of pens, a pack of cigarettes 可数名词的数 1. s, ch, sh, x, we should add –es to the nouns e.g. bus—buses, watch—watches, brush—brushes, box-boxes 2. O, -es, e.g. tomato—tomatoes, potato—potatoes, hero—heroes, echo—echoes, Some are of exception, e.g. zoos, bamboos, radios, studios, photos, kilos, pianos, solos, tobaccos, 3. F or fe, beliefs, roofs, proofs, safes, chiefs, gulfs, hoofs, but some have two kinds of styles, e.g. Scarf—scarfs, scarves, handkerchief—handkerchiefs, handkerchieves man=--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose, geese, mouse—mice, policewoman—policewomen, louse—lice 以s结尾的复数形名词 1 由两部分构成的东西trousers, glasses, spectacles, scissors 6 2 以ing结尾的名词earnings, savings, findings, shortcomings, belongings, surroundings 3 其他形式goods, contents, arms, statistics, damages, outskirts, clothes, ashes, funds, stairs, fireworks, riches 不以s结尾而表示复数的名词, people, police, cattle, poultry, Arm 手臂 arms手臂，武器 Custom习俗 customs习俗，关税 Minute分钟 minutes分钟， 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 Letter 字母、信 letters字母、信 ;文学 Force 力量 forces部队 Wood 木材 woods森林 Paper纸 papers文件，证件 Iron铁 irons镣铐 Damage 损害 damages赔偿费 Time时间 times时代 Rubber 橡胶 rubbers胶鞋 Sand 沙 sands沙漠 Spirit 精神 spirits情绪 Work工作 works作品，工厂 Air 空气 airs神气 Manner方式 manners礼貌 Pain 痛苦 pains努力 Content 内容 contents目录 Writing Practice Free writing Write out any words that you can list concerning college Unit 2 Family 7 blame critical 8 Complain Touch 9 Challenge Upset 10 Motive Cut off 11 Turn Superior Approve 12 Assume Passive 13 Ignore Responsible 14 Complementary material (略) Unit 3 Sports 15 16 17 18 19 Complementary material 特殊结构的理解和翻译 特殊结构的理解和翻译 For all I know/care 谁知道呢或我才不管呢,For all I know For all I know/care 谁知道呢或我才不管呢 he may well be responsible for the death of that passenger, but I really don‘t care. ,He may quit and leave at once for all I care. ,他尽管可以辞职，我才不管呢 20 For that matter 至于那个，退一步讲，甚至,The new book For that matter 至于那个，退一步讲，甚至 will be of interest to policemen and prison-officers; and, for that matter, to anyone who has to deal with criminals. ,这本书会引起警察和司法人员的兴趣，甚至会引起任何同罪犯达交道的人的兴趣。 If ever 用来突出主语的意义，seldom if ever=seldom or If ever 用来突出主语的意义，seldom if ever=seldom or never never ,If ever there was a great scientist, it is he. 他就是世界上最伟大的科学家。 ,She seldom, if ever, goes to the supermarket. ,她很少去超级市场。 If at all要—就得—little if at all=little or no If at all要—就得—little if at all=little or no ,A rescue party should be sent, if at all, speedily. ,要派救援小组，就得赶快派。 ,Those products are little, if at all, different from those. ,这些产品同那些产品几乎没有什么区别。 If any 如果—有—few/little if any=few/little or no If any 如果—有—few/little if any=few/little or no ,Correct the errors in my compositions, if any. ,我的作文如果有错误的话，就请改正。 ,Your article contains few, if any, glaring mistakes. ,你的文章里几乎没有什么明显的错误。 If anything如果稍有区别的话,相反 If anything如果稍有区别的话,相反 21 ,If anything, my new job is harder than my old one. ,如果略有区别的话，那就是新工比老工作更苦了。 ,He is not as naïve as he looks. If anything, he is quite sophisticated. ,The weather is not getting cooler. If anything, it is expected to be warmer. If only to/for/as/because 即使只是为了--，即使只是因为— If only to/for/as/because 即使只是为了--，即使只是因为— ,I will go and attend their wedding ceremony, if only to make some friends. ,我去参加他们的结婚仪式，即使只是交几个朋友。 ,They will come to see us if only as a gesture of friendship. ,We told that the negotiation should be continued if only because some misunderstanding can be removed. Not/none that I know of 就我所知没有 Not/none that I know of 就我所知没有 ,Has Catherine come back?—not that I know of. ,Was nobody else in the classroom?—Not that I know of. ,Are there any stations in this street?—none that I know of. 22 Unit 4 Pets 23 24 25 26 27 They know when they are “on” and when they are off and they know they have a job to do. Complementary material 不同国籍人的单复数 国籍 总称(谓语用复单数 复数 数) 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人 the an Australian two Australians Australians 28 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes Practical writing (sample) Practical writing (sample) Notarial certificate for a Diploma or a Degree Notarial certificate for a Diploma or a Degree Certificate Certificate (2004)No. 236 This is to certify that the duplicate copy attached hereto is in conformity with the original copy of the Transcript of Records for Advanced Studies at Xi Nan Agricultural University issued to Xu Wei by the Educational Department of the University. Both the seals of Xi Nan Agricultural and Wang Hai, Dean of the Department affixed on the original copy are found to the authentic. Notary: …. City Notary Public Office ……Province The People‘s Republic of China 12 April 2004 29 Unit 5 Food 30 31 32 33 34 Model writing 35 Complementary material: Leisure activities TGIF今天是快乐星期五～ Thank God It‘s Friday.但在一般会话中，不使用God，而是使用Thank Goodness! Thank God!适用于脱离陷境、卸下心头或攸关性命之类的重大场合，藉以表示对God的畏惧与尊敬。 You deserve a break today!值得为自己放一假～ This is the life! 这才是人生～ Miller time? 去喝一杯吗, A couch potato.沙发上的马铃薯:懒虫 Shop till you drop。疯狂―血拼‖ He‘s the life of the party.他是聚会的灵魂人物。 The more the merrier.多多益善。 I need another vacation. 我得再休一次假。多用在放假之后。 36 Unit 6 Travel 37 38 39 40 41 42 Complementary material A good Jack makes a good Jill 好杰克定有好吉尔 在英语国家中，Jack是男子常用的名字，为John的昵称。Jack常泛指男人、水手、仆人、侍者、打杂工等。英语中由Jack构成的惯用词语也不少。如―无所不能的杰克‖(Jack of al trades)，讥讽杂而不精的人，也称三脚猫;两面派杰克(Jack of both sides)，指模棱两可的人—骑墙派。吉尔则是女子常用的名字，也泛指女人、姑娘、妻子、情人等。英语中的惯用语Jack and Jill就表示男人和女人或少男少女。所以，A good Jack makes a good Jill喻指夫善则妻贤;主贤则仆忠。 We had a good time at the party and every Jack had his Jill.在聚会上大家玩得很愉快，每个男孩都有女伴。/ Every Jack enjoys being together with his Jill more than with his own parents.男孩子更喜欢和女孩子在 43 一起，而不是和自己的父母在一起。 How was your flight?旅途顺利吗, A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.登高必自卑，行远必自迩。 When in Roma, do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。 See Naples and die.到过那不勒斯，死而无憾。 Toto, I‘ve a feeling we‘re not in Kansas anymore.托托，我们好象不再是在堪萨斯州了。 Having a wonderful time. Wish you were here.美好时光，希望与你共享。 Getting there is half the fun.抵达目的地已是乐趣的一半。 To boldly go where no one has gone before.勇敢做开路先锋。 Travel broadens the mind. 旅行能增广见闻。 Thursday‘s child has far to go. 星期四出生的孩子旅程漫长 44 Unit 7 Happiness 45 46 47 48 49 50 Complementary material 三十五个经典句型帮 你过写作关 一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen (known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 51 二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有 比接受教育更重要的事。 三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much. (再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。) 例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。 四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...) 例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...) 例 句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全 世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的...) 例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 令人不满意。 七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的优点是...) 例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won?t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...) 例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air. The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can 52 supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此...以致于...) 例句:So precious is time that we can?t afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然...) 例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不} 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ ， The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~(愈...愈...) 例句:The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着...，..能够..) 例句:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..) 例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能...) 例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 53 十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是...的时候了) 例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 的 时候了。 十六、Those who ~~~ (...的人...) 例句:Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。 十七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不...) 例句:There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。 十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...) 例句:Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。 十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的) It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的) It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的) 例句:It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而 知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因) 例句:Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don?t like it. 夏天很燠热。那就是我不 喜欢它的原因。 二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...(过去...年来，...一直...) 例句:For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。 二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。 例句:Since he went 54 to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中，他一直 很用功。 二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。) 例句:It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。 二十四、be based on (以...为基础) 例句:The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的) We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。 二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 (让...明白...事) 例句:We should bring home to people the value of working hard. 我们 应该让人们明白努力的价值。 二十七、be closely related to ~~ (与...息息相关) 例句:Taking exercise is closely related to health. 做运动与健康息息相关。 二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V (养成...的 习惯) We should get into the habit of keeping good hours. 我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。 二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ (因为...) 例句:Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream. 因为他 55 的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。 三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...～) 例句:What an important thing it is to keep our promise! How important a thing it is to keep our promise! 遵守诺言是多么重要 的事～ 三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不满意) 例句:The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 我们的交通状况令人不满意。 三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ (对...有很大的影响) 例句: Smoking has a great influence on our health. 抽烟对我们的健康有很大 的影响。 三十三、do good to (对...有益)，do harm to (对...有害) 例句:Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。 Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。 三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ (对...造成一大威胁) 例句:Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。 三十五、do one?s utmost to + V = do one?s best (尽全力去...) 例句:We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life. 我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。 56 Unit 8 Fashion 57 58 59 60 61 Complementary material 阅读理解单项练习 Passage1 In 1939 two brothers, Mac and Dick McDonald, started a drive-in restaurant in San Bernadino, California. They carefully chose a busy corner for their location. They had run their own businesses for years, first a theater, then a barbecue(烤肉)restaurant., then another drive-in. But in their new operation, they offered a new, shortened menu: French fries, hamburgers, and sodas. To this small selection they added one new concept: quick service, no waiters or waitresses, and no tips. Their hamburgers sold for fifteen cents. Cheese was another four cents. Their French fries and hamburgers had a remarkable uniformity, for the brothers had developed a strict routine for the preparation of their food, and they insisted on their cooks’ sticking to their routine. Their new drive-in became incredibly popular, particularly for lunch. People drove up by the hundreds during the busy noontime. The self-service restaurant was so popular that the brothers had allowed ten copies of their restaurant to be opened. They were content with this modest success until they met Ray Kroc. Kroc was a salesman who met the McDonald brothers in 1954, when he was selling milkshake-mixing machines. He quickly saw the unique appeal of 62 the brothers’ fast-food restaurants and bought the right to franchise(特许经营)other copies of their restaurants. The agreement struck included the right to duplicate the menu. The equipment, even their red and white buildings with the golden arches(拱门). Today McDonald’s is really a household name. Its names for its sandwiches have come to mean hamburger in the decades since the day Ray Kroc watched people rush up to order fifteen-cent hamburgers. In 1976, McDonald’s had over $ 1 billion in total sales. Its first twenty-two years is one of the most incredible success stories in modern American business history. 1. This passage mainly talks about__________ . A)the development of fast food services B)how McDonald’s became a billion-dollar business C) the business careers of Mac and Dick McDonald D)Ray Kroc’s business talent 2. Mac and Dick managed all of the following businesses except________. A) a drive-in C) a theater B) a cinema D) a barbecue restaurant 3. We may infer from this passage that_________. A) Mac and Dick McDonald never became wealthy for they sold their idea to Kroc B)The location the McDonalds chose was the only source of the great popularity of their drive-in C) Forty years ago there were numerous fast-food restaurants D) Ray Kroc was a good businessman 4. The passage suggests that_________ . A) creativity is an important element of business success B)Ray Kroc was the close partner of the McDonald brothers C) Mac and Dick McDonald became broken after they sold their ideas to Ray Kroc D)California is the best place to go into business 5. As used in the second sentence of the third paragraph, the word ” unique” means_________ . A) special C) financial B) attractive D) peculiar Passage2 You’re busy filling out the application form for a position you really need; let’s assume you once actually completed a couple of years of college work or even that you completed your degree. Isn’t it tempting to lie just a little, to claim on the form that your diploma represents a Harvard degree? Or that you finished an extra couple of years back at State University? More and more people are turning to utter deception like this to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like 63 most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well-known university. Registrars at most well-known colleges say they deal with deceitful claims like these at the rate of about one per week. Personnel officers do check up on degrees listed on application forms, then . If it turns out that an applicant is lying, most colleges are reluctant to accuse the applicant directly. One Ivy League school calls them “impostors 骗子”; another refers to them as “special cases.” one well-known West Coast school, in perhaps the most delicate phrase of all, says that these claims are made by “no such people.” To avoid outright (彻底的) lies, some job-seekers claim that they “attended” or “were associated with” a college or university. After carefully checking, a personnel officer may discover that “attending” means being dismissed after one semester. It may be that “being associated with” a college means that the job – seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend. One school that keeps records of false claims says that the practice dates back at least to the turn of the century – that’s when they began keeping records, anyhow. If you don’t want to lie or even stretch the truth, there are companies that will sell you a phony (假的)diploma. One company, with offices in New York and on the West Coast, will put your name on a diploma from any number of nonexistent colleges. The price begins at around twenty dollars for a diploma from “Smoot State University.” The prices increase rapidly for a degree from the “University of Purdue.” As there is no Smoot State and the real school in Indiana is properly called Purdue University, the prices seem rather high for one sheet of paper. 6. The main idea of this passage is that___________. A)employers are checking more closely on applicants now B)lying about college degrees has become a widespread problem C)college degrees can now be purchased easily D)employers are no longer interested in college degrees 7. According to the passage, “special cases” refers to cases where_______ . A)students attend a school only part-time B)students never attended a school they listed on their application C)students purchase false degrees from commercial films D)students attended a famous school 8. We can infer from the passage that__________. A)performance is a better judge of ability that a college degree B)experience is the best teacher C)past work histories influence personnel officers more than degrees do D)a degree from a famous school enables an applicant to gain advantage over others in job competition 64 9. This passage implies that_____________. A)buying a false degree is not moral B) personnel officers only consider applicants from famous schools C)most people lie on applications because they were dismissed from school D)society should be greatly responsible for lying on applications 10. As used in the first. Line of the second paragraph, the word “utter” means__________ . A) address C) thorough B) ultimate D) decisive Passage 3 Everyone has heard of the San Andreas fault (断层), which constantly threatens California and the West Coast with earthquakes. But how many people know about the equally serious New Madrid fault in Missouri? Between December of 1811 and February of 1812, three major earthquakes occurred, all centered around the town of New Madrid, Missouri, on the Mississippi River. Property damage was severe. Buildings in the area were almost destroyed. Whole forests fell at once, and huge cracks opened in the ground, allowing smell of sulfur (硫磺)to filter upward. The Mississippi River itself completely changed character, developing sudden rapids and whirlpools. Several times it changed its course, and once, according to some observers, it actually appeared to run backwards. Few people were killed in the New Madrid earthquakes, probably simply because few people lived in the area in 1811; but the severity of the earthquakes are shown by the fact that the shock waves rang bells in church towers in Charleston, South Carolina, on the coast. Buildings shook in New York City, and clocks were stopped in Washington, D.C. Scientists now know that America’s two major faults are essentially different. The San Andreas is a horizontal boundary between two major land masses that are slowly moving in opposite directions. California earthquakes result when the movement of these two masses suddenly lurches (倾斜) forward. The New Madrid fault, on the other hand, is a vertical fault; a some point, possibly hundreds of millions of years ago, rock was pushed up toward the surface, probably by volcanoes under the surface. Suddenly, the volcanoes cooled and the rock collapsed, leaving huge cracks. Even now, the rock continues to settle downwards, and sudden sinking motions trigger (触发) earthquakes in the region. The fault itself, a large crack in this layer of rock, with dozens of other cracks that split off from it, extends from northeast Arkansas through Missouri and into southern Illinois. Scientists who have studied the New Madrid fault say there have been numerous smaller quakes in the area since 1811; these smaller quakes indicate that larger ones are probably coming, but the scientists say have no method of predicting when a large earthquake will occur. 65 11. This passage is mainly about_____________ . A) the New Madrid fault in Missouri B) the San Andreas and the New Madrid faults C) the causes of faults D)current scientific knowledge about faults 12. The New Madrid fault is___________. A)a horizontal fault B) a vertical fault C)a more serious fault than the San Andreas fault River D)responsible for forming the Mississippi 13. We may conclude from the passage that__________________ . A)is probably as dangerous to live in Missouri as in California B)the New Madrid fault will eventually develop a mountain range in Missouri C)California will become an island in future D)A big earthquake will occur to California soon 14. This passage implies that_____________. A)horizontal faults are more dangerous than vertical faults. B)Vertical faults are more dangerous than horizontal faults C)Earthquakes occur only around fault areas D)California will break into pieces by an eventual earthquake 15. As used in the first sentence of the fourth paragraph, the word “essentially” means___________. A) greatly C) basically B) extremely D) necessarily Passage 4 Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as a factor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more we are together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that. Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and 66 swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep. The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: ‘A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into.’ A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape. 16. All boys and girls in large families know that______________. A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are together B) people tend to be together more than they used to be C)a lot of people being together makes fights likely D)Railway leads the world to peace 17. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except________________ . A) the railway enables people travel fast B) the railway brings comfort to people C) the railway makes the world peaceful D) the railway leads the world to war as well. 18. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but___________. A) tunnels are dangerous to public health B) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people’s nerves C)the rapid speed through the air does damage to people’s lungs D)to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die 19. We may safely conclude that__________. A) the author belongs to the anti-railway group B)the author belongs to the for-railway group C)the author speaks highly of the railway D)the author may never take train because of its potential dangers 67 20. What is the tone of this passage? A) Practical C) Satirical B) Humorous. D) Exaggerated Passage 5 In 1960-1961, Chad (乍得) harvested 9800 tons of cotton seed for the first time in its history, and put out the flag a little too soon. The efforts of the authorities to get the peasants ‘back’ to work, as they had slacked off (松懈) a great deal the previous year during independence celebrations, largely contributed to it. Also, rains were well spaced, and continued through the whole month of October. If the 1961-1962 total is back to the region of 45000 tons, it is mostly because efforts slackened again and sowing was started too late. The average date of sowing is about July 1st. If this date is simply moved up fifteen or twenty days, 30000 to 60000 tons of cotton are gained, depending on the year. The peasant in Chad sows his millet (小米) first, and it is hard to criticize this instinctive priority given to his ‘daily bread’ . An essential reason for his lateness with sowing cotton is that at the time when he should leave to prepare the fields he has just barely sold the cotton of the previous season. The work required to sow, in great heat, is psychologically far more difficult if one’s pockets are full of money. The date of cotton sales should therefore be moved forward as much as possible, and purchases of equipment and draught animals encouraged. Peasants should also be encouraged to save money, to help them through the difficult period between harvests. If necessary they should be forced to do so, by having the payments for cotton given to them in installments (分期付款). The last payment would be made after proof that the peasant has planted before the deadline, the date being advanced to the end of June. Those who have done so would receive extra money whereas the last planters would not receive their last payment until later. Only the first steps are hard, because once work has started the peasants continue willingly on their way. Educational campaigns among the peasants will play an essential role in this basic advance, early sowing, on which all the others depend. It is not a matter of controlling the peasants. Each peasant will remain master of his fields. One could, however, suggest the need for the time being of kind but firm rule, which, as long as it cannot be realized ‘by the people’ , should at least be ‘for the people.’ 21. In 1960-1961, Chad had a good harvest of cotton because . A) the government greatly encouraged peasants B) rains favored the growth of cotton C) Chad gained independence in the previous year D) Both A) and B) 22. We learn from the passage that the date of sowing cotton is 68 usually . A) on June 15th C) on July 1st B) on July 15th D) on July 20th 23. As used in the third sentence of the second paragraph, “ daily bread” refers to . A) breakfast C) rice B) bread and butter D) millet 24. In order to help them through the difficult time between harvests the peasants have to . A) sell cotton in advance B) be encouraged to save money C) sow cotton in time D) plant millet first 25. Which of the following is NOT true? A) Educational campaigns are very important to early sowing. B) Of all the advances that the writer hopes for, early sowing is the most important. C) Peasants should remain the masters of their fields. D) Government might as well make good and firm rule for peasants. Passage 6 We can make mistakes at any age. Some mistakes we make are about money. But most mistakes are about people. “Did Jerry really care when I broke up with Helen?” “When I got that great job, did Jim really feel good about it, as a friend? Or did he envy my luck?” “And Paul-why didn’t pick up that he was friendly just because 1 had a car?” When we look back, doubts like these can make us feel bad. But when we look back, It’s too late. Why do we go wrong about our friends – or our enemies? Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning. And if we don’t really listen we miss the feeling behind the words. Suppose someone tells you, “You’re a lucky dog .” that’s being friendly. But “lucky dog”? There’s a bit of envy in those words. Maybe he doesn’t see it himself. But bringing in the “dog” bit puts you down a little. What he may be saying is that the doesn’t think you deserve your luck. “Just think of all the things you have to be thankful for ” is another noise that says one thing and means another. It could mean that the speaker is trying to get you to see your problem as part of your life as a whole. But is he? Wrapped up in this phrase is the thought that your problem isn’t important. It’s telling you to think of a all the starving people in the world when you haven’t got a date for Saturday night. How can you tell the real meaning behind someone’s words? One way is to take a good look at the person talking. Do his words fit the way he looks? Does what he says agree with the tone of voice? His posture (姿态)? The 69 look in his eyes? Stop and think. The minute you spend thinking about the real meaning of what people to you may save another mistake. 26. This passage is mainly about . A) how to interpret what people say B) what to do when you listen to others talking C) how to avoid mistakes when you communicate with people D) Why we go wrong with people sometimes 27. According to the author, the reason why we go wrong about our friends is that . A) We fail to listen carefully when they talk B) People tend to be annoyed when we check what they say C) People usually state one thing but means another D) We tend to doubt what our friends say 28. In the sentence “Maybe he doesn’t see it himself.” In the second paragraph, the pronoun “it “refers to . A) being friendly C) lucky dog B) a bit of envy D) your luck 29. When we listen to a person talking, the most important thing for us to do is . A) notice the way the person is talking B) take a good look at the person talking C) mind his tone, his posture and the look in his eyes D) examine the real meaning of what he says based on his manner, his tone and his posture 30. The author most probably is a . A) teacher C) philosopher B) psychologist D) doctor Passage 7 A moment’s drilling by the dentist may make us nervous and upset. Many of us cannot stand pain. To avoid the pain of a drilling that may last perhaps a minute or two, we demand the “needle”- a shot of novocaine (奴佛卡因),that deadens the nerves around the tooth. Now it’s true that the human body has developed its millions of nerves to be highly aware of what goes on both inside and outside of it. This helps us adjust to the world. Without our nerves - and our brain, which is a bundle of nerves - we wouldn’t know what’s happening. But we pay for our sensitivity. We can feel pain when the slightest thing is wrong with any part of our body. The history of torture is based on the human body being open to pain. But there is a way to handle pain. Look at the Indian fakir(行僧) who sits on a bed of nails. Fakirs can put a needle right through an arm, and feel no pain. This ability that some humans have developed to handle pain should give us ideas about how the mind can deal with pain. The big thing in withstanding pain is our attitude toward it. if the 70 dentist says, “This will hurt a little,” it helps us to accept the pain. By staying relaxed, and by treating the pain as an interesting sensation (感觉), we can handle the pain without falling apart. After all, although pain is an unpleasant sensation, it is still a sensation, and sensations are the stuff of life. 31. The passage is mainly about . A) how to suffer pain B) how to avoid pain C) how to handle pain D) how to stop pain 32. The sentence “But we pay for our sensitivity.” in the second paragraph implies that . A) we should pay a debt for our feeling B) we have to be hurt when we feel something C) our pain is worth feeling D) when we feel pain, we are suffering it 33. When the author mentions the Indian fakir, he suggests that . A) Indians are not at all afraid of pain B) people may be senseless of pain C) some people are able to handle pain D) fakirs have magic to put needles right through their arms 34. the most important thing to handle pain is . A) how we look at pain B) to feel pain as much as possible C) to show an interest in pain D) to accept the pain reluctantly 35. The author’s attitude towards pain is . A) pessimistic B) optimistic C) radical (极端的) D) practical Passage 8 Thirty-two people watched kitty Genovese being killed right beneath their windows. She was their neighbor. Yet none of the 32 helped her. Not one even called the police. Was this in gunman cruelty? Was it lack of feeling about one’s fellow man? “Not so,” say scientists John Barley and Bib Fatane. These men went beyond the headlines to probe the reasons why people didn’t act. They found that a person has to go through two steps before he can help. First he has to notice that is an emergency. Suppose you see a middle-aged man fall to the side-walk. is he having a heart attack? is he in a coma (昏迷) from diabetes(糖尿病)? Or is he about to sleep off a drunk? Is the smoke coming into the room from a leak in the air conditioning? Is it “steam pipes”? Or is it really smoke from a fire? it’s not always easy to tell if you are faced with a real emergency. Second, and more important, the person faced with an emergency must feel 71 personally responsible. He must feel that he must help, or the person won’t get the help he needs. The researchers found that a lot depends on how many people are around. They had college students in to be “tested.” Some came alone. Some came with one or two others. And some came in large groups. The receptionist started them off on the “tests.” Then she went into the next room. A curtain divided the “testing room” and the room into which she went. Soon the students heard a scream, the noise of file cabinets falling and a cry for help. All of this had been pre-recorded on a tape-recorder. Eight out of ten of the students taking the test alone acted to help. Of the students in pairs, only two out of ten helped. Of the students in groups, none helped. In other words, in a group, Americans often fail to act. They feel that others will act. They, themselves, needn’t. They do not feel any direct responsibility. Are people bothered by situations where people are in trouble? Yes. Scientists found that the peo0ple were emotional, they sweated, they had trembling hands. They felt the other person’s trouble. But they did not act. They were in a group. Their actions were shaped by the actions of those they were with. 36. The purpose of this passage is . A) to explain why people fail to act in emergencies B) to explain when people will act in emergencies C) to explain what people will do in emergencies D) to explain how people feel in emergencies 37. Which of the following is NOT true? A) When a person tries to help others, he must be clear that there is a real emergency. B) When a person tries to help others, he should know whether hey are worth his help. C) A person must take the full responsibility for the safety of those in emergencies if he wants to help. D) A person with a heart attack needs the most. 38. The researchers have conducted an experiment to prove that people will act in emergencies when . A) they are in pairs B) they are in groups C) they are alone D) they are with their friends 39. The main reason why people fail to act when they stay together is that . A) they are afraid of emergencies B) they are reluctant to get themselves involved C) others will act if they themselves hesitate 72 D) they do not have any direct responsibility for those who need help 40. The author suggests that . A) we shouldn’t blame a person if he fails to act in emergencies B) a person must feel guilty if he fails to help C) people should be responsible for themselves in emergencies D) when you are in trouble, people will help you anyway Passage 9 People do not analyze every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem. They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people. Other times they begin to act without thinking; they try to find a solution by trial and error. However, when all these methods fail, the person with a problem has to start analyzing. There are six stages in analyzing a problem. First the person must recognize that there is a problem. For example, Sam’s bicycle is broken, and he cannot read it to class as he usually does. Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle. Next the thinker must define the problem. Before Sam can repair his bicycle. he must find the reason why it does not work. For instance, he must determine if the problem is with the gears, the brakes, or the frame. He must make his problem more specific. Now the person must look for information that will make the problem clearer and lead to possible solutions. For instance. Suppose Sam decided that his bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gear wheels. At this time. he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about gears. He can talk to his friends at the bike shop. He can look at his gears carefully. After studying the problem, the person should have several suggestions for a possible solution. Take Sam as an illustration. His suggestions might be: put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones; tighten or loosen the gear wheels. Eventually one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem. Sometimes the final idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way. Sam, for example, suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum(口香糖)between the gear wheels. He immediately realizes the solution to his problem: he must clean the gear wheels. Finally the solution is tested. Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly. In short, he has solved the problem. 41. What is the best title for this passage? A) Six Stages for Repairing Sam’s Bicycle B) Possible Ways to Problem-solving C) Necessities of Problem Analysis D) Suggestions for Analyzing a Problem 73 42. In analyzing a problem we should do all the following except . A) recognize and define the problem B) look for information to make the problem clearer C) have suggestions for a possible solution D) find a solution by trial or mistake 43. By referring to Sam’s broken bicycle, the author intends to . A) illustrate the ways to repair his bicycle B) discuss the problems of his bicycle C) tell us how to solve a problem D) show us how to analyses a problem 44. Which of the following is NOT true? A) People do not analyze the problem they meet. B) People often accept the opinions or ideas of other people. C) People may learn from their past experience D) People can not solve some problems they meet. 45. As used in the last sentence, the phrase “in short” means . A) in the long run B) in detail C) in a word D) in the end Passage 10 The poverty line is the minimum income that people need for an acceptable standard of living. People with incomes below the poverty line are considered poor. Economists study the causes of poverty in order to find solutions to the problem. As the general standard of living in the country rises, the poverty line does, too. therefore, even with today’s relatively high standard of living, about 10 percent of the people in the United States are below the poverty line. However, if these people had stable jobs, they could have an acceptable standard of living. Economists suggest several reasons why poor people do not have jobs. For one thing, more than half of the poor people in the United States are not qualified to work. Over 40 percent of the poor people are children. By law, children less than 16 years old cannot work in many industries. A large number of poor people are old. Many companies do not hire people over 65 years old, the normal retirement age. Some poor adults do not look for jobs for a variety of personal reasons: they are sick, they do not have any motivation(动力). they have family problems, or they do not believe that they can find a job. Other poor people look for a job but cannot find one. Many poor adults never went to high school. Therefore, when they look for jobs, they have few skills that they can offer. At the present time, the government thinks it can reduce poverty in the country in the following ways. First, if the national economy grows. businesses and industries hire more workers. Some of the poor who are qualified to look for jobs may find 74 employment. Then they will no longer be below the poverty line. Second, if society invests in the poor, the poor will become more productive. if the government spends money on social programs, education, and training for poor people, the poor will have the skills to offer, Then it is more likely that they can find jobs. Finally, if the government distributes society’s income differently, it raises some poor people above the poverty line. The government collects taxes from the non-poor and gives money to the poor. These payments to the poor are called welfare. in 1975 over 18million people in the United States received welfare. Some economists are looking for better solutions to the poverty problem. However, at the present time, many people depend on welfare for a minimally acceptable standard of living. 46. The author’s main purpose to write this article is . A) to define what the poverty line is B) to explain why some people live the poverty line C) to find solutions to the problem of poverty D) to show sympathy for those poor people 47. Which of the following is NOT true? A) Ten percent of the Americans live a poor life. B) Poor people are those who love below the poverty line. C) The poverty line rises as the general standard of living rises. D) The poverty line tends to be at the same level. 48. More than 40 percent of the poor people are children. This is mainly because . A) they do not have enough motivation B) they are so young that they are deprived of chances to work C) they fail to get enough education D) they are very poor in health 49. Most of the American poor people are not qualified for employment because . A) they to not have any motivation to work B) they are not very self-confident C) they are too young or too old to work D) they have physical and family problems 50. We may conclude from the passage that . A) better solutions to the poverty problem are not yet found B) welfare will enable people to be rich C) poor people are bound to go out of the poverty line if they have chances to do business D) employment is the best solution to the poverty problem Passage 11 Dream is a story that a person“watches”or even takes part in during sleep. Dream events are imaginary, but they are related to real experiences and 75 needs in the dreamer’s life. They seem real while they are taking place. Some dreams are pleasant, others are annoying, and still others are frightening. Everyone dreams, but some persons never recall dreaming. Others remember only a little about a dream they had just before awakening and nothing about earlier dreams. No one recalls all his dreams. Dreams involve little logical thought. In most dreams, the dreamer cannot control what happens to him. The story may be confusing, and things happen that would not happen in real life. People see in most dreams, but they may also hear, smell, touch, and taste in their dreams. Most dreams occur in color. but persons who have been blind since birth do not see at all in dreams. Dreams are a product of the sleeper’s mind. They include events and feelings that he has experienced. Most dreams are related to events of the day before the dream and strong wishes of the dreamer. Many minor incidents of the hours before sleep appear in dreams. Few events more than two days old turn up. Deep wishes or fears - especially those held since - often appear in dreams, and many dreams fulfil such wishes. childhood Events in the sleeper’s surrounding- a loud noise, for example, may become part of a dream, but they do not cause dreams. Some dreams involve deep feelings that a person may not realize he has. Psychiatrists(精神病医生) often use material from a patient’s dreams to help the person understand himself better. Dreaming may help maintain good learning ability, memory, and emotional adjustment. People who get plenty of sleep-but are awakened each time they begin to dream- become anxious and restless. 51. This passage is mainly about . A) why we dream during sleep B) how we dream during sleep C) what dreams are D) what benefits dreams bring to people 52. According to the passage, dreams result from . A) the sleeper’s wishes B) the sleeper’s imagination C) the sleeper’s feeling D) the sleeper’s own mind 53. Which of the following is NOT true? A) Dream is a confusing story which involves little logic thought. B) Dream is related to the dreamer’s real life. 76 C) Dream is an imaginary store which seems real while taking place. D) Dream involves events that always happen in real life. 54. This passage suggests that psychiatrists are . A) trying to help the dreamer recall his earlier dreams. B) trying to make the sleeper dream logically. C) studying the benefits of dreams. D) helping the sleeper fulfill his dreams 55. We may infer form the passage that dreaming . A) is beneficial to people B) disturbs people’s life C) makes people always restless D) deprives people of a good sleep Passage 12 According to psychologists(心理学家), an emotion is aroused when a man or animal views something as either bad or good. When a person feels like running away from something he thinks will hurt him, we call this emotion fear. if the person wants to remove the danger by attacking it, we call the emotion anger. The emotions of joy and love are aroused when we think something can help us. An emotion does not have to be created by something in the outside world. it can be created by a person’s thoughts. Everyone has emotions. Many psychologists believe that infants are born without emotions. They believe children learn emotions just as they learn to read and write. A growing child not only learns his emotions but learns how to act in certain situations because of an emotion. Psychologists think that there are two types of emotion: positive and negative. l Positive emotions include love, liking, joy, delight, and hope. They are aroused by something that appeals to a person. Negative emotions make a person unhappy or dissatisfied. They include anger, fear, despair, sadness, and disgust. in growing up, a person learns to cope with the negative emotions in order to be happy. Emotions may be weak or strong. Some strong emotions are so unpleasant that a person will try any means to escape from them. in order to feel happy, the person may choose unusual ways to avoid the emotion. Strong emotions can make it hard to think and to solve problems. They may prevent a person from learning or paying attention to what he is doing. For example, a student taking an examination may be so worried about failing that he cannot think properly. The worry drains valuable mental energy he needs for the examination. 56. We learn from the passage that an emotion is created by something . A) one thinks bad or good B) one feels in danger C) one faces in the outside world D) one tries to escape from real life 57. Which of the following is NOT true? 77 A) Children learn emotions as they grow up. B) Babies are born with emotions. C) Emotions fall into two types in general. D) People can cope with the negative emotions in life. 58. The author’s purpose of writing this passage is to . A) explain why people have emotions B) show how people avoid the negative emotions C) explain what people should do before emotions D) define and classify people’s emotions 59. We can safely conclude that a student may fail in an exam if . A) he can not think properly B) he can’t pay attention to it C) he can’t pay attention to it D) he is not full of energy 60. As used in the last sentence, the word “drains” means . A) stops B) ties C) weakens D) flows gradually Passage 13 Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child---or even an animal, such as a pigeon-can learn to recognize faces. We all take this ability for granted. We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others. Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. if you were asked to describe what a “nice face ”looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so. But if you were asked to describe a “nice person,” you might begin to think about someone who was kind, considerate, friendly, warm, and so forth. There are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels and acts. Gordon all ports, an American psychologist, found nearly 18 000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing, his personality. Bookworms, conservatives, military types-people are described with such terms. People have always tried to “type” each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain’ s(坏人) or the hero’s role. In fact, the words “person” and “personality” come from the Latin persona, meaning “mask.” Today, most television and movie actors do not wear masks. But we can easily tell the “good guys” from the “bad guys” because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions. 78 61. The main idea of this passage is . A) how to distinguish people’s faces B) how to describe people’s personality C) how to distinguish people both inward and outward D) how to differ good persons from bad persons 62. The author is most probably a . A) behaviorist B) psychologist C) writer D) sociologist 63. Which of the following is NOT true? A) Different people may have different personalities. B) People differ from each in appearance. C) People can learn to recognize faces. D) People can describe all the features of others. 64. The reason why it is easier to describe a person’s personality in words than his face is that . A) a person’s face is more complex than his personality B) a person’s personality is easily distinguished C) people’s personalities are very alike D) many words are available when people try to describe one’s personality 65. We learn from the passage that people classify a person into certain . type according to A) his way of acting and thinking B) his way of speaking and behaving C) his learning and behavior D) his physical appearance and his personality Passage 14 Most young people enjoy some form of physical activity. It may be walking, cycling or swimming, or in winter, skating or skiing. it may be a game of some kind football, hockey(曲棍球), golf, of tennis, it may be mountaineering. Those who have a passion for climbing high and difficult mountains are often looked upon with astonishment. Why are men and women willing to suffer cold and hardship, and to take risks on high mountains? This astonishment is caused probably by the difference between mountaineering and other forms of activity to which men give their leisure. Mountaineering is a sport and not a game. There are no man-made rules, as there re for such games as golf and football. There are, of course, rules of a different kind which it would be dangerous to ignore, but it is this freedom from man-made rules that makes mountaineering attractive to many people. Those who climb mountains are free to use their own methods. If we compare mountaineering and other more familiar sports, we might think that one big difference is that mountaineering is not a ‘team game’. We should be mistaken in this. There are, it is true, no ‘matches’ between ‘teams’ of climbers, but when climbers are on a rock face linked by a rope on which their lives may depend, there is obviously teamwork. 79 The mountain climber knows that he may have to fight forces that are stronger and more powerful than man. He has to fight the forces of nature. His sport requires high mental and physical qualities. A mountain climber continues to improve in skill year after year. A skier is probably past his best by the age of thirty, and most international tennis champions are in their early twenties. But it is no unusual for a man of fifty or sixty to climb the highest mountains in the Alps. They may take more time than younger men, but they probably climb with more skill and less waste of effort, and they certainly experience equal enjoyment. 66. Mountaineering is a sport which involves . A) hardship C) physical risk B) cold D) all of the above 67. The main difference between a sport and a game lies in . A) uniform C) rules B) activity D) skills 68. Mountaineering is also a team sport because . A) it involves rules B) it involves matches between teams qualities C) it requires mental and physical D) mountaineers depend on each other while climbing 69. Which of the following is NOT true? A) Mountaineers compete against each other. Mountaineers compete against other teams. B) C) Mountaineers compete against nature. D) Mountaineers compete against international standard. 70. What is the best title for the passage? A) Mountaineering B) Mountain Climbers C) Mountaineering is Different from Golf and Football D) Mountaineering Is More Dangerous Than Other Sports Passage 15 There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优 先) it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling? If spelling become the only focal point of his teacher’s interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. That’s why teachers often encourage the early use of 80 dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability. I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience: “ This work is terrible! There are far too many spelling errors and technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had feelings. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centered on the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation (动力) to seek improvement. 71. Teachers are different in their opinions about . A) the necessity of teaching spelling B) the role of spelling in general language development C) the way of teaching spelling D) the complexities of the basic writing skills 72. As used in the second paragraph, the expression “play safe” most probably means . A) to spell correctly B) to write smoothly C) to avoid using words one is not sure of D) to use dictionaries frequently 73. Teachers encourage the students to use dictionaries so that . A) students will be able to write more freely B) students will be more skillful in writing C) students will be more confident in writing D) students will be independent enough 74. The author’s tone is . A) ironic C) satirical B) practical D) critical 75. This passage mainly discusses . A) the necessity of spelling B) the role of developing writing skills C) the complexities of spelling D) the relationship between spelling and the content of writing Passage 16 Tea drinking was common in China for nearly one thousand years before anyone in Europe had ever heard about tea. People in Britain were much slower in finding out what tea was like, mainly because tea was very expensive. It could not be bought in shops and even those people who could afford to have it sent from Holland did so only because it was a fashionable curiosity. Some of them were not sure how to use it. They thought it was a vegetable and tried cooking the leaves. Then they served them mixed with butter and salt. They soon discovered their mistake but many people used to spread the used tea leaves on bread and give them to their children as sandwiches. 81 Tea remained scarce and very expensive in England until the ships of the East India Company began to bring it direct from China early in the seventeenth century. During the next few years so much tea came into the country that the price fell and many people could afford to buy it. At the same time people on the Continent were becoming more and more fond of tea. Until then tea had been drunk without milk in it, but one day a famous French lady named Madame de Sevigne decided to see what tea tasted like when milk was added. She found it so pleasant that she would never again drink it without milk. Because she was such a great lady her friends thought they must copy everything she did, so they also drank their tea with milk in it. Slowly this habit spread until it reached England and today only very few Britons drink tea without milk. At first, tea was usually drunk after dinner in the evening No one ever thought of drinking tea in the afternoon until a duchess (公爵夫人) found that a cup of tea and a piece of cake at three or four o’clock stopped her getting “a sinking feeling” as she called it. She invited her friends to have this new meal with her and so, tea-time was born. 76. Which of the following is true of the introduction of tea into Britain? A) The Britons got expensive tea from India. B) Tea reached Britain from Holland. C) The Britons were the first people in Europe who drank tea. D) It was not until the 17th century that the Britons had tea. 77. This passage mainly discusses . A) the history of tea drinking in Britain B) how tea became a popular drink in Britain C) how the Britons got the habit of drinking tea D) how tea-time was born 78. Tea became a popular drink in Britain . A) in eighteenth century B) in sixteenth century C) in seventeenth century D) in the late seventeenth century 79. People in Europe began to drink tea with milk because . A) it tasted like milk B) it tasted more pleasant C) it became a popular drink D) Madame de Sevinge was such a lady with great social influence that people tried to copy the way she drank tea 80. We may infer from the passage that the habit of drinking tea in Britain was mostly due to the influence of . A) a famous French lady 82 B) the ancient Chinese C) the upper social class D) people in Holland Passage 17 A mysterious “black cloud” approaches the earth – our planet’s weather is severely affected. Throughout the rest of June and July temperatures rose steadily all over the Earth. In the British isles the temperature climbed through the eighties, into the nineties, and moved towards the hundred mark. People complained, but there was no serious disaster. The death number in the U. S. Remained quite small, thanks largely to the air-conditioning units that had been fitted during previous years and months. Temperatures rose to the limit of human endurance throughout the whole country and people were obliged to remain indoors for weeks on end. Occasionally air-conditioning units failed and it was then that fatalities occurred. Conditions were utterly desperate throughout the tropics (热带地区) as may be judged from the fact that 7943 species of plants and animals became totally extinct. The survival of Man himself was only possible because of the caves and cellars (地窖) he was able to dig. Nothing could be done to reduce the hot air temperature. More than seven hundred million persons are known to have lost their lives. Eventually the temperature of the surface waters of the sea rose, not so fast as the air temperature it is true, but fast enough to produce a dangerous increase of humidity (湿度). It was indeed this increase that produced the disastrous conditions just remarked. Millions of people between the latitudes of Cairo and the Cape of Good Hope were subjected to a choking atmosphere that grew damper and hotter from day to day. All human movement ceased. There was nothing to be done but to lie breathing quickly as a dog does in hot weather. By the fourth week of July conditions in the tropics lay balanced between life and total death. Then quite suddenly rain clouds appeared over the whole globe. The temperature declined a little, due no doubt to the clouds reflecting more of the Sun’s radiation back into space, But conditions could not be said to have improved. Warm rain fell everywhere, even as far north as Iceland. The insect population increased enormously, since the burning hot atmosphere was as favorable to them as it was unfavorable to Man many other animals. 81. In the British Isles the temperature . A) stayed at eighty B) ranged from eighty to ninety C) approached one hundred D) exceeded the hundred mark 82. Few people in the United States lost their lives because . 83 A) the temperature was tolerable B) people remained indoors for weeks C) the government had taken effective measures to reduce the hot temperature D) people were provided with the most comfortable air-conditioners 83. Millions of people in Cairo (开罗) and the Cape of Good Hope (好望 角) were subjected to a choking atmosphere because . A) the temperature grew extremely hot B) the temperature became damper and hotter as the humidity of the surface waters of the sea increased C) their conditions were too dangerous D) nothing could be done with the hot temperature 84. By the fourth week of July conditions in the tropics were such that . A) human survival would be impossible B) more and more people would lose their lives C) fewer people could be saved D) survival or death was still undecided . 85. The insect population increased due to A) the hot air B) the tropical climate C) the rain clouds D) the damp atmosphere Passage 18 In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality, and this in turn leads to further sharing. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the “battle of the sexes”. If the process goes too far and man’s role is regarded as less important - and that has happened in some cases – we are as badly of as before, only in reverse. It is time to reassess the role of the man in the American family. We are getting a little tired of “monism” (母亲崇拜), - but we don’t want to exchange it for a “neo-popism (新父亲崇拜)。” What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit (信任) – not all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a woman’ 84 s place is the home. We are beginning, however, to analyze men’s place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child. The family is a cooperative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems. Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is connected not only with a healthy democracy, but also with a healthy family. 86. From the passage we know that the author is very concerned with the role that . A) parents play in bringing up their children B) men play in a family C) women play in a family D) equality plays in a family 87. The author means to tell us that . A) a man’s place is in the home B) a woman’s place is in the home should be equal to a man C) a woman D) a man should have an equal share in family matters 88. According to the author, a healthy family should be based on . A) cooperation C) momism B) authoritarianism D) neo-popism 89. Who will benefit most from a family pattern of sharing in tasks and decisions? A) The children. C) The man. B) The woman D) The psychologist. 90. We may safely conclude from the passage that . A) male superiority maintains a healthy family B) authority and democracy are very essential to a healthy family C) authoritarianism does no good to a healthy family D) women should be equal to men Passage 19 I don’t think there is anything wrong with your blood. The key to your problem is that long nap (打盹，小睡) after dinner. If you didn’t sleep for hours during the early part of the evening, you would be more ready to sleep at bedtime. If you didn’t nap after dinner, you would not want to stay up so late, and you would not feel the need to take a sleeping pill. The pill is still working in your system when you get up in the morning. This helps account for the fact that you feel tired all day. You should get out of the habit of sleeping during the evening. Right after your evening meal, engage in some sort of physical activity --- a 85 sport such as bowling, perhaps. Or get together with friends for an evening of cards and conversation. Then go to bed at your usual time or a little earlier, and you should be able to get a good night's rest without taking a pill. If you can get into the habit of spending your evenings this way, I am sure you will feel less tired during the day. At first it may be hard for you to go to sleep without taking a pill. If so, get up and watch television or do some jobs around your house until you feel sleepy. If you fall asleep and then wake up a few hours later, get up but do not take a sleeping pill. Read a while or listen to the radio, and make yourself a few hours’ sleep that night, you will feel better in the morning than you usually feel after taking a pill. The next night you will be ready to sleep at an earlier hour. The most important thing is to avoid taking that nap right after dinner and avoid taking pills. 91. According to the writer, it is difficult for you to go to sleep because . A) you get the habit of staying up late B) you haven’t taken sleeping pills C) you sleep for hours after dinner D) you fail to do some exercises 92. Which of the following is NOT true if you want to get out of the habit of sleeping during the evening? to bed earlier than usual. A) Go B) Talk with friends after dinner. C) Stay with friends after dinner. D) Do some physical labor. 93. You feel tired all day probably because . A) you stay up too late B) you get up too early in the morning C) you take sleeping pills D) you wake up too frequently at night 94. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A) You mustn’t take sleeping pills in order to get a good night’s sleep. B) You should stay up if you want to sleep effectively. C) Food is necessary at night if you fail to go to sleep. D)It is very important to get out of the habit of taking a nap after dinner. 95. We may infer that the author is most probably a . A) doctor C) scientist B) reporter D) professor Passage 20 Have you ever been afraid to talk back when you were treated unfairly? Have you ever bought something just because the salesman talked you into it? Are you afraid to ask someone for a date? 86 Many people are afraid to assert (表现) themselves. Dr. Alberti, author of Stand Up, Speak Out, and Talk Back, thinks it’s because their self-respect is low. “Our whole set up (体制) is designed to make people distrust themselves, ” says Alberti. “There’s always ‘superior’ around – a parent, a teacher, a boss – who ‘knows better’. There superiors often gain when they chip (削弱) away at your self-image.” But Alberti and other scientists are doing something to help people assert themselves. They offer “assertiveness training ” courses – AT for short. In the AT courses people learn that they have a right to be themselves. They learn to speak out and feel good about doing so. They learn to be more active without hurting other people. In one way, learning to speak out is to overcome fear. A group taking a course will help the timid person to lose his fear. But At uses an even stronger motive-the need to share. The timid person speaks out in the group because he wants to tell how the feels. Whether or not you speak up for yourself depends on your self-image. If someone you face is more “important” than you, you may feel less of a person. You start to doubt your own good sense. You go by the other person’s demand. But, why should you? AT says you can get to feel good about yourself. And once you do , you can learn to speak out. 96. As used the first line, the phrase “talk back” means . A) persuade somebody to change his mind B) answer showing disagreement C) talk and go back D) fight bravely 97. The passage mainly discusses the problem that . A) people are easily cheated when they buy something B) people are afraid to speak for themselves C) some people think too low of the themselves D) some people are afraid of superiors 98. We may infer from the passage that the author’s attitude towards the whole set up is . A) positive B) negative C) hostile D) appreciative 99. One thing that “Assertiveness Training” does not do is . A) help people overcome fear B) show people they have a right to be themselves C) help people to assert themselves even if others suffer D) help people to feel good about themselves 100. A best title for this passage is . A)Assertiveness Training 87 B)Development of Self-respect C)The Importance of Self-image D)How to Feel Good About Yourself Keys Passage 1CBDAD Passage 2BCDDC Passage 3BBACC Passage 4CDDAC Passage 5DCDBB Passage 6CCBDB Passage 7CDCAB Passage 8BCCDA Passage 9BDCAC Passage 10CDBCA Passage 11CDDCA Passage 12ABDBC Passage 13CBDDD Passage 14DCDCA Passage 15BCCDD Passage 16BACDC Passage 17CDBDA Passage 18BDAAB Passage 19CDCDA Passage 20BCBCA 如何理解长句 长句是让我们感到很困难的句子，长句的明显特点就是句子比较长，一个句子往往有三、四行，甚至一个句子就是一段。许多应试者在阅读时经常会陷入一个很长的句子中，不知道它到底讲了些什么。长句之所以长，主要有下面几个原因: I. 从句多又长:一个主句带多个从句，从句中又有从句。 应对方法:首先找到主句的主体部分(即主语、谓语和宾语)，再确定从句的主体部分，如果从句中还有从句，在确定下面一层从句的主、谓、宾。注意阅读时一层一层进行，先把同一层次的内容看完，再看下一层次的内容。 例如:98年的第三篇阅读文章中有这样一句话:“A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research。” 这句话就是在that引导的宾语从句中，又套入了两个who引导的定语从句。这个句子主句的主体是a survey reveals that„。从句的结构比较复杂:主语是the antiscience tag(反科学的标签)，谓语是has been attached to(被贴到)，宾语是many other groups，后面用了一个from sb. who„to sb. who„ 88 的结构来举例解释这些groups包括什么人。这句话的意思是“1996年进行的一次对新书的调查显示，“反科学”的标签也被贴在了很多别的人群的身上，包括提倡根除残余的天花病毒的权威机构，以及提倡削减基础科学研究资金的民主党人。” II(长长的插入成分:考研阅读所选文章的一大特点就是喜欢用插入语，比如，用插入语交代某句话是谁说的，说话人是什么身份;或是用插入语来修饰、解释、补充前面的内容等等。插入语使作者能更灵活地表达自己的意思，但是插入语过长或是过多容易使读者找不到阅读的重点。从形式上看，插入语的出现有明显标志:用双破折号与主句隔开或者用双逗号与主句隔开。 应对方法:读句子时，先不要理会插入语，先把主句的意思看完。然后再看插入部分。 例如:99年第一篇阅读文章中有这样一句话:“Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. ” 这句话的插入语比较多，首先我们要找出主句:stepladders carry labels(梯子上贴着标签)，这个labels有两个修饰语several inches long和一个that引导的从句。 从句的主语是that(也就是labels)，谓语是warn，宾语又是另一个that引导的从句，在warn和宾语从句中插入among other things，表示宾语的内容只是在warn(被警告的)众多内容中列举的一个。这个被列举的内容是fall off(摔下来)，但在fall off之前又插入了一个surprise!，插入这个词是因为作者认为梯子警告fall off是件令人吃惊的事，因为爬梯子本来就有摔下来的危险，但商家为了怕消费者控告，竟然将这么明显的事情也写进了警告语。 这个句子的阅读顺序应该是:第一层stepladders carry labels several inches long that，第二层是that warn that you might fall off，最后再看两个插入的部分among other things和surprise! III(分词状语、独立主格结构的干扰:分词状语就是指用doing或done引导的伴随状语、原因状语等;独立主格结构有时由with引导，看似主谓结构，但实际上并没有真正的谓语部分。由于这些成分的干扰，不仅增加了句子的长度，而且使人很容易错把它们当成主句。在这里，我们不去仔细研究它们的语法构成，而主要研究一下在阅读时怎样分辨主句和这些从属部分。 应对方法:主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结构，尤其是独立的谓语部分。什么样的词能构成独立的谓语部分,注意:do\does和is\am\are的各种时态变化都可以做谓语，但是单纯的to do\doing\done和to be\being的形式是不可以做谓语的。一个看似句子的结构，如果没有独立的谓语部分，那它就不是句子，而是分词短语或者独立主格结构。 例如:1994年考研阅读的第四篇文章中有这样一句话:“With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy。” With引导的是一个独立主格结构，在这个句子中做原因状语，也就是说“因为现存癌症的种类有120种之多，所以„”。这句话的主语是由一个复杂的动名词短语充当的，即discovering how cancer works。由于这句话的状语较长，主语又是这样的一个复杂结构，所以大家往往感到找不到这个句子的主干。实际上，只要抓住谓语动词就很容易找到句子主干。由于单纯doing的形式是不可以做谓 89 语的，所以在这个句子里，discovering就绝不可能是谓语。它是一个动名词，相当于名词的用法，因此它是做主语的。Works虽然是谓语，但它是how cancer works这个从句中的谓语，而不是主句的谓语。所以，主句的谓语只有is。 在实际的阅读过程中，我们常常会碰到包含上面三种情况的超复杂句子，即:一个句子中既有从句又有插入成分，还有分词状语或者独立主格结构。阅读这种句子的正确方法是:从前向后，抓住独立的谓语部分从而区别出主句和分词状语，再根据从句的连接词(有时无连接词)区分主句和从句，层层理解，插入语插在哪个层次中就放在哪个层次中理解。 我们举一个例子来练习一下这种阅读方法。 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. (99年第四篇阅读) 这句话比较长。主句在哪里,首先我们应该在从前向后读的过程中，根据独立的谓语动词找到主句。第一个动词是declaring，由于单纯的doing形式不能做谓语，所以它引导的是一个伴随状语。主句的主语是第二行的he，谓语是ordered，后面的that引导的宾语从句做ordered的宾语，这个宾语从句中还出现了一个插入语(用破折号标明)。 宾语从句的全部内容属于下一个层次，可以暂时不看。再看破折好后面，又出现了一个独立的谓语动词asked，由于从句的主语federal funds不会发出asked的动作，因此asked是主句的谓语动词。说明主句主语he发出了两个动作ordered和asked，用and连接，asked的后面也有一个比较长的宾语从句。 我们在理清了文章的第一层结构是:Declaring that„, he ordered that„ and asked„之后，我们就可以分别分析这三个动词的宾语部分了。 a. Declaring后面是一个that引导的宾语从句，表示其宣布的内容是“反对利用这项非同寻常的畜牧技术来克隆人体”; b. ordered之后也是一个宾语从句，但其中又插入了一个成分“他同时下令禁止政府资助这种试验----尽管目前还没有人提出要这样做”; c. ask一词后面通常接ask sb. to do sth.的结构，这句话比较复杂，但其主要结构仍是ask an panel to report back，只不过每个主要成分又有限定和修饰语。 这句话的意思是“命令一个由普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro带领的独立专家小组在三个月内向白宫汇报，对制定人体克隆方面的政策提供建议。” 90