张维友〈词汇学教程〉答案

《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 【Chapter 1】 7． tart: loose woman  bloke: fellow  gat: pistol  swell: great  chicken: coward  blue: fight  smoky: police  full: drunk  dame: woman  beaver: girl 8.  haply = perhaps  albeit = although  methinks = it seems to me  eke = also  sooth = truth  morn = morning  troth = pledge    ere = before  quoth = said      hallowed = holy  billow = wave/ the sea  bade = bid 12. Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loans kettle die wall skirt husband confrere pro patria Wunderkind mikado parvenu chopstick typhoon black humour long time no see dream         【Chapter 2】 Ex.1 The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2.                    Indo-European Language Family Balto-Slavic    Indo-Iranian            Celtic      Italian      Hellenic      Germanic Roumanian          Hindi                Breton      Spanish    Greek           English Lithuanian          Persian                Scottish    French                  Swedish Prussian                            Irish        Italian                  German Polish                                    Portuguese                  Norweigian Slavenian                                                          Icelandic Russian                                                          Danish Bulgarian                                                          Dutch 6.    When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary. 8.    eventful [Latin + English]            hydroplane [Greek + Latin] falsehood [ Latin + English]        pacifist [Latin + Greek] saxophone [German + Greek] heirloom [ French + English] joss house [ Portuguese + English]     television [Greek + Latin] 9. amateur (late)            finacé (late)            empire (early) peace (E)                courage (E)            garage (L) judgement (E)            chair (E)            chaise (L) grace (E)                servant (E)            routine (L) jealous (E)                savaté (L)            genre (L) gender (E)                début (L)            morale (L) state (E)                    chez (L)                ballet (L) 11.    allegro, f         轻快 andante, j         行板 diminuendo, g     渐弱 largo, d             缓慢 pianoforte, a     轻转慢 alto, i             女低音 crescendo, b     渐强 forte, e            强 piano, h         轻 soprano, c         女高音 12. cherub (Hebrew)           snorkel (G)    coolie (Hindi)              tulip (Turk) lasso (Sp)                    wok (Ch) shampoo (Indian)            chocolate (Mex) tepee (Am Ind)              jubilee (Gr) kibitz (G)                      Sabbath (Heb) chipmunk (Am Ind)          tamale (Mex) cotton (Arab)                  voodoo (Afr) loot (Hindi)                  sauerbraten (G) 13. a. alligator            b. loco c. rodeo                d. bonanza e. igloo                f. blitzkrieg g. wigwam            h. canoe i. hurricane            j. boomerang k. panchos 【Chapter 3】 1.    a. morpheme                    b. allomorph c. bound morpheme            d. free morpheme e. affix                        f. informational affix g. derivational affix            h. root i. stem                        j. base 3.     individualistic    individualist + ic [stem, base] individual + ist [stem, base] individu + al [stem, base] in + dividu [root, stem, base] undesirables un + desirable [stem, base] desir + able [root, stem, base] free morpheme = free root morpheme                     bound root bound morpheme            inflectional affix affix                    prefix derivational affix suffix 【Chapter 4】 Affixation 5.    non-smoker            incapable                impractical            disobey                insecurity                irrelevant        immature            inability/disability        unofficially unwillingness            illegal                    disagreement illogical                    disloyal                inconvenient non-athletic 6.    harden                    horrify                    modernize memorize                falsify                    apologize deepen                    glorify                    sterilize lengthen                    intensify                    beautify fatten                    sympathize a.    apologized            b.    beautify            c.    lengthening d.    sympathized            e.    fatten            f.    falsify g.    memorizing            h.    Sterilize 7.    a.    employee            b.    politician            c.    participant d.    waitress                e.    conductor            f.    teacher g.    pianist                h.    examinee/examiner 8.    trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-world mono- = one: monorail, monoculture super- = over, above: superstructure,     supernatural auto- = self: autobiography, automobile sub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutrition mini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwar pre- = before: prehistorical, preelection ex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmer Compounding heartbeat [S + V]                    brainwashing [V + O] movie-goer [place + V]            baking powder [ V +adv] far- reaching [V + Adv]            dog-tired [adv + a] lion-hearted [adv + a]                love-sick [adv + a] boyfriend [S + complement]        peace-loving [V +O] snap decision [V + O]            easy chair [ a + n] on-coming [V +adv]                tax-free [adv +a] light-blue [a + a]                    goings-on [V +adv] 4.    well-bred/well-behaved            culture-bound/homebound needle work/homework            praiseworthy/respectworthy bar-woman/sportswoman            nation-wide/college-wide clear-minded/strong-minded        military-style/newstyle self-control/self-respect            budget-related/politics-related water-proof/fire-proof            once-fashionable/once-powerful news-film/news-letter            mock-attack/mock-sadness sister-in-law/father-in-law            home-baked/home-produced half-way/half-done                ever-lasting/ever-green age-conscious/status-conscious    campus-based/market-based Conversion 7.    a.    stomach [n → v] b.    room [n → v] c.    wolf [n → v] d.    come/go [v → n] e.    familiar [a → n] f.    innocent [a → n] g.    flat [a → n] h.     ah/ ouch [int → v] i.    warm [a → n] j.    has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n] k.    Hamlet [proper n → v] l.    buy [v → n] m.    smooth [a → v] Blending motel         (motor + hotel)  humint         (human + intelligence) advertisetics     (advertisement + statistics) psywarrior    (psychological warrior) hoverport     (hovercraft + port) chunnel         (channel + tunnel) hi-fi         (high + fidelity) cinemactress (cinema + actress) Clipping copter (helicopter)        dorm (dormitory) lab (laboratory)            prefab (prefabricated house) gas (gasoline)            prof (professor)         scope (telescope)            champ (champion)    sarge (sergeant)            mike (microphone)    ad (advertisement)        tec (detective) Acronymy 2.    kg = kilogram        ft = foot        cf = confer cm = centimeter    $ = dollar            ibid = ibidem        etc. = et cetera        VIP = very important person OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries TOEFL = teaching of English as a foreign language 3.    a.     SALT b.     radar c.     AIDS d.     BASIC e.     Laser f.     WHO g.     sonar h.     G-man Backformation 2.    lase (laser) escalate (escalator) babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish) orate (orator) commute (commuter) Commonization of Proper Names a. tantalize—Tantalus b. Argus-eyed—Argus c. narcissism—Narcissus d. sabotage—sabots e. martinet—Martinet f. yahoo—Yahoo g. Shylock—Shylock h. hoovering—Hoover i. utopia—Utopia j. Uncle Tommism—Uncle Tom　 【Chapter 5】 6.    apes—b             birds—a cattle—m             cricket—n doves—c            foxes—j geese—k            sheep—f wolves—g            monkeys—e pigs—l                hyenas—h turkeys—d            swans—i 9.    a.    A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear             power might have all the positive     associations with “atomic”, such as             “benefit, energy”, etc. b.    A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end             of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such         as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc. c.    To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery,         science, knowledge”, etc. 10.    talkative:     implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral) articulate:     expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive) gossip:         indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative) rambling:     talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative) fluent:         speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive) mouthy:     overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative) 11. No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative 1   particular fastidious/fussy 2   critical fault-finding/picky 3   style/vogue fad 4 artful   cunning/sly 5   unstable fickle/capricious 6 developing   underdeveloped/ backward 7 encourage/ promote   instigate 8   group clique/gang         14.    bull        [-HUMAN    +MALE        +ADULT    +BOVINE] cow        [-HUMAN    -MALE        +ADULT    +BOVINE] calf        [-HUMAN    +MALE        -ADULT    +BOVINE] rooster    [-HUMAN    +MALE        +ADULT    +GALLINE] hen        [-HUMAN    -MALE        +ADULT    +GALLINE] chicken    [-HUMAN    +MALE        +ADULT    +GALLINE] -HUMAN   bull cow calf +BOVINE rooster hen chicken +GALLINE +MALE -MALE +ADULT           【Chapter 6】 Polysemy Homonymy 4.    1)    Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have         enough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of             homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the             lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole             sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they             made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn             enough money to survive.)( 2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same.         I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread. 2)    Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we             cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a             mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one             may feel warm. 3)     arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon             ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down             his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper         limbs. Synonymy 3.    avaricious:        greedy courteously:        politely emancipate:        set free customary:        usual width:            breadth adversary:        opponent gullible:            deceived remainder:        residue innocent:        sinless obstacle:        obstruction vexation:        annoyance 5.    a. identifiable        b. safety c. motivates            d. delicate e. surroundings        f. artificial g. prestige            h. perspire i. accomplishment    j. silent k. impressive        l. evaporate 6.    run      move          spin    turn        whirl        roll 7.    a. stead            b. gee-gee        c. ripe    d. mature        e. effective        f. efficient    g. fatigued, children                h. tired, kids i. declined        j. refused        k. rancid l. addled            m. Penalties        n. fines    o. rebuked        p. accused Antonymy 5.    a. similar/same                 b. safe c. sharp/ smart                 d. send e. stingy/ selfish             h. simple f. significant/sensible            i. sure g. skeptical/ suspicious        l. smooth j. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppy k. sleepiness/ sleep / slumber m. subjective                 n. sob/ scowl　 6.    a. old-fashioned         b. completely c. moisture             d. special e. essential             f. similarity g. innocent            h. rigid i. loosen             j. clarity k. deserted            l. fruitful m. peremptory        n. depressed o. indifferent 7.    a. feed—starve, cold-fever         b. wisdom—follies c. haste—leisure                  d. penny—pound, wise—foolish    e. speech—silence                  f. absence—presence  g. admonish—praise              i. wise men—fools  h. young—old     private—public     saint—devil  j. mind—body                      k. foul—fair l. danger—security                  m. deliberate--prompt  n. children—parents              o. bully—coward p. head—tail 　 8. right—wrong         single—return dry—sweet             hard—easy strong—faint         rough—calm light—dark             cold—warm high—low/deep　 Hyponymy 3.    furniture:     desk, chair, table, bed matter:     liquid, gas, solid meat:     pork, beef, mutton go:     run, fly, walk 4.        profession        workplace surgeon:         clinic, hospital plumber:        house, building lawyer:             office, law courts mechanic:        garage photographer:     studio foreman:         worksite, factory comb mirror hairbrush 5.    sleepers rug dressing table BEDROOM carpet dressing gown bed mattress wardrobe clothes sheets pillows pyjamas blankets 6.    In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general     and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced     respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates,     conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1. In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms,     which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel,     burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates.     Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better. Semantic field 3.    Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The     difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of     another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not     synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or     superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in     style or affective meaning. 【Chapter 7】 4.    1)    extension        2)    extension 3)    narrowing        4)    degradation 5)    elevation        6)    narrowing 7)    extension        8)    extension 9)    narrowing        10)    elevation 11)    narrowing        12)    degradation 13)    degradation        14)    degradation 5.    a. associated transfer      b. abstract to concrete c. abstract to concrete     d. abstract to concrete   e. abstract to concrete     f. abstract of concrete g. associated transfer 　    h. associated transfer   i. synesthesia         j. synesthesia 6.    a. objective             b. subjective, objective c. objective             d. subjective e. subjective         f. subjective g. subjective         h. subjective, objective 7.    a.  die                    b. graveyard c.  bedlam疯人院            d. old people e.    strike                    f. Policeman g.    stupid pupil                h. poor people i.    toilet                    j. fat person k.    unemployed mother    【Chapter 8】 2.    a.     to repair b.      measurement and determination of one’s position c.      predicament d.      injection a.      a single complete dividing part (of a rocket) b.     the theatre or acting as a     profession c.      a particular point or period in a process of development d.     to plan, arrange and carry out a.      interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding or harmony b.      conversation c.      a written conversation (of a play, etc.) 3.    a. synonym        b. explanation/ definition c. antonym        d. example