英国文学简史 文艺复兴(16世纪)

四、The Renaissance(16世纪) 一、文学知识 Definitions of the Literary Terms: 1. The Renaissance: It is a cultural and intellectual movement. It started in Italy in the late 13th century and gradually spread in Europe. The peak of Renaissance occurred at different time in different places. In England it was in 16th century. It was brought out by the growth of productive forces with the development of new forces of social relationships. It signified the beginning of disruption of feudal system. It’s a great liberation of human thought. It became the movement against feudalism and the classical literature and culture. The second feature is keen interest in human activities. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2. Humanism:Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It is a kind of literature and psychological system of thought. It tries to place the affairs of mankind at the center of their concerns. It originated in Italy during Renaissance and soon spread through out west Europe. It reflects the interest and new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists. 二、文学分类和代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 作家 1、小说: 1)Thomas More (1478-1535)an outstanding humanist in the early 16th century Utopia: The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. 2)John Lyly(1553-1606):Eupheus 大学才子:Thomas Kyd, John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, Thomas Deloney, Thomas Nashe, Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene. 2、诗歌lyrical poems: Sonnet:is a lyrical poem in 14 lines with 10 syllables in each line, usually in iambic pentameter. It’s composed in definite rhyming scheme, of which the Petrarcan and Shakespearean are the principle. The Petrarcan sonnet was introduced into England by Thomas Wyatt and Earl of Surrey in the early 16th century. The rhyme pattern was abba abba cdcdcd/ cde cde. The rhyme pattern of Shakespearean sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg. Sonnet became a perfect English poetic medium in the hands of Shakespeare and Milton and so on. 1Thomas Wyatt(1503-1542)[first introduced the sonnet into English literature]; Earl of Surrey 2Earl of Surrey(1527-1547)[created blank verse]; 3Philip Sidney(1554-1586); 4Edmund Spenser(1552-1599). the author of the greatest epic poem of the time The Fairy Queen; The Shepherds’ Calendar.He created a new stanza, called the Spenserian stanza, which is well suited to narrative verse. Spenserian stanza: Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc. 3、Essay Francis Bacon(1561-1626) The founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science in England.. He is the first English essayist. 散文:Of Truth; Of Studies 4、戏剧 A Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593) Marlowe was the first great English Dramatist. In his plays, Marlowe used blank verse, which he molded into a superb instrument for expressing intense emotions. After his development of blank verse it became the standard 1 medium for English dramatic & epic poetry. 作品:Doctor Faustus; The Jew of Malta; Tamburlaine B) Ben Jonson(1572-1637) 作品:Every Man in His Humour; V olpone, or the Fox; The Alchemist; Bartholomew Fair. C William Shakespeare(1564-1616) The First Period (1590-1594)-five historical plays & four comedies: Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅰ (1590) Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅱ (1590) Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅲ (1591) Richard Ⅲ (1592) Titus Andronicus (1593) The Comedy of Errors (1592) The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594) The Taming of the Shrew (1593) Love's Labor's Lost (1594) The Second Period (1595-1600)-five historical plays, six comedies & two tragedies: Richard Ⅱ (1595) King John (1596) Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅰ & Part Ⅱ(1597) Henry V (1598) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1595) The Merchant of Venice (1596) Much Ado About Nothing (1598) As You Like It (1599) Twelfth Night (1600) The Merry Wives of Winsor (1598) Romeo & Juliet (1595) Julius Caesar (1599) The Third Period (1601-1609)-Seven tragedies & two dark comedies: Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth Antony & Cleopatra Troilus & Cressida Coriolonus All's Well That Ends Well Measure for Measure The Fourth Period (1609-1612)-Romantic tragic-comedies & two plays: Pericles Cymbeline The Winter's Tale The Tempest Henry Ⅷ The Two Noble Kinsmen Shakespeare's authentic non-dramatic poetry consists of two long narrative poems: Venus & Adonis & The Rape of Lucrece & his sequence of 154 sonnets. 2