英语音标基础知识（Basic knowledge of English phonetic symbols）

英语音标基础知识（Basic knowledge of English phonetic symbols） 英语音标基础知识(Basic knowledge of English phonetic symbols) Phoneme: phoneme is the smallest unit of speech, and has the function of distinguishing language meaning. English has 22 vowel phonemes and 28 consonant phonemes. Vowel: when a vowel sounds, the air flows out of the lungs, through the trachea, into the mouth, and in the oral cavity it is regulated by the sounds of the trachea, such as the tongue, lips, etc., but without hindrance. The front and back of the tongue, the height of the tongue, and the roundness of the lips affect the flow of air from the lungs, causing them to produce different vowel sounds. According to the range of the movement of the tongue, the English vowel can be divided into the front vowel, middle vowel and back vowel. When pronouncing, the vocal chords vibrate and are called voiced sounds. There are 22 vowel sounds in English, of which 12 are the unit sound and the 10 is the vowel. Consonants: when consonants are produced, air flow out of the lungs and is affected by the organs of speech such as lips, teeth, tongue, and throat. When consonants are voiced, the vocal cords vibrate with voiced consonants, and the voiceless vocal chords are voiceless consonants. There are 28 consonants in english. Two, Shaw's phonetic symbols: Shaw's phonetic symbols are phonemes, according to the rules of English pronunciation, select 50 letters and combinations of letters, representing 50 phonemes. The traditional method of learning English is to use the international phonetic alphabet or K.K. phonetic symbols to make phonemes. Three letters: letters are written in english. English has 26 letters, divided into 5 vowel letters and 21 consonant letters. Letters are fewer than phonemes, which shows how many pronunciations a letter has. The 5 vowel letters are: A, e, I, O, U. The 21 consonant letters are: B, C, D, F, G, h, J, K, l, m, N, P, Q, R,, s, t, Z, V, W, x, y. Four pronunciation rules: English is very inconsistent with pronunciation and spelling due to historical reasons and the influence of other European languages. A letter has different pronunciations in different words, mainly depending on the position of the letter in a word, the combination of the front and the back, and the word in the word. How the letters should be pronounced in different words is regular, and these rules are summed up into pronunciation rules. Five, pronunciation organs: in order to pronounce correctly, should know the composition of the pronunciation organ, how to use pronunciation organ pronunciation, how to pronounce the sound is accurate. Click here for your organ map. In the speech organs, activities of the vocal organs have tongue, lips, gums, soft palate, vocal cords. A correct grasp of the position and movements of the active organs of speech can produce the correct pronunciation. In the vocal organs, tongue, lips and gums are related in pronunciation, such as lips rounded and prominent, after the tongue will raise; the tongue is low, the gums must be open; on the contrary, the tongue is also folded gums. In the study of vowels, the tongue is very important, but it is not easy to grasp, and lip and gum action is easy to grasp, with the correct lips, gums with a correct tongue movement. Six 、 basic training of phonetics The training of basic pronunciation skills is of great help to both English pronunciation and Chinese pronunciation. (1) oral exercises; 1 、 oral muscle training (1) fully opening the mouth. (2) quickly open the mouth [ar]. (3) tongue end against the teeth, quickly open the mouth, [ee]. (4), tongue against the lower teeth, according to the 4 opening of the open jaws: upper and lower teeth 1 mm [i] [e], a forefinger, a forefinger with 1 mm, two finger [a]. (5) the tongue ends against the teeth, Rip open your mouth and slide to the flat mouth, [ie]. (6) the tongue end against the tooth, tear the big mouth, sliding to the round mouth, [ou]. (7) rounded lip, sliding to flat mouth, [oi]. 2, lip dynamics, stretching and flexibility (1) turn around the lip, turn left first, then turn right. (2) close the teeth and force [ue]. (3) the action of the kiss, do not force [sh]. (4) close the lips, push and pull before and after. (5) the teeth are closed, and the lips are pushed and pulled before and after the opening. (6) bite the meat, bite forward, and then come back. (7), trill. Close your lips, inhale deeply, and flow out of the air, causing the lips to vibrate passively. 3, the strength of the tongue, stretching and sensitivity (1) elongated tongue. (2) quick bite end [th] [th]. (3) brush your teeth with your tongue and brush around the teeth. (4), on the tongue: tongue gums open, touch the teeth [a], then touch the upper groove [t]. Alternate rapid progress. (5) two big belly: the first vocal cord vibration, the second vocal cords do not vibrate. (6), in Russian trill. The tongue ends against the alveolus and draws a deep breath. The air runs out and causes the tongue to vibrate passively. (two) abdominal breathing: the scientific method of breathing is the basis of scientific pronunciation. There are two main methods of breathing: (1) chest breathing: the movement of the air to both sides of the chest. The breath of chest breathing is inadequate, and the Chinese breathe in the chest. (2) abdominal breathing: the airflow moves below the chest. The breathing style of chest breathing is adequate. People in the general British and American countries, who engage in singing and language arts, breathe with the belly. Practice abdominal breathing method: chest relax, do not move, put a hand on the chest, a hand under the belt, through the lower abdomen open and contraction, upward push the bottom of the lungs to squeeze air, causing breathing action. (three) vocal cord vibration: when English vowels and voiced consonants are pronounced, the vocal cords vibrate. Scientific vocal cords vibrate to make sounds loud and full. Practice is as follows: The whole body muscle is tense, but let the chest cavity, the larynx cavity and the oral cavity relax, the throat cavity opens, exposes the vocal cord, the belly button below the belly from relaxes to the contraction, causes the abdominal respiration. The airflow produced by the contraction of the lower abdomen blows up the vocal cord vibration in the throat cavity, and sends out the sound of men, women, adults, children, crisp, loud, thin and metallic. Yes, I see. Bye bye. Who, are, you., who are you? (four) to further beautify the sound - resonance: pleasant voice is generally composed of two parts: vibration source and vibration source, sound, resonate in the resonator. For example, a drum drum is the vibration source, the drum is a resonant cavity. The vibration source of the human voice is the vocal cord, the body's sympathetic organs, mainly the nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx cavity, throat cavity, chest cavity and so on. 1, nasal resonance mainly: women often used, often stressed vocal cord vibration. Example: So, what', hap'pened? What happened then? 2 oral resonance mainly: adult men, especially when the voice is hoarse or close to the conversation. Example: I lov'e you. I love you. 3, emphasis on vocal cord vibration, and not much resonance: Women (especially the old lady), children or conversation distance, when the sound is more common, American women have many people accustomed to this way of resonance. Example: It, s, ve'ry, ki'nd, of, you. It's very kind of you。 4, throat cavity resonance mainly: example: It "s time for lunch." lunch time. 5, chest resonance mainly: adult men, especially those with strong body are commonly used. Example: Please, o'pen, the, win'dow., please open the window. Important tips for learning English pronunciation When learning English pronunciation, the pronunciation organ location and pronunciation method must be accurate, must observe the tongue, the lip, the tooth and so on pronunciation organ precise movement process, can learn the standard pronunciation. Sound is the result, action is the fundamental process of making sound. In the teaching of Shaw's phonetic English, each phoneme must be exaggerated and in place. This spell is English, standard English pronunciation, it is possible to make a good English users feel stiff. But it is far more than the British English and American English dialect, dialect Chinese English can be the more English speakers to understand, but any English speakers do not feel bad, can accept, in order to achieve the "standard of English words". Students master English standard words, speed in practical use, naturally standards of English words discounted, vague, not in place, issued a speech in English speaking countries the teacher's pronunciation and pronunciation, the effect of foreigners, and has a strict distinction and Chinese speech. If you don't learn English beginners phonemes, began to imitate the teacher's pronunciation, the pronunciation of the word order, so learning English will be a teacher a talking in different dialects, taste, and severely disturbed Chinese speech. Foreign teachers will not teach you the correct pronunciation, just show you the British English dialect or American English dialect. We can talk to foreign coaches, but we can't talk to foreign teachers. Seven, vowel pronunciation method: vowel sound, see Table 1, vowel pronunciation method table. Description: semi open open 2/3 semi closed gums, 1/3. 1. Compare the pronunciation of the front vowels: the front vowels include [ee], [i], [e], and [a]. Before a vowel, lips from flat to gradually open slightly flat, almost all from the gums to almost full, before the tongue from high to low, followed by [ee], [i], [e], a [a]. 2, the middle vowel pronunciation comparison: middle vowel including [a.], [er]. In the vowel [a.], lip, tongue, gums are very natural, a mouth issued by [a.], central tongue slightly uplift, pronunciation is lengthened, on the issue of [er]. 3, after the vowel pronunciation comparison: the rear vowel including [ar], [u], [o], [or], [u], [ue]. After a vowel, lips from big to small, from full open to full gums, tongue from flat on the elevation, on the issue of [ar], [u], will be gradually rounded lips on the issue of [o], [or], [u], the garden to the minimum and highlight the lips lips, on the issue of [ue]. 4. Compare the vowel sounds of a pair of vowels. When you pronounce the vowel sounds, you can see the two vowels slide, but they seem to be a vowel. The double vowel divided into a diphthongs and diphthongs. The characteristics of the diphthongs are: gum from opening to closing, before a vowel sounds more clear, long back vowels are fuzzy, short. The two vowels of a concentrated vowel are pronounced more clearly, from [i], [e], and [u] to the middle vowel, respectively, [a.]. [u] resonance in the front of the mouth, other vowels and voiced consonants, and resonance at the back of the mouth. The initial consonant and final consonant of Chinese phonetic alphabet are the resonance of the front of the oral cavity, which is an important difference between English and chinese. When Chinese speak English, foreigners know it as "Chinglish", that is, when the Chinese speak English, they use the front of the mouth to resonate. The pronunciation of [a.] [i] is small, the pronunciation is lighter, and the other vowel sounds have large range of action, and the pronunciation is heavier. Eight, consonants pronunciation method: consonants pronunciation method, see Table 2, consonant pronunciation method table. Consonant articulation: consonants are lighter and weaker than vowels. To pronounce consonants, one is to master the pronunciation, and the two is to master the pronunciation. The pronunciation, location and pronunciation are correct, and the pronunciation is accurate. Vocal cords are not vibrating, they are voiceless consonants, and vocal cord vibrations are voiced consonants, which are easily distinguished. The initial consonant of Chinese phonetic alphabet is heavy and the front of the mouth resonates. In order to avoid "Chinglish", consonants must be light and weak and resonate at the back of the mouth. Location: bilabial consonants [p], [b], - [w], [f], [v], labiodentals, [th], dental tongue [th], [t], [d], alveolare [n], [l], [s], [z], [ts], [dz], alveolar back tone - [tr], [dr], [sh], [z], lingual alveolar, [ch], [j], [j] after palatal, retroflex, [g], [ng] [k], glottal [h]. Pronunciation consonants: [p], [b], [t]., [d], [k], [g]. - [n], [ng], [l], lateral fricative, [f], [v], [th], [th], [s], [z], [sh], [z], -, [h], [ch], [j], affricative [ts], [dz], [tr], [dr], [w], [y] semi vowel. For example, the end of tongue against alveolar alveolar plosive is [t], [d], hair, hair nasal lateral hair is [n], [l], [s], [z] hair fricative. Among them, [t] and [s] are voiceless consonants, and [d], [n], [l] and [z] are voiced consonants. Practice: 1, practice oral exercises every day, abdominal breathing 500 times, vocal cords vibration and resonance 100 times. 2. How many vowels are there in English? Write them out. 3. How many consonants are there in English? Write them out. 4. How many vowels are there in the front? What's the difference? How many vowels are there in the 5 and the back vowels? What's the difference? 6, how to accurately consonant? 7, avoid "Chinglish", pay attention to the resonance and the severity of consonants. Please specify. 8. How many letters are there in English? Write their capitals and lowercase letters, respectively.