10., the concept of relative surplus value（10.相对剩余价值的概念）

10., the concept of relative surplus value（10.相对剩余价值的概念） 10., the concept of relative surplus value(10.相对剩余价值 的概念) Tenth chapters The concept of relative surplus value Part of the workday is the equivalent of producing the value of the labor paid by the capital . So far, this part of the workday has been viewed as invariant, while in some cases Under the condition of production, it is the same in the existing stage of social economic development The. Workers can work 2 hours, 3 hours and 4 hours apart from the necessary labor hours Hours, 6 hours, etc. The residual value rate and the length of the workday depend on this extension The amount of. If the necessary labor time is constant, then, on the contrary, the whole working day is available Variable. Now suppose there is a workday, its total length, and its necessary labor and The division of surplus labor is fixed. For example, the AC line, a -- -- --- B - C stands for a twelve hour workday, and the AB section represents 10 hours of necessary labor, BC Paragraph represents 2 hours of remaining labor. Now, if there is no further extension of AC, or Say, do not rely on AC's further extension, how can we increase the production of surplus value? also In other words, how can we extend the surplus labor? Although the AC limit has been set for the workday, it appears that BC can still be extended, but not Beyond its end, C (and also the end of the workday AC) is lengthened, but by its end The starting point B is extended in the opposite direction to the a side. Assume A - - - - - B '- B - C, B' - B is equal to half of BC, or one Working hours. Assume that in a twelve hour workday AC, B moves to 'B', and BC Extended to B 'C, surplus labor increased by half, from 2 hours to 3 hours, though But the workday is still 12 hours. But obviously, if necessary labor does not come from ab at the same time Shorten to ab 'and shorten from 10 hours to 9 hours, so that the surplus labor will be extended from BC It is impossible to grow to B 'C, extending from 2 hours to 3 hours. The shortening of necessary labour Adapted to the extension of surplus labor, or, in fact, the worker has spent for himself A part of the labor time to be converted into the labor time consumed by the capitalists. Here, change It's not the length of the workday, but the amount of work necessary and the amount of work remaining on the day Branch. On the other hand, knowing the amount of work on the day and the value of the labor force is obvious The residual momentum itself. The value of the labor force, that is, the labor time needed to produce the labor force, Determine the labor time necessary to reproduce the value of the labor force. If a labor hour is used The gold bill means half shillings or 6 pence, and the daily value of the labor force is 5 shillings One must work 10 hours a day to make up for the day the capital pays his labor Value, or in order to produce the equivalent of the value of the material he needs every day. Knowing the value of these means of subsistence knows the value of the workers' labor force (1), knowing The value of the worker's labor is also known as the amount of time he will need to work. From the whole job The amount of labor remaining in the day is subtracted from the necessary labor time. 12 hours minus 10 When there are 2 hours left, it is impossible to see how the surplus work can be done under such conditions Extend to more than 2 hours. Capitalists, of course, can pay only 5 shillings without paying the workers Give 4 shillings, 6 pence, or less. The reproduction of the 4 shillings and 6 pence is worth 9 Labor hours are enough, so that in a twelve hour working day, the rest of the labor Not 2 hours, but 3 hours, and the surplus value itself rises from 1 shillings to... 1 shillings and 6 pence. But the result was only because of the wages of the workers Below the labor value. The worker received only 4 shillings 6 he produced in 9 hours Pence, He has less 1/10 than he used to have, so his labor force can only Atrophic reproduction. Here, the extension of surplus labor is simply to break the surplus The normal boundaries of labour and the extension of surplus labor are simply due to the necessity of occupation The range of labor time. Although this method plays an important role in the actual wage movement The effect, however, here, it should be ruled out because we assume that all goods are packaged The labor force is bought and sold at its full value. Now that such a holiday has been made The labor time necessary for the reproduction of the labor force or the reproduction of the value of the labor force, Not because the wages of the workers are less than the value of his labor, but only when This value itself decreases when it decreases. Remaining in the case of the length of the workday The extension of labor must be due to the shortening of the necessary labor time rather than the necessity of the opposite The shortening of labor time is due to the extension of surplus labor. As far as our example is concerned, labor The value of power must be actually reduced by 1/10, and the necessary labor time can be reduced by 1/10 10 hours reduced to 9 hours, so that the remaining labor from 2 hours to 3 hours. But the value of the labor force should be reduced by 1/10, the same amount of living material as ever Produced in 10 hours, it is now required to be produced in 9 hours. But to do it This would not be possible without increasing labour productivity. For example, a shoemaker uses one By the means, you can make a pair of leather boots in a twelve hour working day. If he wants In the same period of time, two pairs of leather boots, his labor productivity must be doubled. No Change his labor data or his method of labor, or not change the two at the same time Can double the labor productivity. Therefore, his labor production conditions, that is, he The mode of production, thus the labor process itself, must undergo revolution. Labor productive Here, in general, refers to such a change in the course of labor Shorten the labor time necessary for the production of a commodity so as to make a smaller amount of labor The ability to produce much more value for use. (2) in the study of what we have observed above In the production of surplus values in the form, we have assumed that the mode of production is established. and Now, for the surplus value produced by the necessity of labor into surplus labor, capital Only a process of labor left in history or extant form, and only Lengthening its duration is simply not enough. A technical strip that must change the course of labor And social conditions, so as to change the mode of production itself, so as to increase labor productivity Increase labor productivity to reduce the value of labor, thus shortening the reproduction of labor force The part of the work necessary for value. I call the surplus value produced by extended working days called absolute surplus value; Instead, I put the two groups by shortening the necessary labor time and changing the working day accordingly The value of surplus produced by the proportion of parts is called relative surplus value. To reduce the value of the labor force, it is necessary to increase production in such sectors The products of these sectors determine the value of the labor force, that is, they belong The scope of daily living data, or can replace these means of subsistence. But, commodity The value depends not only on the amount of labor that makes the final form of the goods, but also Depends on the amount of labor that is included in the means of production of the goods. Boots, for example, are of value not only Depending on the shoemaker's labor, it also depends on the value of leather, wax, thread, and so on. because These provide constant material elements of capital (labor data) for the production of the necessary means of livelihood The improvement of productivity in the industrial sectors of labor and materials and the corresponding goods of their products Cheap, it will also reduce the value of the labor force. On the contrary, those who do not provide the necessary life Material and not produced in the manufacturing sector that produces the necessary means of production The increase in power does not affect the value of the labor force. Cheap goods, of course, are only appropriate, that is, according to the goods in the labor force The proportion of reproduction, reducing the value of the labor force. For example, shirts are a necessity Means of subsistence, but only one of many necessary means of subsistence. This commodity becomes convenient It would only reduce workers' purchases of shirts. But the sum of the necessary means of subsistence is determined by The value of each commodity, each of which is made up of products of various special industries Always the corresponding part of the value of the labor force. The value of labor force must be accompanied by the reproduction of labor force The reduction in the amount of time necessary for labor; the total reduction of such labor time is equal to all The total amount of labor time dropped by these special production units. Here we sum up this Fruit is regarded as the immediate result and immediate purpose of every particular occasion. Be a capital When the family increases the productivity of the work to make shirts cheap, for example, he is never bound to have it Reduce the value of the labor force accordingly, thereby reducing the necessary labor time; but He eventually contributed to the outcome, and he contributed to the improvement in the general rate of surplus value. (3) The general and necessary trend of capital must be distinguished from the manifestation of this trend To. The internal laws of capitalist production are not examined here. How can they be expressed as the external of capital? How does sport function as a compulsive law of competition and thus become a single capital? This sense of motivation. However, it was clear at the beginning of one point one: only understanding of the funds The inherent nature of the competition in order to conduct a scientific analysis, as if only to know the day A person who knows the actual and direct movements of a body in order to know the form of a celestial body Surface movement is the same. However, in order to understand the relative surplus value of production, and only on the basis of The results that have been drawn are explained as follows. If a labor hour is said gold is 6 pence or 1/2 shillings, a ten Two hours of work will produce 6 shillings worth. Assume a certain amount of labor Under force, within 12 working hours, 12 goods are made; each commodity is used The value of the production materials, raw materials, etc., is 6 pence. In this case, each dealer The product costs 1 shillings, or 6 pence, is the value of the means of production, and 6 pence is processed by Shi Xinjia Progressive value. Now suppose there was a capitalist who doubled labor productivity in one Twelve hours of work, not produce 12 such goods, but produce 24 pieces. stay When the value of the means of production remains the same, the value of each item will be reduced to 9 Shi, or 6 pence, is the value of the means of production; 3 pence is the last added price of the final labour Value. Productivity has doubled, and one workday remains the same as before, creating only 6 The new value, but the new value of the 6 shillings, is now spread over the doubling of the product. Therefore, the 1/12 is not the total value assigned to each product, but only 1/24, not 6 pence, but 3 pence, that is to say, when the material becomes a product As for production, what is now added to the means of production is not as small as labour used to be It's half an hour of work. Now, the individual value of this commodity is lower than that of its society Fair value, that is, the amount of labor time spent on this commodity is less than the average in society Labor time spent on a large quantity of similar goods produced under a given condition. Average spend per article Costs 1 shillings, or stands for 2 hours of social labor; changes in the way of production After that, it only costs 9 pence, or, It contains only 11/2 hours of labor. Shang Dan The real value of a product is not its individual value, but its social value, that is, it is The practical value of the product is not that the producer produces the actual cost of labor on individual occasions Instead of measuring, it is measured by the amount of social labor time necessary to produce it. So, for example The capitalists who adopt the new method sell their goods at the social value of 1 shillings, Then his goods cost more than 3 Pence of his own value, so that he is honest Excess surplus value of 3 pence is shown. But, on the other hand, for him, a ten The two hour workday now features 24 items, not 12 in the past. because To sell the product on a business day, he needs double sales or double Market. Under the same conditions, his goods have to be reduced in price Access to larger markets. Therefore, capitalists are higher than the individual value of commodities, but lower than that The social value of selling goods, such as a commodity sold for 10 pence, so that he An excess surplus value of 1 pence still earned on a piece of merchandise. For capitalists, there's nothing left Surplus value will increase this way, regardless of whether the goods belong to the necessary means of subsistence Scope is not the decision to take part in the general value of the labor force. So, even after putting aside In this case, every capitalist has to increase labour productivity to make the goods cheaper Motivation. However, even on this occasion, the increase in surplus value production is also due to necessary labor The shortening of time and the lengthening of surplus labor. (3a) assume that the necessary labour time is 10 The daily value of the labor force is 5 shillings, and the remaining labor is 2 hours The remaining value of the daily production is 1 shillings. But our capitalists are now producing 24 They sell 10 pence for each piece, or 20 shillings altogether. Because production capital The value of the material is equal to 12 shillings, so the 142/5 goods only compensate for the unchanged amount paid in advance This. The twelve hour workday represents the remaining 93/5 pieces of merchandise. Because of the price of labor = 5 shillings, so the 6 products represent the necessary labor time, and the 33/5 products remain surplus Labour. The ratio of necessary labor to surplus labor is 5 to 1 in the social average It's 5: 3. The same result can be obtained by the following methods. A twelve hour job The product value of the day is 20 shillings. Of these, 12 shillings belong to reproduction only The value of. Therefore, the remaining 8 shillings represent the value of a weekday Now. This currency performs more than the average wage in a similar society, because 12 The average work of the same kind of society in 24 hours is only 6 shillings. Labor with exceptionally high productivity The squaring the role of labor, or, at the same time, it creates. The value is more than the average work of the same society. But our capitalists are still the same as before It pays only 5 shillings for the daily value of the labor force. So the workers are going to reproduce it now A value doesn't have to last 10 hours like it used to, but only 71/2 hours is enough. this Like that, his surplus labor increased by 21/2 hours, and his surplus value came from 1 The order was increased to 3 shillings. It is obvious that the capitalists who adopt the improved mode of production are better than the same industry The remainder of the capitalists may occupy a greater part of the work in one working day as surplus labor Dynamic. What he does individually is that the capital works in the relative surplus value of the production The. But on the other hand, when new production methods are widely adopted, they are cheaper The difference between the individual value of the goods produced and the social value of the goods disappeared Time, this excess surplus value will disappear. The law of value determined by labor time, It will make the capitalist who uses the new method feel that he must be inferior to the social value of the commodity To sell his goods, but also as a mandatory rule of competition, forcing his competitors New production methods are also adopted. (4) therefore, only when the productivity of labor increases and expands The production department concerned with the production of the necessary means of subsistence shall be deemed necessary The general surplus value when the material range is the value of the labor force and the price of the labor force is cheap The rate will eventually be affected by the whole process. The value of goods is inversely proportional to labor productivity. The same is true of the value of the labour force For it is determined by the value of the goods. On the contrary, relative surplus value and labor productivity Direct proportion. It increases as productivity increases and decreases as productivity decreases. In goods When the value of the coin remains constant, a twelve hour social average will always produce 6 The value of a product, regardless of how the value is divided into the value of labor Price and surplus value. However, if the productivity is improved, the daily living capital will be raised The value of the material, hence the daily value of the labor force, fell from 5 shillings to 3 shillings The surplus value increased from 1 shillings to 3 shillings. Reproduction of the value of the labor force It takes 10 hours of labor, and now only 6 hours of labor are enough. There are 4 jobs Small time and space can be incorporated into the scope of remaining labor. Therefore, labor production should be improved Force is cheap to make the goods cheap and cheap to make the workers themselves. It's capital Internal impulses and constant trends. (5) The absolute value of goods itself is not concerned with the capitalists who produce commodities. he Concerned only with the surplus value that the commodity contains and is sold at the time of sale. surplus value The implementation itself contains compensation for prepaid value. Because of the increase in relative surplus value It is directly proportional to the development of the labor productivity, while the decrease of the commodity value and the labor productivity Development is inversely proportional; that is, because the same process makes the goods cheaper and makes the goods less expensive The added value of inclusion increases, so it reveals a mystery: why is it just Guan Xinsheng? The capitalists who produce exchangeable value always try to reduce the exchange value of commodities; that is to say One of the founders of political economics to embarrass his opponents, Quesnay who haven't The contradiction that answers. He said: "You think, in the production of industrial products, as long as no damage to production, the more cost savings or high." The more expensive your labor is, the more beneficial it will be because it will lower the price of the product. In spite of this, you It is believed that the production of wealth created by the labor of workers lies in increasing the exchange value of their products." (6) Thus, in the capitalist production conditions, through the development of labor productivity to save labor Move (7), the purpose is not to shorten working day. Its purpose is only to shorten production The amount of labor necessary for a specified amount of merchandise. The worker's productivity improved as he worked, Within an hour, for example, goods that produce 10 times the value of the past will be produced, so that each commodity needs to be used The working hours are only 1/10 of the past, which must not prevent him from still working for 12 hours And in 12 hours to produce 1200 goods, not the previous 120 goods. His The workday may even be extended so that he will now produce 1400 in 14 hours A piece of business, Ping, etc.. Therefore, in economics, Mike Kuluohe, like Xinier Ewell In his book, on this page, workers should thank the capital for the development of production Because this development shortens the necessary labor time and will be read on the next page, In order to express this kind of gratitude, the workers must work 15 hours later to replace the original 10 Hour. In capitalist production, the purpose of developing labor productivity is to shorten it Workers must work for their own part of the labor day, so as to extend the workers' free work Another part of the working day for the capitalists. In the absence of cheaper goods, To what extent will this result be achieved? We will examine the relative surplus below The value of a variety of special production methods can be seen when.