英专高英Book5-unit2PPT课件

UnitTwoUnderstandingDifferentPositionsUnitTwoUnderstandingDifferentPositionsViewsforDiscussionObjectives:LearningaboutthebackgroundofdifferentscholarsUnderstandingdifferentviewsonfamilymattersJamesBoswell Scottishlawyer,essayist,knownforhistwo-volumebiographyTHELIFEOFSAMUELJOHNSON,LL.D(1791),publishedsevenyearsafterthedeathofitssubject.BoswellmetSamuelJohnsoninMay1763inDavies'sLondonbookshopandthetwobecamefastfriends.HerecordedindetailJohnson'swordsandactivitiesinarelativelyshortperiod.JamesBoswellwasborninEdinburghthesonofAlexanderBoswell,LordAuchinleck,whowasajudgeinthesupremecourtsofScotland.Boswell'smother,EuphemiaErskine,wasdescendedfromaminorbranchofScottishroyalty.Hisfamilyhadhadfortwo-and-a-halfcenturiesasitsseattheestateofAuchinleckinAyrshire.NearthenewmansionweretheruinsoftheOldCastle,whichheeagerlyshowedtoJohnsonandotherfriends.UnitTwoUnderstandingDifferentpositionsMuchofhislifeBoswellwasplaguedbyhismother'ssuffocatingCalvinismandhisfather'scoldness.HeattendedtheUniversityofEdinburgh(1753-1753),wherehestudiedartsandlaw.Hewasalreadykeepingajournalandwritingpoemswhenhewas18.At19hemadehisfirstvisittoLondonandafewyearslater,onhissecondvisit,BoswellmetDr.Johnson.In1759Boswell'sfathersendhimtotheUniversityofGlasgowtoseparatehissonfromanactress.BoswellranawaytoLondonandembracedRomanCatholicism,planningtobecomeamonk.HereturnedtoEdinburghandin1763hestartedtostudylawinHolland.Afteroneterm,heleftforatourofEurope,meetingtheFrenchintellectualsJeanJacquesRousseau,ofwhomhewroteabiographicalsketch,andVoltaire.MovingbacktoScotlandin1766,BoswellwasadmittedtothebarandpractisedlawinEdinburghfor20years.Boswellhadaphenomenalmemory,helovedgossip,goodconversation,liquor,travel,andhewasanaturalwriter.From1760sonwards,hehadpublishedanonymouslyvariouspamphletsandverses.In1768BoswellpublishedANACCOUNTOFCORSICA,basedonhisjourney.ThebookwasadefenceofCorsica'sabortivestruggleforfreedomagainsttherepublicofGenoa.RousseauhadearliersparkedBoswell'szealforthecauseofCorsicanlibertyandhehadestablishedafriendshipwithGeneralPaoli.In1769BoswellappearedattheShakespeareJubileeinCorsicandress.UnitTwoUnderstandingDifferentpositionsIn1769BoswellmarriedMargaretMontgomerie,hiscousin;theyhadsevenchildren.ThoughhisvisitstoLondonwererestrictedtothevacationsoftheCourtofSession,BoswellkeptuphiscontactswithJohnson,andwaselectedtotheLiteraryClubin1773.Themembersincludedsomeofthemostfamousmenofthetime.Betweentheyears1777and1783BoswellwroteforTheLondonMagazineaseriesofessaysonsuchsubjectsasdrinking,diaries,andhypochondria.AfterJohnson'sdeathin1784,BoswellpublishedTHEJOURNALOFATOURTOTHEHEBRIDES(1785),whichhasbeencomparedtoapicaresqueadventure,whereJohnsonisDonQuixoteandBoswellhastheroleofSanchoPanza.BoswellmovedtoLondon,andalthoughhewasadmittedtotheEnglishbar,heconcentratedonthewritingofTheLifeofSamuelJohnson.Ittookyearstogathermaterial-letters,memoirs,interviews-andsort,select,andeditit.ThebookwasfinallypublishedinMay1791andhailedasagreatwork.JamesBoswell1.Paoli’sreasonsofmarriage:a.mutualpleasurehusbandandwifegivetoeachotherb.nodissentionarisesfromstayingtogetherJohnson’sreasonsforseparationofhusbandandwife:a.differentinterestsb.lackofmutualunderstandingc.changeofmindJamesBoswellBasisformarriageintraditionalChineseculture?stillalivetoday?-notplace"pleasure“-butcontinuityofthefamilyline;-stillaliveinsomeChinesefamiliesThebasisoffamilyisloveandmutualunderstandingBetrandRussellBertrandArthurWilliamRussell(b.1872-d.1970)wasaBritishphilosopher,logician,essayist,andsocialcritic,bestknownforhisworkinmathematicallogicandanalyticphilosophy.Hismostinfluentialcontributionsincludehisdefenseoflogicism(theviewthatmathematicsisinsomeimportantsensereducibletologic),andhistheoriesofdefinitedescriptionsandlogicalatomism.AlongwithG.E.Moore,Russellisgenerallyrecognizedasoneofthefoundersofanalyticphilosophy.AlongwithKurtGödel,heisalsoregularlycreditedwithbeingoneofthetwomostimportantlogiciansofthetwentiethcentury.Overthecourseofhislongcareer,Russellmadesignificantcontributions,notjusttologicandphilosophy,buttoabroadrangeofothersubjectsincludingeducation,history,politicaltheoryandreligiousstudies.Inaddition,manyofhiswritingsonawidevarietyoftopicsinboththesciencesandthehumanitieshaveinfluencedgenerationsofgeneralreaders.Afteralifemarkedbycontroversy(includingdismissalsfrombothTrinityCollege,Cambridge,andCityCollege,NewYork),RussellwasawardedtheOrderofMeritin1949andtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1950.Alsonotedforhismanyspiritedanti-warandanti-nuclearprotests,Russellremainedaprominentpublicfigureuntilhisdeathattheageof97.Majorworks:Russell'sparadox,PrinciplesofMathematics(1903)BertrandRussellSuggestedpoints:Basisofthefamily:parentalloveMorebiologicalthanpsychological:hisobservationofanimalbehaviorParentallove:unconditional,everlastingotherformsoflove:changewithsituationsParentalloveisimportantforafamily.Arthur.AClarkeArthurC.Clarkeisoneofthemostcelebratedsciencefictionauthorsofourtime.Heistheauthorofmorethansixtybookswithmorethan50millioncopiesinprint,winnerofallthefield'shighesthonors.HewasnamedGrandMasterbytheScienceFictionWritersofAmericain1986.Hisnumerousawardsincludethe1962Kalingaprizeforsciencewriting,whichisadministredbyUNESCO;the1969AAAS-Westinghousescience-writingprize;theBradfordWashburAward;andtheHugo(2times),NebulaandJohnW.CampbellAwards.HisbestsellersincludeChildhood'sEnd;2001:ASpaceOdyssey;2010:OdysseyTwo;2061:OdysseyThreeandmostrecently,3001:TheFinalOdyssey,RamaII,TheGardenofRamaandRamaRevealed(withGentryLee).HismostrecentworkisTheLightofOtherDays(withStephenBaxter).In1968hesharedanOscarAcademyAwardnominationwithStanleyKubrickforthefilmversionof2001:ASpaceOdyssey.Heco-broadcastedtheApollo11,12and15missionswithWalterCronkiteandWallySchirraforCBS.ArthurC.ClarkArgument1.Singlechildrenareoftenmonsters.2.Theoptimumnumberofsiblingsisfourorfive.JaneAustenEachfamilyhasitsownworriesanddifficulties.DifficultSentences…itisequallytruethatsomewomenwouldloveother’schildrenasmuchastheirown.Freudandhistheoryarenotabletoexplaintheparentallovethatislargelybasedonbiologicalrelations.Thefactisthattheparentalloveishealthyforbothparentsandchildreniftheirloveisoutofnormalanimalinstincts.Societyhastoovercomeahugenumberoflegalandmoralobstaclesinordertomakejudgmenttothechangesinfamilystructureinthenewcentury.Reading:PassageADefiningtheFamilyObjectivesUnderstandingfamilyanditsfeaturesUnderstandingthebasicsocialfunctionsofafamilyUnderstandingdifferentfamilystructuresinvariantsocietiesUsefulwords&expressionsReading:PassageATheFamilyMainideaofeachparagraphPara1:thebasiccharacteristicsofafamily-resultingfrommarriage;-consistingofhusband&wifewithchildrenborninwedlock,-bondedtogetherbyasetofrights,obligations,prohibitions&patternedfeelingsinthesocietyReading:PassageATheFamilyPara2Familyisauniversalinstitutionofmankind.Althoughitsformhasbeenchanging,thesocialfunctionsofthefamilyarebasicallythesame.Para3Therearedifferentfamilystructuresinvariantsocieties,andthestructuresofthefamilyhaveundergonesomechanges.Reading:PassageATheFamilybyLewisCoserQuestionsfordiscussionQ1.Basiccharacteristicsofafamily:-husband&wifewithchildrenborninwedlock;-relativesmaybeincluded-bondedtogetherbyasetofrights,obligations&prohibitionsintheirsocietyReading:PassageATheFamilyQ2Obligations&rightsinChinesesocietyMoral:filialpiety;amarriedman/womanisnotsupposedtohavespecialrelationswithanotherwoman/man;…Legal:parentsareresponsibleforthewell-beingoftheirchildren,payingforeducation,etc.Economical:parentsmustpayfortheexpensesofchildren,oroftheirownparents;…Sexual:husband&wifehavesexualrelationshipwitheachother,notsomeoneelse;…Prohibition:noincest;…Reading:PassageATheFamilyQ3:Themeaningoftheterm:reproduction,maintenance,socializationandsocialplacementbearingoffspring,bringingthemup,creatingsocialandculturalenvironment,helpingchildrenestablishingsocialrelations,andtrainingthemintrade/professionReading:PassageATheFamilyWordformationCompoundtypewriterdishwasheroutlook2.DerivationPrefix:rewriterespectsubwaySuffix:differencespeaker3.TransformationLet’shaveatry.Verb—noun4.Clippingchute—parachuteauto—automobilesmog–smoke+fogmedicare—medicalcarePassageB:CritiquingtheAmericanFamily:TheDyingFamilyLearningObjectivesUnderstandingthethreesocialfunctionsoffamilyUnderstandingthechangesundertakeninthefamilyPassageBTheDyingFamilybyJ.H.PlumbSummaryofeachparagraphAninterestinganecdoteofafamilyofmixedrelationshipamongthechildrenandparentsservesasanintroductiontothequestion:isthisthesignforthefutureofourfamily?Althoughweknowlittleandinexactlyoffamilylifeinthehistory,whatwearecertainisfamilyhaschangedgreatlywiththehistoryofhumansociety.TheDyingFamilyAunitaryfamilythatprevailedinthepastmillenniawasasuitableunitinaprimitivesocietyofpeasantryandcraftsmanshipforprovidinglaborforce,transmittingpropertyandworkskills.Beforeagrariansociety,humanbeingswerelesstiedtofamilywhentheirmainformofproductionwashuntingandgatheringfoodthatyieldedlittleproperty.Whentheagrariansocietywasabletoproduceproperty,howevermeagerbytoday'sstandard,societydemandedastablefamilyunityboundedbymarriageinordertokeeptheproperty.TheDyingFamilyInthelastfewhundredyears,thefunctionofafamilyasaschoolandtribunalhasbeengraduallytakenoverbysociety.Theriseofmodemeducationhasrenderedfamilyapowerlessshadowfortransmittingskillsandsocialcustoms.Thatasecurefamilyisabasisforhappylifeisamisjudgment.Formanyinthepast,familylifewasaprisonfromwhichtheyfoundhardtoescape.TheDyingFamily9.–Familystructureschangewithchangesinsociety.–Afamilyasaunitofsocialorganizationwasaninexorableresultofthepastsimple,agrariansociety.–Moderncomplexsocietyhastakenawayallthefunctionsfromthehandsoffamily.Thus,thereisnogroundforthefamilytoexistinamodern,urbanized,scientificandaffluentsociety.