大学体验英语第二版综合教程2 课文翻译 课后选择填空 句子翻译高等教育出版社项目组编

大学体验英语第二版综合 教程 人力资源管理pdf成真迷上我教程下载西门子数控教程protel99se入门教程fi6130z安装使用教程 2 课文翻译 课后选择填空 句子翻译高等教育出版社项目组编 最全面的课后答案 大学体验英语教 2 课文翻译+课后答案+句子翻译 程 牛津大学是英国最古老的大学～也是世界最著名的高等学府。牛津大学始建于12世纪。它位于英格兰的牛津～在伦敦西北约80公里处。 牛津大学有16,300多名学生,1999,2000,～其中留学生占将近四分之一。他们来自130多个国家。牛津大学有35个学院～还有5个由不同宗教团体建立的私人学院。5个私人学院中～有3个只招男生。学院中～圣希尔达和萨默维尔学院只收女生～其他均为男女兼收。 牛津的每个学院都是独立于大学的实体～由该学院的院长和管委会成员负责管理。部分管委会成员都称为导师的学院教师～其余的是大学教授和讲师。每个学院管理自己的房产和资产～遴选自己的管委会～选择和招收自己的本科生。大学提供某些图书馆、实验室和其他设施～但教学和学生生活主要由各学院负责。 牛津大学给每个学生指定一个导师～他主要通过辅导课监督学生的学习。导师每周和1到2名学生见面一次～学生如需专业指导～还可以去约见其他的导师～也可选听大学老师讲授的课程。学生选听什么课程是根据自己的兴趣和导师的建议而定的。 学位由大学授予，而不是各个学院。最低文科或理科学位是优等文学学士。牛津还在其他众多学科领域授予最高的学位，颁发文凭和证书。 罗兹德奖学金面向美国、加拿大和很多其他国家的学生～为 他们提供至少两年的牛津学习费用。英国政府为在牛津和其他英国境内的大学里求学的美国公民提供"马歇尔奖学金"。 然而～奖学金和助学金的竞争极其激烈～而且通常要求很严。学生们在申请某一项奖学金之前应仔细核查是否有资格～因为多数奖学金对学生国籍和,或,课程都有限制。 牛津师生员工积极参与主动招生的活动～2001年这种活动有55项以上～包括走访3,700所中学～以鼓励优秀学生报考牛津大学～而不管其背景如何。 在2001年度的"创新"竞赛中～牛津大学被授予英国最具创新精神的大学称号。该竞赛旨在发现哪一所英国大学在最广的领域内取得了创新和进取的最大成就。在2000年全英教学质量评估中～牛津在所评估的10个科目中有6科得分高居榜首。 牛津、斯坦福和耶鲁三所大学最近合作开发了 "远程学习"项目"终生学习联盟"～该项目将提供文科和理科的在线课程。 牛津的使命是在教学和研究的各个领域达到并保持领先地位～保持和加强其世界名校的历史地位～通过其研究成果和毕业生的技能促进地区、全国和全球的发展。 为了实现这个目标～学校将针对知识环境和整个社会发展的需要～为员工提供进行创新研究所需的设施和支持,提倡既富革新精神又严格认真的教学～使教学与研究环境卓有成效地互动从而推动教学,通过导师指导和小组学习加速思想的交流～通过开发学校图书馆、博物馆以及科学收藏方面的资源～使毕业生能在 国内和国际上一展身手打下基础。 Unit 1PB"同学们，你们是最美好的希望" 以下是斯坦福大学校长在2001年9月21日开学典礼上的致辞。 各位家长，2005届的同学们: 下午好～欢迎各位来到斯坦福大学。今天，我们在此欢迎1717名新生和转学生的到来。 过去的10天，我一直颇费心思，不知这个开学典礼该用什么形式，我的发言要讲什么内容。 9月11日上午以来，校园里异乎寻常的安静。除了两个纪念性的活动以外，所有的大型活动都取消了。我们在考虑怎样开始新学年，后来发现开学典礼实际上是恢复正常秩序的最佳方式。 同学们，你们代表了我们世界的未来与和平的最美的希望。美国人民和全世界所有善良的人们，不论长幼，都会为这场悲剧哀悼，会将这可怕的一天永远留存在记忆中，但面临挑战的更是你们这一代，而不是我们或是你们父母这一代，你们要建设一个世界，决不容许类似惨无人道的事件再次发生。 你们在这里求学的时光里，将会认识很多人，他们的背景、文化或者信仰可能与你们迥然不同，你们会发现自己的价值观以及偏见将会受到挑战。我们生活在一个多元的社会中，我希望你们能够从新的角度来理解和欣赏它，为世界做出建设性的贡献。 对你们每个人而言，这一时刻意味着人生翻开了新的篇章。从这一刻开始，你们将踏上一个更广阔世界的旅程，这一刻你们也将开始考虑作为一个公民你们未来应作的贡献。 当然～在这样的智慧之旅上～你们不是独行者。我们有出色的师资和员工～他们致力于求知与理解～将会在旅途中支持和鼓励你们。 你们能取得成就～达到人生中这个重要的转折点～我希望你们能引以为豪。我知道～你们中的每个人都曾经奋发努力才能来到这里～但我也感谢父母、家人、师长和朋友的贡献～他们曾为你踏上斯坦福之路给予支持。如果没有他们～这条路将会更加艰辛～也不会如此卓有成效。这些人在你们的生活中举足轻重～为你们提供了巨大的支持和鼓励～我谨邀请我们的新生以热烈的掌声对他们表示感谢。 同学们，我强烈希望你们能以无比的热情投入到斯坦福的旅程中来。我希望，这个美丽的校园会为你们提供一个理想空间，让你们沉思，找到灵感，以助你们更好的旅行。我也希望，你们能够找到一种智慧的追求，能够激励你们，让你们沉醉其中，能在深夜苦读，能够黎明即起，甚至连周末都不例外～我希望你们能找到一种激情，无愧于自己的天分，如此你 们就能像我一样，找到足以令你穷尽一生追求的目标，而且充满热情，乐此不疲。 同学们，你们在斯坦福的旅程中将踏上什么样的道路，我无从预言，但我强烈希望你们能够遵循李兰德?斯坦福参议员在1891年的开学典礼上对第一届新生提出的要求来开始你们探索智慧的旅程: 大学可以为你们而建立;在此，你们可以利用各种优越的学习条件进行多年的学习。我们所能做的，只是把机会放在你们伸手可及的范围内;抓住机会，利用机会，得靠你们自己。 我欢迎所有的新生和家长来到我们的校园，并融入斯坦福家族。同学们，我希望你们在此渡过的时光能改变你们的生活，正如它改变了很多以前的校友的生活那样。最后，我希望你们在此度过的时光能够有助于你们打下良好的基础，以便你们能为人类做出贡献，为自己和后代创造更美好的未来。 Unit 2PA鼠标轻点，美梦成真 还有不到一个月就要毕业了～特里萨?史密斯还没找到合适的工作～她就读于位于伊利诺州埃文斯顿的西北大学。就业指导中心建议这位文科生去查查JOB-TRAK网站～该网站上列出了45,000个初级水平的职位。 史密斯选择了四个关键词:Chicago,芝加哥,～business,商务,～marketing,营销,～full time,全职,。她马上就找到45个工作合乎她的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ～其中一个是芝加哥商业学院行政助理。四个星期以后～她得到了这份工作～底薪32,000美元。 “我没有受过任何训练～”史密斯说～“但因特网使用很简单。要是没有因特网～我根本不会知道有这份工作。” 不少美国人鼠标一点～就找到了自己的工作。史密斯是其中一个～另一个例子是斯蒂芬?图尔斯。 他住在马里兰州的罗科维尔～1996年无意中进到一个招聘网站CareerBuilder。他在一家生产商展展品的公司工作～刚被提升为营销总管～并不想换工作。但是出于好奇心～他决定“试试看”。 图尔斯填写了一份简历～关键词是market manager,行销经理,～并输入了自己的电子邮箱地址。不到一个星期～他的邮箱里就塞满了可供选择的职位。他去了两家公司面试～然后就跳槽了。“有了因特网～就像雇了一个私人助理～”图尔斯说。“你可以毫不费劲地留意到一些机会～让你的事业上一个新台阶。” 仅在两年以前～因特网上提供的工作绝大部分还局限于高科技领域。现在～非技术性的工作～如售货员、银行职员、秘书等～是网上招聘机会增长最为迅速的部分。大型报纸和专业出版物的分类广告大多都有在线版～求职者能搜索到市内、国内甚至国外的一些工作机会。 马德琳?格拉格和内德扎德?多兹里克也是通过轻点鼠标～在网上碰到了好运。 1996年～圣路易斯的一名高中老师～28岁的马德琳?格拉格～想换个工作。有个朋友提到在日本教书的事～格拉格很感兴趣。 她访问了著名的yahoo:网站～输入了teaching English in Japan,在日本教英语,～找到了一个招聘机会的列表～然后按照在线申请的要求提交了申请。一星期后～她接到一个电话～与芝加哥的一名招聘人员进行了面试～得到了这份工作。 27岁的内德扎德?多兹里克～当时在浏览Houston Chronicle 网站～了解最新的棒球消息。在线时～他查看了分类广告～发现一家当地的汽车交易商招聘司机。多兹里克是波斯尼亚的战争难民～曾从事过多种不同的工作～但现在他想换个工作。他从该交 易商的网站上了解了该职位的更多情况～然后拨通了上面提供的电话。两天后～他被雇用了。“真有意思～”他说～“我本来只是在查看体育消息～结果却找到了一份更好的工作。” 因特网的另一个好处在于你能够搜索到一些可能的雇主。1997年夏天～温蒂?梅洛开始找工作～她登录到CareerBuilder 网站～发现在马里兰州哥伦比亚的Artitron媒体信息服务公司的人力资源部有一个空缺。梅洛鼠标一点～用电子邮件把简历寄到了该公司～很快就收到面试 通知 关于发布提成方案的通知关于xx通知关于成立公司筹建组的通知关于红头文件的使用公开通知关于计发全勤奖的通知 。 为了了解该公司的更多情况～她又点击了Artitron的主页～以及它的母公司Ceridian Corp.的主页～查看了一份该公司的年度报告及其财政状况。 梅洛还想了解～要想维持现有的生活水平～自己该赚多少钱。她使用在线薪酬计算器～把自己目前的收入$34,000输进去～再输入Baltimore,巴尔的摩～离哥伦比亚最近的大城市,。短短几秒钟后～电脑屏幕上就闪现出$44,000。“因为有了这个薪酬计算器～我才知道自己该要多少薪水～”梅洛说。 通过上网进入一家在线房地产服务公司网站～梅洛看到了可供租用的房子的彩色照片～包括很详细的楼面格局图。梅洛来到哥伦比亚时～她觉得自己完全做好了准备。面试成功了～第二天～她就得到了一份工作～薪金是47,8000美元。 “因特网很容易使用～而且确实有效～”一个求职者说道～“你还要什么呢,” Unit 2PB我的第一份工作 两名杰出的美国人回忆他们第一份工作的经历 路易斯?卡尔德拉:停车场的清洁工 我很小的时候，我父母就给我灌输了有关家庭、信念和爱国主义的观念。虽说生计艰难，他们对我和四个兄弟姐妹总是强调，我们很幸运，生活在一个伟大的国家，有无穷无尽的机会。 我开始做第一份正式工作时，才十岁。我父亲本杰明在一家纸箱工厂工作时，背部受伤，此后重新接受培训，成了一名理发师。那个购物中心的老板免去了父亲的部分租金，作为交换，父亲要清扫停车场，每星期三个晚上，这就意味着我们得凌晨三点起床。父亲用一台类似割草机的机器来收集垃圾，母亲和我就清空垃圾箱，用手捡垃圾。清扫完停车场要花两三个小时。回家途中，我就在车里睡着了。 这件事我只做了两年，但从中学到的东西却令我终生受益。我懂得了自我约束，培养了一种强烈的工作责任感，从小就懂得协调生活中相互矛盾的各种兴趣的重要性——对我而言，就是协调好上学、家庭作业和工作的关系。我上高中的最后一年，这个经历对我的帮助真的很大。那时我在一家快餐店做汉堡包，每周工作40小时，同时学习全部大学预科课程。 天道酬勤。我上了美国军事学院，接着又获得了哈佛的法学和商业两个硕士学位。后来，我加入了芝加哥一家大型律师事务所，并入选加州议会。不论是从事这些工作还是做别的任何事情，我从未忘记在停车场度过的那些夜晚。这种经历让我明白:所有的工作都有尊严，只要人们能自食其力，养家活口，就该受到尊重。 注:路易斯?卡尔德拉是美国第十七任陆军部长。 苏丝?奥曼:女餐厅服务员 我第一份工作是在当地一家叫小黄花面包房的餐厅工作，那年我22岁。我在那儿工作了七年，学到了很多东西，从工友海伦身上我学到的东西尤其多，她非常自爱，做着自己热爱的事情——为他人服务。她会让大家都微笑并心情舒畅，顾客和工友人人如此。 服务员这个工作改变了我的一生。我认识一个老主顾，电子产品销售员弗莱德?哈斯布鲁克。他总是点一份火腿加干酪煎蛋，我一看见他朝餐厅走来，就尽量在他刚坐下时就把一份煎蛋放在他的桌子上。 受了海伦的激励，我重新找到了自信，梦想开一家自己的饭店。我打电话问父母借钱，但他们说，“我们没有那么一笔钱。” 第二天，弗莱德见到我，问道，“怎么啦，阳光女孩,你今天没有笑啊。”我给他讲了我的梦想，对他说，“弗莱德，我知道我可以做得更多，只要有人相信我。” 他朝店里其他的一些常客走去。第二天，他递给我几张支票，总共有50,000美元，还有一张便条。上面写道，“这笔借款的唯一抵押是我相信你为人诚实。有梦想的好人应该有机会把梦想变为现实。” 那便条我一直保留至今 我把支票拿到Merrill Lynch证券公司，这是我平生第一次走进证券公司，让他们替我投资。同时，我继续在小黄花餐厅工作， 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 着自己要开的饭店。然而，我的投资泡了汤，血本无归。 不知怎么的，我开始想象当一个股票经纪人会是什么样子。慎重考虑之后，我决定向Merrill Lynch证券公司求职。虽然我没有任何经验，他们还是雇用了我，我最终成了一名 相当不错的经纪人。最后我偿还了弗莱德和其他顾客的那50,000美元，外加14,的年利。五年后我有能力开了一家自己的公司。 弗莱德写了封感谢信给我，这封信将永远铭刻在我的心中。他当时病倒了，说我的支票帮他付清了不断增加的医疗费用。他在信中写道，“那笔贷款，也许将是我一生中最好的一次投资。还有谁会投资在一个人格值百万的女店员身上，然后看着那笔投资成长为一位成功的职业女性呢,又有几个投资者有这种机会呢,” 注:苏丝?奥尔曼是财经畅销书作者，作品包括《掌握经济自由九步骤》和《勇敢做个有钱人》等。Unit 3PA广告的受害者 你可以说我是购物狂，朋友大都这样说我，不过我自认为是个时尚爱好者。坐在房间里，看着衣橱里所有的东西，我总是在想还有什么要买的。Abercrombie, Guess, J Crew, Ralph Lauren，还有其他名牌产品，充斥着我的房间，但我还想要更多。我从不考虑我买的东西是否物有所值，虽然我买东西一直都很“精明”，买的都是打折的商品。然而，我对将来要从事的营销领域了解越深入，就越明白自己原来是深受广告的左右。我想要的，我所买的，都受到杂志、电视或别的广告商的影响，它们在告诉我该买些什么。 人人都穿衣服，衣着可以展现个性，显示品味，定义性格，也可以只是为了满足基本的需求。对我而言，衣着在不同时期有不同的意义。小时候，妈妈给什么我就穿什么，要不就穿姐姐的旧衣服。我从不考虑衣着打扮，不过我喜欢穿得漂漂亮亮的。 初中时，像大多数女生一样，我开始在意自己的打扮。但从高中开始，广告对我产生了很大的影响。男生开始留意女生，每个女生都想打扮得漂漂亮亮。高中时衣着界定你的身份，并将你归入某一群体。穿Abercrombie牌的牛仔裤说明你是典型的美国女生，干净利落;穿Guess的衬衫说明你是富家千金，自命不凡，任何其他差一些的衣服都是不可接受的。 上大学后，广告又用另外的方式影响着我。大学里，最初通常没有人认识你，所以你想怎样穿戴都行。学生很多，而且什么人都有，以穿戴看人的情况越来越少，以个性判断人的情况越来越多。每个人都在成长、改变，开始为真正的自己定位。我和朋友们依然关注广告，不过现在不只是为了紧跟时尚，更多的是想找到自己的风格。在寻找个性的过程中，我所选择的衣服样式反映我，显示我的个性，表明我是哪种类型的人。 虽然我决心让衣服反映，而不是代表我本人，但广告还是在左右着我。虽然我看广告的目的是想了解最新潮流，可我还是会受到广告的潜在信息的影响。广告反映社会，也丰富了社会的含义。广告给我们看到的是我们身边的人，但他们只选择特定的类型。通过展现这一类人，广告将这极少数人定义为俊男美女。广告利用人们不甘人后的心理，怂恿我们去学这些俊男美女。我们想受人欢迎、想得到拥戴，这些心理正好被用来对付我们自己。人们向往变成别的模样，社会又推波助澜，广告就利用这些来影响我们去相信某些信息:要是穿戴与模特有差距，就不能算漂亮;要是不苗条，曲线不美，就没有吸引力;要是其貌不扬，就算性格再好，大多数人还是不会喜欢我们。 广告利用我们的弱点告诉我们什么最新潮，我们应该是什么样子，什么最酷，什么最热门。我们都想受人欢迎，魅力四射，这是人性使然，所以我们会对广告言听计从。这应该怪人们相信广告吗,还是该怪社会纵容广告误导人,我进入营销业之后，经常考虑的就是这些问题。利用人的不甘人后的心理来促进消费固然是件轻而易举的事，但这样做对吗,要想找出答案，我们就得退一步，不再读杂志，不再看电视。不然的话，我还是摆脱不了广告的左右。别的人也是如此。 Unit 3PB广告委员会剪影 你可能不太清楚我们的名字～不过你肯定知道我们。59年来～广告委员会为美国创作了大量公益广告～出手及时～引人入胜。我们提出的口号和创作形象不仅令人难忘～而且能引起广泛关注～激励人们采取行动～挽救了无数的生命。广告委员会的作品所产生的久远影响～以及所引发的积极社会变革～由以下的结果可见一斑: ?95%的成年人和77%的儿童都知道黑熊斯莫奇和它那充满智慧的名言:“只有你才能预防森林火灾”。始于1944年的“黑熊斯莫奇预防森林火灾运动”，持续时间之长，知名度之大，在公益广告运动史上尚属罕见。 ?广告委员会发起了“是朋友就不让朋友酒后驾车”的运动后，70%的美国人都劝阻过别人酒后不要驾车。1998年美国与酗酒有关的伤亡人数是15,935，是美国运输部有史以来最低的一年，而这条广告语是美国最广为人知的反酒后驾车的口号。 ?从1972年开始，“联合黑人大学基金会”(UNCF)就一直提醒着美国人，“天才可贵，岂容浪费”。基金会筹集了14多亿美元，资助30,000多名少数民族学生读完大学。 ?撞车测试假人文斯和拉里于1985年与美国公众见面后，使用安全带的比率从21%增加到70%，估计有75,000人的生命。 1942年，首次出现了公益广告这个类别，自那时起，广告委员会在我们这个不断变化的社会中扮演着越来越关键的角色。战时广告委员会是一个私人建立的非盈利性机构，成立的初衷是为与二战有关的活动募集资助。战时广告委员会发起了很多公益广告运动，通过战时公债筹集了350亿美元，鼓励人们开发了50,000,000个战时菜园，告诫人们“一言不慎，千帆尽沉”，通过感染力极强的铆工罗奇的形象，吸收了2,000,000名女性加入劳动大军。二战结束后，总统要求战时广告委员会继续存在下去，以和平时期的公益广告机构的身份，帮助解决当时迫在眉睫的社会问题，因此广告委员会应运而生. 广告委员会的使命是精心挑选出若干重大社会问题，通过传播 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 ，激励人们采取相应的行动，在一定程度上改变社会现状。为了达到这个目的，广告委员会募集了广告业和通信业的精英志愿工作者，利用媒体的设施，以及工商业界和非赢利团体的资源，来提高公民的意识，促进理解，激发行动。 作为美国公益广告界的头号制作者，广告委员会发起的公益广告运动超过1,000项，内容涉及制止犯罪和毒品滥用等重大问题，也使全美人民注意到虐待儿童、垃圾回收、艾滋病等问题。1995年，为了最大限度地发挥所有这些运动的影响力，广告委员会的董事会一致投票决定采取一项新的倡议，为期十年，来帮助不能为自己说话的美国人——美国儿童。该项行动名为“承诺2000”，目的是提高认识，激励个人采取积极行动，使美国儿童能有更好的机会来充分发挥他们的潜力。 根据尼尔森网络测评公司的排名，在过去的两年中，广告委员会在互联网广告商中的排名一般都在前25位，2000年的点击量约为110亿次。该机构的网站www.adcouncil.com上介绍了所有的这些运动。广告委员会保证，要在这个瞬息万变的传媒世界，为公益广告建立一个立足之地，并且忠于职守，保持警觉。 9月11日的惨剧之后，美国人极为悲痛，恐惧心理挥之不去，信仰开始动摇，安全受到威胁，经济下降更趋严重。广告委员会主动联系联邦政府及美国重要的非赢利机构，提出创作与危机相关的公益广告，在全国媒体播出。这些新广告的设计理念是教育和激励全体美国人民积极行动起来，使美国人民坚强起来，为最终战胜恐怖主义贡献力量。 Unit 4PA梦断魂萦 在纽约，美国花样滑冰队的18名成员踌躇满志地登上飞机。他们将飞往比利时的布鲁塞尔，在那儿转机，到(前)捷克斯洛伐克去参加在布拉格举办的世界花样滑冰锦标赛。站在比利时沙比那航空公司的707喷气机的舷梯上，全体成员合影留念。这批全美顶尖的滑冰运动员在照相机前笑脸盈盈，开心地笑着，眼睛里舞动着激动与兴奋。这将成为他们生命中珍贵的一刻。 机上有三对双人组合，其中两对是兄妹组合:希科克斯兄妹和哈德利兄妹，另一对是夫妻搭档，迪宁夫妇。但众星之中最耀眼的是一名单人滑选手。她叫劳伦斯?欧文，人称“劳利”。年仅16岁的她，两天前刚夺得北美花样滑冰女子冠军。劳利技巧娴熟，优雅无比，笑靥如花。 劳利出生于滑冰世家。母亲玛丽贝尔曾九次将美国花样滑冰冠军收入囊中。劳利还有一个姐姐，与母亲同名。玛丽贝尔?欧文20岁，实力不如劳利，但也刚刚获得美国双人滑大龄组的冠军。欧文家的三员女将都在飞往布鲁塞尔的航班上。 1961年2月14日下午7点30分，沙比那548号航班起飞了。飞越大西洋的航程是很惬意的。第二天一早，飞机飞临布鲁塞尔的机场，没有任何异常。驾驶飞机的路易斯?兰布莱奇机长，没有发出任何遇难信号。该地区没有暴风雨，也没有大风。事实上，天气很好，暖和而晴朗。 但驾驶员座舱肯定出了什么差错。在预定着陆的最后几分钟内，兰布莱奇机长没有与布鲁塞尔机场联系。快到上午十点时，他放下了起落架，开始着陆。但在最后一刻，他又把飞机机头拉起往上攀升。也许他看见另一架飞机正在起飞，害怕撞机。也许他已经知道他的飞机出了故障。不管怎么样，他绕着机场飞了一圈，再次尝试着陆。 兰布莱奇第二次出现了，飞过布鲁塞尔东北部的一个叫博格的村庄附近的农场，飞行了大约500英尺。突然他猛地提速，飞机急遽攀升。这时候，布鲁塞尔控制塔的官员们知道大事不妙了。“我们眼睁睁地看着惨剧发生，”有个官员说。“他们的反应够快的了，可是无能为力，”他说。 有个坐火车的人看见飞机出问题了。“飞机好像准备正常着陆，突然又攀升到天空，”他说。“然后掉了下来，像块大石头一样，接着我们就听见了爆炸声。” 10点05分，飞机撞到地面爆炸了，燃成了一团火球。还险些就撞上一排房子。机上72人全部遇难，其中包括49名美国人和11名机组人员。人们无能为力。失事现场一片狼藉。碎片散落到200码开外。烧焦的残骸以及肢体满地都是。机上的几对夫妇最后一次紧紧抱在一起。 这场空难震惊了全球滑冰界以及热爱花样滑冰的人们。滑冰界以前从来没有发生过类似的惨剧。为了纪念遇难者，布拉格的冠军赛取消了。 这次坠机对某些家庭尤其令人悲痛欲绝。欧文家三名女性全部丧生。除此之外，还有九个家庭至少痛失两名亲人。 明星们的希望和梦想在一瞬间破灭了。救援人员仔细搜寻了遇难现场，只找到三双已经烧焦的冰鞋，在残留的机翼上摇曳。 Unit 4PB刹那之间 1989年5月1日，凯蒂?普里查德正在把商店里买来的一包包东西从汽车的行李箱里卸 下来，她的两个儿子托德和斯科特在车道上玩得很开心。他们住在新泽西州的拉姆齐城的一个死胡同里，所以凯蒂不用担心孩子们会跑到街上被汽车撞倒。但她经常警告三岁的托德，不要靠近铁路。铁路离房子不足300英尺，只隔着一片树丛。 凯蒂把第一批东西放好，又返回汽车旁去取剩下的袋子，她看到两个孩子还在玩。凯蒂也听到了一列客车飞驰而过的轰隆声。然后她又抱着另外一批购物袋走进屋子里。 虽然母亲事先警告过，托德和1岁半的弟弟还是被飞速行进的火车的汽笛声所吸引。他们走过树丛，跪在铁轨上玩。另一列火车正朝他们驶过来，两个小男孩却浑然不知。 西面一个小坡上，一列19节车厢的货车正在慢慢地爬上斜坡。司机里奇?坎帕纳看见正前方的信号灯显示“无障碍”。特快客车已经开出很远了。因此坎帕拉拉动调速手柄重新全速行驶。同在驾驶室里的还有老乘务员安东尼?福尔佐，他在铁路上已经干了17年了，这时在与坎帕拉闲聊。当火车到达坡顶的时候，两人注意到在前方约800码前方的铁轨上有东西。是什么呢,好像是两个包袱或是两个箱子——一个黄的一个红的。“然后黄的动了一下，”福尔佐说，“于是我们意识到这是两个孩子。” 坎帕纳猛地扳动火车刹车，拉响了警报器。福尔佐马上意识到火车速度太快，不可能适时停下来。他立刻冲出驾驶室，冲到窄窄的踏板上。他很快地朝机车的前部跑去，然后顺着钢梯爬到最后一格。他悬在火车的前面，离路基大约两英尺。他发狂般朝孩子们挥手大喊，要他们离开路轨。他们没有动。福尔佐后来说，他们只是抬头看了看，“好像我们能绕过他们似的。” 与此同时，凯蒂听到了警报声，也听到火车紧急刹车的刺耳声音。她往外跑去，心咚咚直跳。她一眼就看到出了什么事儿了。托德和斯科特不见了。她知道他们俩肯定在铁路上。 福尔佐想过跳下火车，跑到前面去救两个小男孩。但他知道，就算火车减速了，自己也肯定跑不过火车。所以这位35岁的前体操运动员想出了另外一个方案。他决定在火车靠近孩子们的时候跳下火车。这样他就可能把两个孩子抓起来，及时把他们拖下轨道。但福尔佐得把跳车的时间计算得很精确。跳得太早，火车就会把他掀倒到孩子们身上。跳得太晚，火车就会把孩子们碾到车轮底下。 所幸福尔佐的时间可算是相当精确。在千钧一发之际，他跳下火车，跨了两大步，一把抓住孩子们。他把托德和斯科特分别夹在腋下，又迅速将他们摁倒在路基的砂石里。火车经过时，其边缘离他们的头顶仅几英寸。 火车终于停下来了，第三节车厢就停在他们头顶上几英寸的地方。孩子们安然无恙。幸运的是，斯科特的擦伤并不严重。缝了13针之后，他就完全没事了。凯蒂?普里查德说，“对托尼(福尔佐)的救命之恩，我们将永远感激不尽。韦氏大字典里也找不到一个词能表达这种感情。” Unit 5PA奉告学子:教育是关键 比尔?盖茨 每年都有数以百计的学生给我发电子邮件～要我就接受教育给他们提建议。他们想知道该学些什么～或者可不可以从大学辍学～因为我就没有读完大学。 也有不少家长给我写信～为子女寻求指导。他们问:“我们 怎样才能把孩子引向成功之路,” 我的基本忠告很简单～而且是发自内心的:全力获得最佳教育～充分利用高中和大学～学会如何学习。 不错～为创建微软～我未完成大学学业～不过辍学之前我已经在哈佛呆了三年～而且我真心希望有一天能重返校园。以前我也说过～谁也不应该辍学～除非他坚信自己正面临着一个一生仅有一次的机会～但就算在那个时候也还是应该深思熟虑。 在俄亥俄州教六年级的老师凯西?克里德兰写道，“我的好几个学生声称你根本没有读完高中。因为你成功了，我的学生就觉得他们也可以不必要接受良好的教育。” 我高中毕业了的! 计算机行业中确实有很多人没有读完大学～但是我从来没有见过有谁高中没读完就成功创业的。确切地说～我认识的人当中根本没有高中辍学的～更没有高中辍学后事业成功的。 我的公司创立早期～有一个相当出色的兼职程序员～声称要从高中辍学来做全职。我们叫他不要这么做。 我们公司里确实有好些人没有读完大学～但我们不希望人们辍学。谁要想在我们公司谋职～有毕业证书肯定会优先考虑。 不一定只有在大学才能获取信息～在图书馆也可以学习。但人家递给你一本书并不能自动地让你学到东西。你需要向别人学习～提问题～将设想付诸实施～设法验证自己的能力。这一切～往往不是读一两本书就可以做得到的。 接受的教育应该是广泛的～虽然对某些领域情有独钟也不失为一件好事。 读高中时～我有一段时间醉心于软件编写～但大部分时间里～我的学习兴趣相当广泛。我父母鼓励我这么做～对此我感激不尽。 大学期间～我修了很多不同的课程～但我从头至尾只选修了一门计算机课。我读书涉猎很广。 有位家长写信说～她15岁的儿子“钻进计算机无底洞里了”。他的网站设计课得了“A”～但别的科目分数都在下降～她写道。 这个孩子犯了一个错误。高中和大学给你提供了最佳机会～你可以广泛学习——数学～历史～各种学科——有机会跟着别的孩子一起做项目～亲身感受到群体的动力。你对计算机、舞蹈、语言或其他任何的科目有深入的兴趣也无可厚非～但太偏执而舍弃学习广度就不是一件好事了。 如果高中阶段兴趣过于集中～你会面临两个问题。第一个就是进了大学以后你很可能没法改变。另一个问题就是如果分数不够高～你就很难考入大学～而无法向那些积极性很高～很有才能的学生一起学习～他们可以真正帮助你了解这个世界。 大学期间可以适当考虑专业的问题。深入掌握自己感兴趣的领域的专业知识～能够引导你走向成功～除非这个专业没有发展前途～或者你并不很擅长这个方面。读研究生是获取专业知识的一个途径～虽然从纯经济角度来看～大学毕业后再接受教育不一定算是明智的投资。 Unit 5PB克里斯托弗?里夫 —— 真正的超人 他“比飞驰的子弹还快，比火车头更有力，轻轻一跃就能跳上高大的建筑物。”他就是全世界最伟大的超极英雄。1977年，克里斯托弗?里夫出演超人系列电影，全国观众欢呼喝彩。 克里斯托弗活跃、英俊、强壮，一如影片中的超人，而且似乎战无不胜。他滑雪，驾船，驾驶飞机，潜水，骑马，打网球，无一不是技艺高超，挥洒自如。谁也无法想象克里斯托弗会是另外一种样子。 1995年5月27日，一切都改变了。当时克里斯托弗和妻子达纳?莫罗西尼带着年幼的儿子威尔住在弗吉尼亚州。他参加了一项为期三天的马术比赛。他的坐骑“东方快车” 看上去状态颇佳。42岁的克里斯托弗也显得同样神采奕奕，气定神闲。 对克里斯托弗而言，比赛进行得很顺利，虽没有名列前茅，但也没有落到最后。但在一场两英里的障碍赛中，第三次跨越障碍时，马和骑手之间不知怎么失去了默契。“东方快车”突然停了下来，可是克里斯托弗还在继续前行，他身子飞过马的头顶，头部着地摔了下来:一动不动，甚至没有呼吸。 克里斯托弗颅腔底部的脊柱折断了，颈部以下瘫痪。他不能说话，甚至不能自己呼吸。当时医生们认为他的生存几率只有百分之五十。 绝望攫住了克里斯托弗?里夫的心。他想，也许放弃生存的努力是最佳的方案。死亡似乎是最不费劲、痛苦最少的一件事。他想放弃生存对家人而言也是最佳方案。但这时他看见妻子达纳站在他身边，对他说:“你依然是你。我爱你。” 从那一刻开始，克里斯托弗一心只想着活下去。他鼓起勇气，开始为生命而战斗。几天以后，克里斯托弗接受了手术，术后他的上半身恢复了一些知觉。不过，医生们仍然不乐观。他可能永远不能再走路了。他也许永远就只能靠着呼吸器来呼吸了。 克里斯托弗要证明医生们错了。首先～他想靠自己呼吸。事故过后五个月～他要求拿掉呼吸器。他只勉强地呼吸了十次就得重新连上呼吸管。克里斯托弗毫不气馁～第二天又多呼吸了几次。到第四天的时候～他不用帮助可以呼吸七分钟了。三个月以后～他可以一次持续90分钟。1995年底～他已经可以回家了。 在那以后不久～克里斯托弗觉得自己已经做好准备～可以重新面对世界了。他有话要说。他想告诉人们～不论面对怎样的挑战～都不能放弃。他开始频频在公众场合出现。在多伦多作过激扬的演说～在波士顿大学毕业典礼上进行过讲演。不论克里斯托弗出现在哪里～人们都起立喝彩～很多人甚至泪流满面。 与此同时，克里斯托弗也重新开始工作。很显然，他不可能再去扮演以前的角色了，于是转而执导。他的处女作影片《暮色如斯》证明创作灵感并没有离他而去。 虽然克里斯托弗很坚强，但也还是有不顺心的时候。事故后的一年里，他面临着血栓问题，后来又得了肺炎。有一天做理疗时，他摔在地上，折断了一条胳膊。 每天他都要与自身现实做斗争。“早晨，我需要20分钟去哭泣，”他对一个记者说。在梦中和儿子奔跑玩耍，梦醒之后他需要20分钟来“清醒和调整???” 但擦干眼泪后，克里斯托弗总会悄声说:“好了，前进～”这些话证明，尽管他无法控制自己的身体，但仍拥有他的勇气，他的精神，他的内在力量。在这个意义上，他依旧是——也将永远是——超人～ Unit 6PA永不放弃 人们劝他引退～说他天分不够～但是花样滑冰选手保罗?怀利拒绝放弃。 1992年冬奥会闭幕后～保罗?怀利抵达华盛顿。走下飞机时～欢迎的人群开始鼓掌。他差点停下了脚步。谁在后面呀,他心里嘀咕。虽说有银牌在囊中～他怎么也不敢相信这掌声是献给他的。从那一刻起～保罗意识到自己的生活从此永远地改变了。 这位27岁的花样滑冰运动员在法国的阿尔贝维尔获得了银牌～从此走向全新的生活。1988年的卡尔加里冬奥会上～他表现平平～只得了第10名～可如今他再也不是在大型赛事中举止失措的无名小卒了,1991年的世界锦标赛上～保罗比赛完后～裁判建议他退出冰坛～“给年轻选手让位”～如今再也听不到这样的建议了。 跟踪报道1991年冬奥会选拔赛的记者们曾问他“你来这儿干什么,”～如今再也不会有这种别有用心的提问了。他再也不是美国冠军托德?埃尔德雷奇的手下败将～再也不会被三度问鼎世界冠军宝座的加拿大运动员库尔特?布朗宁甩在身后。 现在保罗?怀利成了奥运英雄。虽然有些人对他没有信心，建议他放弃，可他仍然勇往直前。虽然这个刚出校门的哈佛毕业生经常幻想，离开严酷的冰上训练生活会是怎样，但依然苦苦坚持着;这个年轻人发现:不管途中有多少障碍，要经历多少次失败，目标终能实现，而且他证明了这一点。 保罗说:“闭幕式上我接受采访～有个记者对我说～„你来时不为人知～归时却名扬四海?。我觉得这话很有意思～因为我当 时在法国～根本不知道美国电视是怎么报道这次法国之旅的。走下飞机～我才意识到人们把我当成了英雄。他们对我的看法改变了～因为我们获胜了。他们的看法改变了～因为我坚持不懈并且得了银牌～虽然没什么人看好我。” 有时～保罗也几乎不看好自己了。“92年冬奥会两个月前～《今日美国》对运动员们进行了一次调查～问道～你经常考虑退役吗,选项有:„每年?、„每月?、„每周?。” “我写的是„每天?～因为要坚持下去实在是太难了。但我还是下定决心要坚持下去～决不放弃～我要全力拼搏。” 1992年在阿尔贝维尔～事情完全改观了。保罗说:“我的经历使人们热泪盈眶～因为结果出人意料。这同时也改变了我的生活～我看着自己的冰上生涯从此被改写～变得精彩纷呈。其实也可能会是另一种结局:多年的努力化为乌有～结果令人大失所望。” 手中拿着奖牌～保罗突然进入到一个全新的世界:财源不断的签约、花样滑冰巡回赛、独家采访、追星族要求签名。总之～凡是一个声名雀起的英雄能得到的一切他都得到了～但保罗认为这一头衔值得称道的东西远不在此。 保罗说:“无私的奉献能造就真正的英雄,用自己的经历和行为激励别人上进～变得更高尚～也算是一种英雄。我认为我没有无私地奉献～但上帝用我的生活经历去激励了别的人。” 保罗还说～英雄是需要日日维护的。要达到完美的地步～滑 冰选手需苦练每个细小的动作～日复一日不能懈怠～英雄也一样～应该日日奉献～而不只是在危机关头或者在众人瞩目之时才有所作为。 收藏多年之后～奥运奖牌会退去它最初的光泽,若是不再关注别人的需要～英雄也会失去其知名度。和成千上万的人们一同观看盐湖城冬奥会时～保罗很清楚～每个胜利的背后～每次打破记录的背后～都有无数日日坚持不懈英雄的故事～那种永不放弃的英雄故事。 Unit 6PB找到平衡 顺其自然～既解饿又解馋。 我从小就胖乎乎的，长大后也一直超重。因为我比别的孩子重，常有人嘲笑我，因此我很害羞，很难为情。我曾经节食过好几次，但没有一次成功，最后体重反而增加。体重增加的另外一个因素是我热爱烹饪，我特别喜欢做一些油腻、脂肪含量很高的甜点，吃就更不用说了。 18岁高中毕业时，我体重达到了215磅。我自信全无，不敢离家去外地的新学校，就决定不去上大学，在家呆着。我没有改变不健康的饮食习惯，体重一直上升，我越来越不开心，可是我没有采取任何行动，只是衣服尺码越买越大。 我的生活出现转折点是在10年以后。那是我最胖的一段时间，体重高达330磅，我在朋友家参加新年除夕聚会。我看见镜子里的自己，被看到的情景吓坏了:我超重，很不健康，要是再不采取任何措施的话，我会越来越胖，越来越不开心的。 聚会后，我回顾以往的屡次减肥，发现之所以不成功是因为节食需要我放弃我所钟爱的食物。这样我就老想着食物和狂欢，最后干脆完全放弃节食。要是我顺其自然，食物照样吃，但份量少一点，这样的话我就可以既解饿又解馋。 最大的挑战在于，如何找到一个办法，既能满足我对烹饪的热爱，又能保持较为健康的生活方式。一开始，我尽量远离厨房，压抑自己不去想吃的。结果呢，满脑子里想的全是吃的。总该有办法把烹饪和健康的饮食结合起来吧。看了几本低脂肪食谱之后，我找到了解决办法。我不断尝试，把自己最爱吃的饭菜加以修改，使其脂肪含量降低但美味依然。 体重开始下降。我开始进行体育活动,心肺功能锻炼和减肥训练～每周五次,以后～效果更是惊人。我不觉得苦～我觉得我该给我的身体应有的关心和注意。 接下来的两年之内，我减了165磅。期间有起有落，有时也会停滞不前，可我下定决 心坚持到底。还有一个挑战，就是不要因为吃了什么不健康的食物就去过分自责，以为自己放弃了健康的习惯。相反，我发誓重新开始，时刻不忘自己的目标。 体重下降了，体形好了，我又能坦然面对自己和我的身体了。我的梦想是帮助别人意识到制作和食用低脂肪食品既简便，又好处良多。我已经出版了一本介绍低脂肪食谱的书，主持了很多关于健康饮食的讨论会。我既然已经知道，我下定决心就能达到目的，我的梦想已不再遥不可及。我终于找回了自我。 锻炼时间安排 跑步、爬楼梯、踏板健身操或者跆拳道:每周5次，每次60分钟 减肥训练:每周3次，每次30分钟 保持成果小建议 1、运动第一。锻炼后，饮食习惯往往更加健康。 2、减肥并不用强迫自己不吃喜欢的食物。你可以照吃不误，少 吃一点就行。 3、犯了小错可不用过分自责。尽快回到正常的运动和饮食方案 上来，原谅自己。 最近你注重健康了吗, Unit 7PA父亲的教诲 三位成功人士讲述父亲怎样塑造我们的人生。 瑞贝卡?洛伯:充满爱心 自小我就知道～父亲和母亲深深相爱。只要单独出门～他们总会吻别～我们兄妹几个觉得挺肉麻的～可结婚时～我却满心希望所找到的这个人～能像父亲爱母亲那样爱着我。在我家～爱无处不在～我成长的过程很有安全感～真是妙不可言。 我上大学时～母亲在与乳腺癌作斗争。父亲自己忧心忡忡～却是我们的精神支柱～对母亲而言尤其如此。做了乳房切除术之后～母亲决定不接受乳房再造术～以免再受手术之苦～母亲告诉我～在他们一起走过的日子里～父亲甚至不曾叫她改变发型。相反～他总是对她说～她是多么的美丽动人。正因为这样～与癌症作斗争～对她而言～倒也并不是多么可怕的事。她深知～不管发生什么事～父亲和他的爱总是会和她在一起。 注:瑞贝卡?洛伯曾当选全美“大学最佳球员”～曾是美国女 子职业篮球协会的纽约自由女神队球员。 理查德?布兰森:鼓励 我和几个姐妹在英格兰的一个小村庄长大。父亲是个律师～为了生计而奔波～我却一直就认为他与众不同。他从不指责我们～只是表扬～把我们的长处发挥出来。他会说:“给花浇水～花就会茂盛,不浇水～花就会死。” 我还记得我小的时候，说了别人几句不好听的话，父亲便说，“说别人的坏话，反映的是你自身的品质。”他还解释说，看到旁人的长处，别人也会看我的长处。我在经营公司时，一直尽量遵循这个原则。 父亲还一向通情达理。15岁那年～我办了一本杂志～花了大量的时间～校长让我自己作决定:要么继续学业～要么辍学去办杂志。 我决定辍学。父亲很尽责～他也曾劝我改变主意～后来发现我心意已决～就说～“理查德～我23岁那会儿～我爸爸劝我从事法律工作。我一直引以为憾。我本来想学考古～但我没有去追求我的梦想。你知道自己要追求的目标。去圆你的梦吧。”我的小杂志继续办下去了～后来改名《学生》～成为全英发行的青年杂志。我和妻子有两个孩子～我在想～我要用父亲抚养我的方法来培养他们。 注:理查德?布兰森是维珍企业集团董事长～该集团拥有维珍大西洋航空公司～维珍娱乐公司以及维珍可乐公司。 约翰?路易斯:希望 小时候～我住在阿拉巴马州的特洛伊～我经常抱怨每天要起很早去农场干活。一天～父亲把我拉到一边说:“孩子～我们这 么做～也是为了日子好过呀。坚持一下～情况总会好起来的。” 父亲生性乐观～对未来满怀希望～这种态度对我有潜移默化的影响。他还教导我们说～我们不能只顾自己～还应该关心别人。 在我看来～父亲总是在奉献～在分享。我们自己条件也不宽裕～没有很多可供奉献或分享～但父亲坚信～一切都会好的～即使在极其艰难的条件下也会如此。当年阿拉巴马有许多事情令人可怕:种族隔离很厉害,我们用的喷泉式饮水器上面标着“黑人使用”字样,上街时我们只能走街道的一边。但他挺过了这一切～没有怨～没有怒～没有憎。 1977年～父亲过世了。要是他还健在～能亲眼看到我入选议会～他一定会引以为荣～满心欢喜的。我相信～此时此刻～他就在天堂注视着我。 注:约翰?路易斯是美国参众议院中代表乔治亚州第五选区的议员。 Unit 7PB爱的奇迹 “肯定又是克鲁索，” 辛迪?邓洛普听到家庭游泳池方向传来落水声，这样想。克鲁索是只西班牙猎犬，经常跳进游泳池玩耍。辛迪在院子拐角处的车库里，正和朋友打电话聊天。 突然，辛迪感觉有点不对劲。水响之后，是死一般的寂静。辛迪匆匆说了声再见就挂了电话。她急忙绕过拐角，印入眼帘的是让她惊恐的一幕:她17个月大的女儿凯拉脸朝下漂浮在15×30英尺的游泳池里。克鲁索在池边来回跑，用牙齿拽住凯拉的衣服，想把她救上来。 大多数做母亲的肯定会立即跳进池中把孩子救上来，辛迪?邓洛普却做不到。12年前的一起车祸使她自胸部以下瘫痪。由于行动不便，她被迫习惯了轮椅上的生活。体重90磅的辛迪由于治疗需要定期游泳，但入水和出水都需要帮助。 此刻，1986年10月7日，凯拉的生命就掌握在母亲的手中。打电话请人帮忙是来不及了，再说附近也没有人，因为邓洛普一家住在加利福尼呀亚州一个叫埃尔默拉日偏僻的小镇上。辛迪的丈夫罗昂几小时以前就出门上班去了。最近的救援队在25英里之遥，最近的邻居也有半里。 辛迪知道自己没法从池边抓住凯拉～别无选择～她坐着轮椅 径直冲进寒冷刺骨的水中。轮椅沉了～辛迪朝凯拉游过去。凯拉还浮在水面～脸朝下～离她25英尺。辛迪游到女儿身边～设法把她翻过来。然后抓住她～拽到池边。凯拉双眼紧闭～嘴唇发青～没有呼吸。 辛迪惊恐万状～一条胳膊扶住池边～想把凯拉举出水面。她事后说～“她身子软软的～又很重～我举不起。” 辛迪知道自己得另想办法把凯拉救出来。她深吸了一口气～潜到池底。辛迪用手指紧紧攥住池边～胳膊放在凯拉身下～用头把孩子往上推。终于把孩子推出了水面～却没法把她弄到水泥地面上去。正在努力时～小女孩又掉回到水里。 辛迪绝望了，但仍没有放弃。最后，她把头挺得更直些，终于把凯拉顶出水面，并滚到岸上。接着辛迪肘部撑在池边抬起身子，伸出手来把凯拉往自己身边翻转。女儿还是没有呼吸。一阵恐慌攫住了辛迪的心，她捏住孩子的鼻子，开始进行人工呼吸。 一开始，没有任何反应。辛迪就不停地往凯拉嘴里吹气。最后，凯拉的身体突然抽动一下，并开始咳嗽，把水吐出来，然后开始哭。“听到那声尖叫，真是世界上最美好的事情。”辛迪说。 辛迪打了911急救电话，她和凯拉被即刻送往医院。辛迪因为在水泥地面爬行，双脚、肘部和双手都被严重擦伤，凯拉却安然无恙。不久以后，她就笑啊玩啊，好像什么事也没发生过。 Unit 8PA你是最薄弱的环节，再见 还记得美好的往日时光吗,在那样的纯真年代～我们共享文档和可执行文件～根本没有半点顾虑。不错～每隔一个月左右你可能会碰到一个引导扇区病毒～不过这些很容易对付～就算杀毒软件没有把它查出来也不要紧。 那些长长的夏日～悠闲自得～可惜消逝得太快。宏病毒使IT管理者们迅速成长起来～他们意识到有的病毒能迅速扩散到整个机构。一家公司里的数百台计算机感染了通过电子邮件附件传播 的病毒～也是十分平常的事。公司各部门中身体最好的当属IT员工～因为他们奔走于各台计算机之间～清理病毒。 防病毒得想个更好的办法才行。各家公司现在都意识到病毒并不是“现代神话”～而确实会严重影响到公司的运作。他们投资杀毒软件～安装在计算机、服务器以及电子邮件网关上～甚至还采取措施确保使用最新的检查程序～随时更新杀毒软件。 听起来好像各公司已经采取了充分的措施防范病毒。可事实真的如此吗, 杀毒软件确实能检测出用户会碰到的绝大多数病毒，而且往往在用户毫不察觉时就已经处理完毕。然而，软件必须定期更新，大公司则最好是每天更新一次。即使是这样，新的病毒也还是可能感染用户。通过网络和互联网，文件可以快速地传输，等到人们发现一种病毒并加以防范时，病毒可能已经扩散到了相当的范围。好在只有少数几种病毒有这么大的破坏力，不过像梅利莎和爱虫病毒则是例外，人们还来不及制止，它们就已经造成了严重的破坏。然后媒体轰动，员工会突然警觉起来，但一旦新闻头条不再报道这些事件，他们就会很快将其抛之脑后。 这正是危险所在。若病毒战线没有能察觉到的“大动作”～也没有全球性的危机～人们就会洋洋自得～对病毒保持警惕的重要性的意识就会在用户的脑子中渐渐淡化。他们会忘掉这件首要大事——毕竟杀毒软件会对付病毒～不是吗,何况～这不也正是IT部门的职责所在吗, 你还没有反应过来～用户们又一次打开了来历不明的附件～下载了非法软件～将公司的数据资料和信誉臵于危险之中。这一切都是因为用户们认为他们的操作环境很安全。员工们认为杀毒软件、防火墙以及IT部门足以保障他们的计算机正常运作～而且没有危险。其实保障根本没有的。杀毒软件的作用固然很重要～但在保护公司不受恶意攻击的战斗中～只能起到一定的作用。公 司的计算机系统安全与否实际上系于最薄弱的一个环节～而这个环节往往就是人的因素。 身为雇主～谁都不愿扮演令人扫兴或者令人生畏的角色。大多数人都愿意相信～员工若能感受到雇主的尊重和信任～肯定会很开心的。很多公司都默许员工接发一定数量的私人电子邮件～偶尔打一两个私人电话。 但是～如果员工为了追求个人乐趣而臵公司安全于不顾～就着实堪忧了。从互联网上下载有趣的屏保或者游戏～看起来好像没有危险～不过它们很可能是危险病毒的藏身之所。 从网上下载的软件经常是无使用授权的～而且不提供支持～可能与公司使用的其他软件发生冲突。未经许可的盗版软件是计算机病毒的理想的携带者～制造病毒者以及黑客们经常利用这类软件作为病毒扩散的理想开端。 对员工进行有关病毒危害的教育至关重要～但这种教育不能一劳永逸。员工的潜意识里应该随时留意潜在的危险～而且应该总是采取防范措施。应该提醒人们如果放松警惕会有什么后果。归根结底～营造无病毒环境～教育才是关键～而且应该坚持不懈。这可能不是日程表上最激动人心的事～但是行之有效。 道理很简单。你也许拥有世界上最好的软件来保护公司的防护系统～甚至可能是世界上最大的IT公司～但如果你的用户不注意计算机的使用安全～他们将始终是最薄弱的环节。 Unit 8PB很抱歉打扰你 你可能想，这么多年了，还用电子邮件传播病毒，我不至于这么笨吧。那你可就错了。 那封电子邮件来自我几十年前认识的一个女人，那时我们只有十几岁，痴痴地相恋着。我敢发誓，自那以后我们仅通过电子邮件的方式联系过三次左右。这最新的信件的主题是“主页”。正文很简单:“嗨～你一定得看看这个页面。真的很酷哦。”签名处是个傻乎乎的表情，一个挤眉弄眼的笑脸;-0)。“呵呵，你这家伙，够狡猾的～”我心想，思绪回到70年那个狂热的夏天???然后点击了附件。没动静了。哦喔。 1979年，我在墨西哥把帐篷搭在了一群行军蚁的地盘上。自那以后，这是我做的第二件傻事了。我的屏幕开始微微发亮，就像尤卡坦的落日。我释放了一个计算机病毒。 我感觉自己像是电影《人间大浩劫》里的博士一般，跟时间赛跑。我打开电子邮件程序，点击“文件”，选择“脱机工作”。我想这样一来就可以切断与因特网的联系，不至于传播病毒，再想办法清除。然后我查看了发件箱。天呐～65封邮件排着队，等着发送给我的朋友们，每一封的发件人都是我，每一封的主题都是“主页”，每一封都有一个附件，像子弹一般充满敌意。 我删除了邮件～清空了回收站～然后上网去找相关资料。我骂自己～怎么不在家用计算机上装一个杀毒软件～然后我得知“主页”病毒是一种最常见的病毒～专业术语叫“蠕虫”～只影响Microsoft Outlook的个人计算机用户～不会破坏我的计算机～但它会很快自动发送到我地址簿里的所有联系人～确切地说是我回复过的每一个联系人。这蠕虫还会把你的浏览器的主页设臵成四个色情网站的一个。最后一种情况没有发生在我的计算机上。我是不是逃过一劫了呢, 我战战兢兢地打开了Outlook～联机工作。50个邮件一下子涌到我的收件箱里。大多数是来自Time Inc.等公司服务器～通知我邮件因为含有病毒而被直接退回。最后一个邮件是我的朋友马歇尔的:“要是你不介意的话～我想问是哪个主页,”天呐:天呐:我已经传播了这个该死的蠕虫。我写了一封道歉邮件～发给地址簿里的每一个联系人～警告他们“别点击附件:” 最糟糕的是～我的邮件收件人很多都是新手～这些订户给我发邮件～要我就与该栏目相关的内容提供帮助。这些人大多数都 很友好～只有一个人要求我把她的名字从我的地址簿里删除。有 个菲律宾,可怕的爱虫病毒的发源地,的家伙写道～“我从你这 儿收到蠕虫～真是够讽刺的。” 从这个讽刺中吸取点教训吧:千万别打开附件，就算是朋友的邮件也不可以，除非你事 先得到通知。一定要时时使用病毒防护措施。最后，要是你收到我的电子邮件，主题是“主 页”，赶紧溜之大吉。 1A 7 1任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票(vote)。(be eligible to) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 2.每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to each student before the start of each semester. 3. 遵照医生的建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking. 4.公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town. 5.这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 8 1.鲁迅是中国最伟大的作家，同时也是世界杰出文人之一。 Lu Xun is one of the greatest writer in China and one of the world?s outstanding men of letters. 2.大部分研究生选择了文学作为其研究领域，其余的选择了语言学。 Most graduate students chose literature as their field of study, and the rest made linguistics their choice. 3.人们购买什么样的户型居住是根据各自的特殊需要和有关专家的建议。 People buy what kind of houses to live in on the basis of their special needs and on the advice of relevant experts. 4.这些虚拟教学设施能使亚非学生在一个真实的情景中学习外语至少 3 个月。 These virtual teaching facilities enable overseas students from Asia and Africa to learn a foreign language in a real-life situation for a minimum of three months. 5.学生在做出决定前应该认真核查他们是否有资格加入这一俱乐部，因为他们每个人只有一 次选择机会。 Students should check carefully that they are eligible to join this club before making their decision, as each of them is restricted to only one choice. 1B 1. 他内心深处知道，他们永远也不会再见了。(in one’s heart) He knew in his heart that they would never meet again. 2.他们同意出版他的第一本书后，他终于感到自己快要成功了。(on the road to) He finally felt that he was on the road to success after they agreed to publish his first book. 3.他停下来喝了一口(a sip of)水，然后继续讲话。(resume) He stopped to take a sip of water and then resumed speaking. 4.这个大项目使我们忙得今年都无法安排一次度假了。(engage; so much that) The big project engages us so much that we can?t manage to take a holiday this year. 5.氧气(oxygen)是气体中最重要的一种，正如水是液体中最重要的一种一样。(just as) Just as water is the most important of liquids, oxygen is the most important of gases. 2A 7 1. 警察们正忙着填写关于这场事故的各种表格。(fill out) The policemen are busy filling out forms about the accident. 2.我想在还车之前把油箱(fuel tank)加满。(fill up) I want to fill up the fuel tank before returning the car. 3.如果你要投诉，最好遵循正确的程序。(follow the procedure) If you want to make a complaint, you?d better follow the correct procedure. 4.要不是约翰帮忙，我们绝不会这么快就完成实验。(without) We couldn?t have finished the experiment so soon without John?s help. 5.暴风雨之后，岸边的人们焦急地搜索湖面以期发现小船的踪迹。(scan for) After the storm, the people on the shore anxiously scanned the lake for any sign of the boat 8 1那时他刚刚被提升为公司副总裁不久，所以他并没有期待六个月内还会有升职。 He had just been promoted to vice president of the company and wasn?t expecting another promotion in six months 2大学毕业不久他就找到了一份满意的工作。 Shortly after he graduated from school, he jumped to a satisfactory job. 3绝大多数大学都有自己的主页，可以让申请者搜索他们需要的资料。 Most colleges and universities have their homepages, enabling applicants to scan for the information available about the university they want to apply to. 4她轻轻地点击了一下鼠标，就把作业上交给了导师，并很快得到了回音。 With a click of her mouse, she submitted her assignment to the tutor and soon got the reply. 5通过进入她将就读的大学的网站，她看到这所大学的许多彩色照片，还包括一幅详细的校 园地图。 By accessing the website of the university she was going to study in, she saw color photos of the university, including a detailed map of the university campus. 2B 1.没有身份证(ID card)我不能放任何人进来，但对你来说是例外(exception)。(in one’s case) I?m not supposed to let anyone in without an ID card, but I?ll make an exception in your case. 2.他已经从失败中汲取教训，不会犯同样的错误。(learn a lesson from) He has learned his lesson from the failure and won?t repeat the mistake. 3.我对你的能力很有信心，相信你一定能成功。(have faith in) I have great faith in your ability — I?m sure you?ll succeed. 4.即使下着雨，我们还是继续比赛。(even though) Even though it was raining, we still went on with our match. 5.我醒过来时，发现自己躺在医院的床上。(find oneself doing) I woke up to find myself lying on a hospital bed. 3A 7 1.我们需要通过减少道路上的车辆以降低燃料消耗。(consumption) We need to cut down on our fuel consumption by having fewer cars on the road. 2.电费上涨增加了我们的负担。(add to) The rise in power costs has added to our burden. 3.你应该自己判断行事，别总是跟在你哥哥的后面。(follow the lead) You should judge by yourself, and not always follow your brother?s lead. 4.那种发型今年很流行，但是我想明年就会过时。(in fashion) That hairstyle is in fashion this year, but I am afraid it will be out of fashion next year. 5.在追求真理的过程中，我们注定(fate to)要遭受失败的痛苦。(in one’s quest for) We are fated to suffer from many failures in our quest for truth. 8 1.我从来没有停止考虑过我是否适合成为父母要我去做的人，虽然我一直听从父母的意愿 I?ve never stopped to question whether I?m fit to be what my parents want me to be though I?ve always been listening to my parents. 2.一个人所做的所有事情都受到他的习惯、个性或生活方式的影响，是他的习惯、个性或生 活方式告诉他需要这样做。 All the things one has done are influenced by what his habits, his personality, or his way of life tell him he needs to do so. 3.大学是一个你可以与教授、学者一起工作的地方，因而你可以学习成为你想探索的任何领 域的专门人才。 College is a place where you can work with professors and scholars, so you can learn to be an expert in whatever field you want to be exploring. 4.虽然我常翻阅杂志查看流行时尚，但仍然受到传统服装样式的影响。 Although I look to magazines for fashion, I am still affected by the traditional dressing styles. 5.因为人的本性让我们愿意打扮漂亮，所以我们往往跟着时尚模特的样子做。 Because human nature makes us want to look nice, we follow the lead fashion models give us. 3B 1.我发现量入为出地过日子越来越难了。(increasingly) I find it increasingly difficult to live within my income. 2.现代政治家们都试图以电视讲话来影响普通百姓。(reach out) Modern politicians try to reach out to ordinary people in their TV speeches. 3.应该帮助学生对人生采取积极的态度。(adopt) Pupils should be helped to adopt a positive attitude to life. 4.希望全班同学参加这些讨论。(participate in) Everyone in the class is expected to participate in these discussions. 5.如果你犯了罪就必须受到惩罚。(crime) If you commit a crime you must expect to be punished. 4A 7 1.她在公共汽车站一直等到末班车进站。(come in) She waited at the bus stop until the last bus came in. 2.如果我们能帮得上忙，尽管和我们联系。(contact) If there is any way we can be of assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us. 3.他需要多少船务人员才能使他的游艇(yacht)航行,(crew) How many crew does he need to sail his yacht? 4.虽然她的新书没有上一本好，但是我还是喜欢它。(not quite as) I enjoyed her new book though it?s not quite as good as her last one. 5.我从未遇到过如此善良的人。(never before) Never before have I met such a kind person. 8 1.在这个国家，以前从来没有这么多的人参加慢跑运动。 Never before had so many people gone in for jogging in this country. 2.火箭升空的一刹那，所有的人都显得很激动。突然，火箭爆炸 ，燃成了一个火球。 All the people appeared to be excited the moment the rocket reared up into the sky when it suddenly exploded into a ball of flames. 3.4点30分，飞机被劫持开往邻国。 It was 4:30 P.M. when the airplane was hijacked and directed to a neighbor country. 4.包括9个在海外工作的，全班30个同学都回来参加了聚会。 All 30 classmates came back for the reunion party, including nine alumni who are now working overseas. 5.警察仔细搜寻了凶杀现场，只找到一个仍在黑暗中冒着轻烟的烟头。 All that remained as the police combed through the scene of the murder was a cigarette end still smoking and flashing in the darkness. 4B 1.公共汽车放慢速度并停下，让那位乘客上车。(slow down) The bus slowed down and stopped to allow the passenger to get on board. 2.许多车子都驶过去了，可是没有一辆愿意让我们搭便车。(roll by) Many vehicles rolled by, but no one offered us a ride. 3.请勿践踏草地。(get off) Please get off the grass. 4.他按妻子的吩咐，一下班就去了市场。(make one’s way) He made his way to the marketplace right after work, as his wife had asked him to do. 5.值得庆幸的是，史蒂夫(Steve)从自行车上摔下来时没有摔断骨头。(luckily) Luckily, Steve didn?t break any bones when he fell off his bike. 5A 7 1.我们得把感情放在一边，从专业的(professional)角度来对待这件事。(from a...standpoint) We have to put aside our emotions and take it from a professional standpoint. 2.这部戏非常精彩，我很快就沉浸于激动人心的剧情之中。(lose oneself in) The play was so wonderful that I soon lost myself in the excitement of it. 3. 她没有什么爱好 —— 除非你把看电视也算是一种爱好。(unless) unless you call watching TV a hobby. She hasn?t got any hobbies — 4.他说他是直接从市长本人那里得到这个信息的。(first-hand) He said that he had got the information first-hand from the Mayor himself. 5.既然你不能回答这个问题，我们最好问问别人。(since) Since you can?t answer the question, perhaps we?d better ask someone else 8 1.我们要怎样才能找到一个合适的办法来引导残疾人士走向成功呢, How can we find a proper way to steer disabled people toward success? 2.不错，她是做过很可怕的事，但她已因此而受到了惩罚，而且现在她也愿意为此作出补偿。 It?s true that she did something terrible before, but she was already punished for that—and she?s willing to make it up for that. 3.上大学时我曾几度醉心于看侦探小说，但大学几年的大部分时间我还是读了各种有关大自 然的书籍。 In college there were periods when I was highly focused on reading detective stories, but for most of my college years I read a wide range of books on nature. 4.体操房并不是可以运动健身的惟一去处。 The gym isn?t the only place where you can exercise so as to keep energetic. 5.保持学习动力才会成功，除非你为你的职业生涯选择了一条死胡同。 Staying motivated in your study can lead to success—unless your choice ends up a dead end for your career 5B 1.由于公共汽车司机突然刹车(brake)，旅客们都不由自主地向前摔倒。(pitch forward) All the passengers pitched forward because the bus driver braked sharply. 2.这个协议将冲破对自由贸易设置的障碍。(break through; obstacle) This agreement will break through the obstacles to free trade. 3.我刚放下叫出租车的电话，车就来了。(soon after) The taxi arrived soon after I rang for it. 4.在过去不管我什么时候到家，我父母总会等我。(no matter) My parents always waited up for me no matter what time I got home. 5.由于没有一方愿意让步，两个公司之间的对话完全破裂了。(break down) Talks between the two countries completely broke down, because neither of them wanted to give in. 6A 7 1.那件工作很难做，不过我想试试看。(have a shot) It?s a difficult job, but I?d like to have a shot. 2.这是一本关于商务实践而非理论的书。(as opposed to) This is a book about business practice as opposed to theory. 3. 社会活动从未耽误她的学习。(in the way) Social activities never get in the way of her studies. 4.直到1911年人们才发现第一种维生素(vitamin)。(It is not until...that) It was not until 1911 that the first of the vitamins was identified. 5.很明显，自然灾害是造成这个国家经济危机的原因。(crisis) Natural disasters have obviously contributed to the country?s economic crisis 8 1从那一刻起，在《哈利?波特》系列影片中担任主角的11岁少年丹尼尔意识到自己的生活 从此永远地改变了。 From that moment on, 11-year-old Daniel who played the leading role in the “Harry Potter” movies recognized that his life would never be the same. 2这个年轻人相信:不管前进途中有多少困难，他都会实现他的梦想。 He was a young man who believed that he will fulfill his dream no matter how many difficulties lie in the way. 3他的妻子在车祸中丧生之后，他才意识到妻子在他的生活中曾经有多么重要。 It wasn?t until his wife was killed in the accident that he realized how important she had been in his life. 4手中拿着一本童话故事书时，我总是觉得我被领进了一个美丽而纯洁的世界。 With fairy tale book in hand, I always felt I was ushered into a world of beauty and purity. 5正像运动员要达到完美的地步需要日复一日反复训练一套大的日常训练计划中的少数动作 一样，一个好学生平日就应该不断努力充实自己。 Just as an athlete achieves perfection by repeated training of a few actions of the larger routine day after day, a good student should make continuous efforts to improve himself on a regular basis 6B 1.我们的婚姻很幸福，但我们也曾经历过许多坎坷。(ups and downs) Our marriage is happy but we?ve had many ups and downs. 2.许多外语教师常常在课堂上自己讲得太多。(be inclined to) Many teachers of foreign languages are inclined to talk too much themselves in class. 3.那位著名演员每天早晨锻炼一小时以保持健康。(work out) The famous actor keeps fit by working out for an hour every morning. 4.与他促膝长谈之后，她的怀疑消失了。(melt away) After a long heart-to-heart talk with him, her suspicion melted away. 5.目前我们没有职位空缺 (vacancy)，但我们肯定会记住您的申请。(keep in mind) We have no vacancies now, but we?ll certainly keep your application in mind. 7A 7 1. 他并不后悔说过的话，只是觉得他完全可以不用这种方式表达。(could have done) He did not regret what he had said but felt that he could have expressed it differently. 2.我们最好等到12月14日。那时大卫已考完试，就能和我们一起去度假了。(will have done) We?d better wait till 14 December. David will have had his exam by then, so he?ll be able to go on holiday with us. 3. 他正在做一个新项目，年底前必须完成。(work on) He?s working on a new project which has to be finished by the end of the year. 4.他们让我们使用他们的实验室，作为回报，我们则让他们分享研究成果。(in return) They are letting us use their lab, and in return, we are sharing with them the results of our research. 5.诸如打电话，听电话一类的事情占用了这位秘书的大部分时间。(take up) Such things as making and answering telephone calls take up most of the secretary?s time. 8 1尽管他有病在身，他却是我们公司尤其是销售部的顶梁柱。 Despite his illness, he is a pillar of strength for our company and especially for the sales department. 2她从不惧怕困难，因为她知道不管发生什么事，父母的关爱总会和她在一起。 She never feared difficulties, because she knew that no matter what, her parents? concern and love would be there. 3汤姆决定辍学。像任何有责任心的老师那样，威尔逊先生极力劝阻他改变主意 Tom decided to drop out of school, and Mr. Wilson tried to sway him from his decision, as any responsible teacher would. 4结果，中国女子排球队接着获得了一枚又一枚金牌，成为整个国家的一个令人激动的事件。 As it turned out, the Chinese Women?s Volleyball Team went on to win one gold medal after another, an exciting event for the whole country. 5只要坚持下去，你的目标就一定能实现。 Hang in there and your goal will certainly be achieved. 8A 7 1.为了追求更为健康的饮食，人们现在比过去吃鱼多。(in pursuit of) In pursuit of a healthier diet, people are eating more fish than they used to. 2.我们需要在坏天气到来之前叫人把屋顶修一修。(set in) We need to have the roof repaired before the bad weather sets in. 3.这种疾病正在蔓延，所有儿童都有被传染的危险。(at risk) The disease is spreading, and all young children are at risk. 4.信息通过电话线从一台电脑传到另一台电脑。(transmit) The information is transmitted from one computer to another through a telephone line. 5.杰克是个相当好的赛跑运动员。他在大多数情况下都能获胜。(more often than not) Jack is a fairly good runner. He wins more often than not. 8 1听说这家高新技术公司实施了多种优惠政策以防止人才流失。 It sounds like this high-tech company has put in place many favorable measures to protect against brain drains. 2如果造纸厂为了追求高额利润而置环境问题于不顾，就着实堪忧了 The worry comes when paper-mills ignore the environmental pollution in pursuit of profits. 3参加托福考试前去上考前辅导班非常重要，但要想真正学好英语这却不是一劳永逸之策。 It?s vitally important that one attend a test-preparation class before taking a TOEFL test but this cannot be a one-off event if he really wants to have a good command of English. 4医生的潜意识里应该随时留意潜在的危险，而且一旦出现紧急情况必须立刻采取适当的措 施。 The potential threat should always be in the back of a doctor?s mind and appropriate measures should be taken in no time once emergency arises. 5归根到底，科学和教育是一个国家兴旺发达的关键，而且应该坚持不懈。 In the end, science and education are the keys to a prosperous country and this is a continual process. 8B 1.如果你删掉50个字，我们就可以把整个故事排在一页纸上。(delete) If you delete 50 words, we can put the whole story on one page. 2.由那位著名拳击手亲笔签名(signature)的拳击手套正在展出。(bear) On display were boxing gloves which bore the famous boxer?s signature. 3.我们想不通他怎么会干出那样的傻事。(figure out, dumb) We can?t figure out why he did such a dumb thing. 4.约翰逊一家对我很好，使我感到就像他们家的一员。(feel like) The Johnsons were very kind to me. They made me feel like one of the family. 5.他们说，想就合同的细节和你谈谈。(in connection with) They say they want to talk to you in connection with the details of the contract UNIT1 P14 3.1.B, 2.D, 3.B, 4.A, 5.A 4. 1.elected, 2.minimum, 3.distinct, 4.responsibility, 5.pursue, 6.exploit, 7.restrict, 8.equip, 9.granted, 10.awarded 5. 1.at large, 2.on the basis of, 3.in support of, 4.apply for, 5.is aiming at P21 12. 1.B, 2.D, 3.A, 4.A, 5.B 13. 1.challenge, 2.had transformed, 3.engage, 4.occurred, 5.urged, 6.cancel, 7.prejudice, 8.foundation, 9.beliefs, 10.constructive 14. 1.rests with, 2.in recognition of, 3.in fact, 4.provides for, 5.keep...up UNIT2 P36 3.1.C, 2.A, 3.A, 4.A, 5.C 4. 1.version, 2.publications, 3.click, 4.spotted, 5.refugees, 6.entries, 7.financial, 8.full-time, 9.detailed, 10.annual 5. 1.set up, 2.came across, 3.referred...to , 4.check out, 5.learnt of / learned of P42 12. 1.B, 2.D, 3.D, 4.C, 5.A 13. 1.stressed, 2.distinguished, 3.invest, 4.matured, 5.covered, 6.soured, 7.concept, 8.balance, 9.discount, 10.discipline 14. 1.paid off, 2.make ends meet, 3.To this day, 4.picked up, 5.thanks to UNIT3 P58 3.1. A; 2. B; 3. B; 4. C; 5. D 4.1. attractive 2. fascination 3. statement 4. despite 5. items 6. define 7. image 8. concerned 9. belongings 10. necessities 5.1. step back 2. identify with 3. dressing up 4. turned to/looked to 5. feed off P64 12. 1.D, 2.B, 3.D, 4.D, 5.B 13. 1. economic 2. estimated 3. measurable 4. inspired 5. maximize 6. motivate 7. created 8. distribute 9. concerning 10. abuse 14.1. by name 2. identify (her) with 3. participate in 4. speak for 5.take (firm) action UNIT4 P78 3. 1. D; 2. C; 3. B; 4. B; 5. A 4.1. signal 2. crash 3. distress 4. grace 5. exploded 6. collision 7. lowered 8. beamed 9. scatter 10. destruction 5. 1. combed through 2. in any case 3. ended in 4. bound for 5. on board P84 12. 1.T, 2.F, 3.F, 4.T, 5.F 13. 1. wandering 2. unloading 3. crushed 4. slightest 5. appreciation 6. giant 7. steer 8. knelt 9. leaped 10. slammed 14.1. as good as new 2. in the nick of time/in time 3. at play 4. head for/make for 5. put away UNIT5 P98 3. 1. B; 2. A; 3. D; 4. C; 5. A 4. 1. was sinking 2. specialty 3. purely 4. discourage 5. unlikely 6. dynamics 7. actually 8. reasonably 9. have perceived 10. extended 5.1. took a deep interest in; 2. fell into; 3. sign up; 4. try (it) out; 5. dropped out of P104 12. 1.B, 2.D, 3.B, 4.D, 5.A 13. 1. bound 2. sustain 3. obstacle 4. restored 5. approval 6. shift 7. emphasize 8. undergo 9. invincible 10. appearance 14. 1. set out 2. at a time 3. in ... shape 4. stopped short 5. turned to UNIT6 p118 3. 1.D, 2.A, 3.D, 4.C, 5.B 4. 1. clapped 2. defend 3. quit 4. perfection 5. interview 6. survey 7. exclusive 8. storage 9. observed 10. cover 5. 1. count ... out 2. be unaware of 3. stopped in his tracks 4. At times 5. turn ... around P124 12. 1.B, 2.C, 3.B, 4.D, 5.C 13. 1. deprived 2. healthful 3. combine 4. determined 5. lifestyle 6. balance 7. approach 8. solutions 9. miserable 10. deserves 14.1. out of reach 2. in tune with 3. set your mind to 4. come off 5. trail and error UNIT7 P138 3. 1.A, 2.A, 3.C, 4.D, 5.B 4. 1. optimist 2. reconstruction 3. sway 4. principles 5. gross 5.1. brought out her best 2. turn out 3.works out 4. Hang in there 5. by nature P144 12. 1.F, 2.T, 3.T, 4.T, 5.T 13. 1. anyway 2. spat 3. Adjusting 4. frequently 5. chilly 6. regularly 7. grip 8. pinching 9. scraped 10. crawl 14. 1. on the phone 2. as a result of 3. back and forth 4. around the corner 5. hold onto UNIT8 P158 3. 1.B, 2.A, 3.D, 4.A, 5.C 4.1. adequate 2. vitally 3. document 4. distribution 5. urban 6. potential 7. continual 8. infecting 9. threat 10. updated5. 5.1. let down 2. came across as 3. In the back of (his) mind 4. as a matter of course 5. cleaning up P165 12. 1.F, 2.F, 3.F, 4.T, 5.F 13. 1. colonies 2. technologically 3. cursed 4. corresponding 5. delete 6. dread 7. swear 8. were spared 9. protection 10. dumb 14. 1. was cordoned off 2. fired up 3. queued up 4. get rid of 5. poured into (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.