平均场晶格密度泛函理论
对比化单位
在模拟中,往往将各种量如温度,密度,压力及类似的量
表
关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf
示成对比量更为合理。这就是说我们选择一种能量,长度,及质量的方便的单位,然后再用这些基本单位表示其他量。以Lennard-Jones体系为例,考察具有形式为的成对作用势能,一种合适的(虽然不是惟cf(r/,)
,,m一的)基本单位:长度单位:;能量单位:;质量单位:(体系中的原子质量)。由此基本单位,可得到其他单位,例如时间单位为:,m/,。
Ur,,用上角*来表示这些对比单位,对比成对作用势能,是对比距离的无因次r,U,,,
126,,11,,,,,lj,,,u(r)4函数,例如Lennard-Jones势能的对比形式为,。 ,,,,,,,,rr,,,,,,,,
按此法则可以定义下述对比单位:
r1,,,,,rr,,,,r,r,,r,距离:, ,,,,,,
u1,,,,,u,,u,,u,u,,u,:, 势能,,,,,,
,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,化学势:, ,,,,,,
,33,,,,,,pp,,,,pp,,压力:, p,,p,,33,,,,,,,,,,
,,1,,,,33,,,,,,,,,,,,,密度:, 33,,,,,,
,,,TkTk,,,,,,BB温度:, TT ,,,,TT,,,,kk,,,,,,BB
,,,,f,,,,,,,f,,ffff,,力:, ,,,,,,,,,,,,
22,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,表面张力系数:, ,,,,2,,,,,,,,,
,23k,1.3806505,10J/K玻尔兹曼常量: B
-9,,0.37 nm,0.37,10m晶格间距:
成对流体之间相互吸引的强度:
34.771,10J,20,21w,,,4.771kJ/mol,,0.79225513,10J,7.9225513,10J ff236.02205,10
流体-固体Lennard-Jones井深:w,,, mf
wmf固体Lennard-Jones井深与最近邻流体-流体相互作用强度的比率:, 流体-,wff
由此可得:
,,,-9,,r,r,,r,,r[0.37,10m]距离:
,,,,21,,U,U,,U,,U[7.9225513,10J]成对作用势能:
,,,,21,,u,u,,u,,u[7.9225513,10J]势能:
,,,,21,,,,,,,,,,,[7.9225513,10J]化学势:
,,21,,,,p7.9225513,10J,,,,,72压力: ,,p,,p,p,p1.5641,10(N/m),,33-93,,,,(0.37,10m),,,,
,,,,11,,,,,283密度: ,,,,,,,,,,1.9742,10/m,,33-93,,(0.37,10m),,,,,,
,,21,,,,T7.9225513,10J,,,,,温度: ,,T,,T,T,T573.82743K,,,,,23kk1.3806505,10J/KBB,,,,
,21,,,,7.9225513,10J,,,,,,-9,力: ,, ,,f,f,f,f,f0.0214,10N,f0.0214 nN,,,9,,,,0.37,10m,,,,
,21,,,7.9225513,10J,,,,,表面张力系数: ,,,,,,,,,0.057871N/m,,2-92,,(0.37,10m),,,,,
bbST*,,1.594最近邻对比化相互作用:;*,,0.75; bbST,,
-9r,30*,,30,0.37 nm,11.1 nm,11.1,10m探针半径: C
,,30,x,y,30模拟盒子尺度:; z,r,h
探针与平面的距离:
H,3,,1.11 nmH,1,,0.37 nmH,2,,0.74 nmH,4,,1.48 nm,,, 3124
H,5,,1.85 nmH,6,,2.22 nmH,8,,2.96 nm,,, H,7,,2.59 nm5687
温度
参数
转速和进给参数表a氧化沟运行参数高温蒸汽处理医疗废物pid参数自整定算法口腔医院集中消毒供应
:
,kTkTkTTT*BBCB, , ,,,0.46, *,,0.51888*,,1.128TTCTkT,T*,,CBCC
T,0.46*T,297.758K, T,(,/2k)ln(1,2),647.3KCCB
,kT111B,,,kT,,,*,,,,,, B,,,**TkTB
,,C,,RH,,,(,,,)kT,(,*,,,,*)T*,70%, *,,,3, *,CBCC,,
开尔文方程:
,,,,,2(,,,)/H,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, SVSLCsatLVSVSLLV
,,,,-3.0,3.05467 ,0.05467,,,sat
,21,21,0.05467,7.9225513,10J,0.433126,10J,,,,0.996452-0.0028516,0.9936,,,LV 283283,0.9936,1.9742,10/m,1.843,10/m
11 ,,,(,,),,,,,H,(,,,)(,,,)HLVSVSLCLVsatC22
,,,2(,)2SVSLLVH,, C,,,,(,,,)(,,,)LVsat
,,0.0720N/m LV
2,,0.0720N/m,LV,,,,1.244 LV,0.057871N/m
,,,2(,)22,1.244SVSLLV,,,,45.81HC,,(,)(,)0.05467,0.9936,,,,,,LVsat
2,0.0720N/m,,18nm283,211.843,10/m,0.433126,10J
11,,,(,,),,,,,H,(,,,)(,,,)HLVSVSLCLVsatC22
,0.5,0.05467,0.9936,9,0.24444
,0.24444,0.057871N/m,0.014144N/m
平均场晶格密度泛函理论
1. 晶格模型与静态平均场近似
对于外场中的最近邻晶格气体,哈密顿量可以写成:
,ffH,,nn,n,n,0 or 1, (1) ,,,ii,aiii2iai
n是位置i上的占有率(0或1),a是晶格上的任意位置到最近邻位置的向量,而是最近邻相,iff互作用强度。哈密顿量中的第二项描述流体-固体相互作用,其中,表示墙-流体相互作用(润湿性)i的强度。在此工作中,采用简单立方晶格,对于邻近固体墙的晶格位置,润湿性强度采用。,,sf平均场的巨自由能可以由以下公式给出:
,ff,,kT,[ln,,(1,,)ln(1,,)],,,,,(,,,) (2) ,,,,iiiiii,aii2iiai
1,,,,,,,({})[ln()ln()],,,,,,iiiiiii,i
N,,,,,,,,[(1)(1)],,,,,,ww,,,ijijjiiffmf,ij,,ij,i
N,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[ln()ln()](1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,iiiiiiijiji,2iiij,iij,i
N,1,,[,ln,,(,,)ln(,,,)],,,,,,,,,,,,,,iiiiiiijiii2,iiij,ii
,其中是化学势,是位置i处的平均密度。同样,我们得到亥姆霍兹自由能: ,i
,ff[ln(1)ln(1)]F,kT,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3) ,,,,iiiiii,aii2iiai
1,,,,,,,,,,,,,({})[ln()ln()][(1)(1)],,,,,,,,,Fww,,,iiiiiiiijijjiffmf,i,ij,,ij,
,1,,,,,,,,,,,,[ln()ln()](1),,,,,,,,,,,,iiiiiiijij,2iiij,iij,
,1,,[ln,,,(,,)ln(,,,)],,,,,,,,,,iiiiiiijii2,iiij,i
通过在固定的化学势下将极小化,或者在固定的总体密度下对F求极小值,我们可以分,
别得到关于巨正则系综以及正则系综的平均场方程的解。
在固定温度与总密度下,亥姆霍兹自由能取极小值的必要条件是:
,F,,,0 , i (4) ,,i
其中化学势作为与固定总体密度的限制相联系的拉格朗日乘子出现。应用方程(3)与(4)可以得到:
,ci,, , i (5) i1,,ci
其中是活度,而. 这一组方程可以密度限制,,exp(,/kT)c,exp[,(,,,,)/kT],iffiai,a的表达式联合起来求解:
,ci,N,0 (6) ,1,,cii
为了给出平衡态的密度分布与化学势,我们通过将(5)与(6)写成以下形式来迭代:
(n)(n,1),c(n,1)i, (7) ,i(n)(n,1)1,,ci
()(n1)n,,c(1)()n,ni,, ,N,()(n1)n,1,,cii
,,,i ,,kT,,,,,,iffi,ai,,1,,ai,,
动力学晶格密度泛函
,(t),,n,,nP({n},t),iiti{n}
,,i,J(t) ,ij,tj
J(t),,J({n}),ijijt ,,w({n})n(1,n),w({n})n(1,n),ijijjijitJ(t),w,(1,,),w,(1,,) ijijijjiji
J(t),w,(1,,),w,(1,,) ijijijjiji
,,i,,w,(1,,),w,(1,,) ,i,i,aii,ai,a,ii,ai,ta
w,wexp(,E/kT) ij0ij
0 E,E,ji,E, ,ijEE, EE,,,jiji,
E,,,,,, ,ii,aia
我们采用的动力学平均场理论基于Peter.A.Monson于2008年给出的结果。在平均场的晶格
in模型中,位置处的系综平均密度写为:;其中是占有数,,(t),,n(t),,nP({n},t)iiit,i{n}
为在时刻发现占有构型的概率。局部密度的演化方程可以写为:P({n},t){n}t
,,iJ(t),,J(t),是与位置之间有分子跃迁的位置。是位置到位置的净流量,jjii,i,j,ij,tj
J(t),,J({n}),ijijt可以将其表达为: ,,w({n})n(1,n),w({n})n(1,n),ijijjijit
w({n})其中对于给定构型,从位置到的转移概率,根据平均场近似,{n}jiij
J,w({,}),(1,,),w({,}),(1,,) iji,jijj,iji
依照Kawasaki动力学,转移限制于近邻位置之间的跃迁,从而局部密度的演化方程可以写为:
,,i,,J(t),i,i,a,ta
,,[w({,}),(1,,),w({,}),(1,,)],i,i,aii,ai,a,ii,aia
w({,}),wexp(,E/kT)根据Kawasaki动力学与密度泛函理论,,ij0ij
0 E,E,ji,E,,。 E,,,,,,,ijiiffia,aEE, EE,,,jiji,
基本公式:
,,, ,,exp(,,)cexp,(,,,),,,,,,iijj,i,,
,,F1i,,,,ln,,,ji,,,,1,j,iii ,,,,1111ii,,,,,ln,,(,),ln,lnc,,,iji,,,,,,1,1,,jiii,,
,,,1i,,,,,ln,,,,ji,,,,1,,jiii ,,,,111111ii,ln,,,,(,,,),,,(),ln,lnc,ln,,p,,,ijii1,1,,,,,,,,,,jiii,,
正则系综:
对于具有固定总体密度的体系,我们求Helmholtz自由能的最小值:
,1 ({})[ln()ln()]F,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,iiiiiiiijii2,iiij,i
N,, g({,}),,,,M,,0,,,ii,1,,i
N,, F,,M,,,,,,,,i,,,i1
,,,F111g,ii,,,, ,ln,,,ln,lnc,,1,jii,,,,,,,1,1,,,,jiiiii
N,,,,E,1,,i,,,,,,,,F,,M,ln,,,,,,,iji,,,,,,,,1,iji,,,1,iii,,
,111i,ln,lnc,ln,,0i1,,,,,i
NN,,,E,,, ,F,,,,M,,,,M,,0,,,,,,ii,,,,,1,1,i,i,,
,,,,,1cciii,ln, , ,M,,0,,,,,,,,,,iiji,,1,,c1,c1,,,,i,jiiii,,
,,,,,(k)(k),,,,cM,1M(k,1)(k)(k1),i(k,1)(k),,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,lni(k,1)(k)(k)N,,,,,1,,c,,iii,,,,,,ii,1,,
成核理论1
N,1,,,[,ln,,(,,)ln(,,,)],,,,,,,,,,,,,,iiiiiiijiii2,iiij,ii
2,1 , ,0.5,1,,i,,, ,,,(,,),,,i,ii0,,0 , ,,0.52i,,i,
,,,1i,,,,,ln,,,,ji,,,,,,,jiiii
,,,111i,ln,,,,(,,,),(,,),p,,,iji,,,,,,,jiii,,
2,,,,,,1,,,,,,,(),,,,,ii0,,,,,,2,,,,iii,,
,,,,,,,,, ,(),,(),,,,ii0ii0,,,,,,ii,,,,i
,,,,,,i,(,,),,,,(,,),,,,(,,0.5),,ii0iii0ii,,,,,,ii,,,,i
2,,,, E({,},,),,,,,,,(,,),,,iii0,,2i,,
,,,,1,,Eii,,,,,,,,,ln,,,,(),,,,jiiii0,,,,,,,,,,j,ii,,iiii ,1,,i,ln,,,,,,,,,(,,),,,,(,,0.5),0,,jiii0ii,,,,,,j,ii,,ii
,i ,,i,,,,,,,,,,,,i,,,,,,,,,1,exp,w,w(1,),exp,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,ffjmfjii0i,,,,j,ij,ii,,i,,,,,,
,1 , ,0.4,i,,,,,,,,0.5*1,sin5(,0.5) , 0.4,,0.6(1) ,iii
,0 , ,,0.6i,
0,,,,i,,,0.5*0,,5cos,5,(,0.5),,2.5,cos5,(,,0.5) ,ii,,i,0,
,1 , ,0.5,,,ii,,,,(,,0.5)(2), ,,ii,0 , ,,0.5,ii,
,1 , ,0.5,,,ii,,,,,(,0.5),,,(,,3)(3), ,,,iji,0 , ,,0.5,j,iii,
,,i,i,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,i1,exp,w,w(1,),exp,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,ffjmfjii0i,,,,,,j,ij,ii,,i,,,,
, i,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,exp,w,w(1,),exp,(),,(,0.5),,,,,,,,,,,ffjmfjii0ii,,j,ij,ii,,,,,,,,
,i,,,,,,,,,,,1exp,w,w(1,),exp,,(,,),,(,3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ffjmfjii0ij,,jijiiji,,,,,,,,,,,
,,1,, ,,,,,,E,,,,,,,iij0,,6iij,,
,i,,i,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,exp,w,w(1,),exp,,,,,,,,,,,,,ffjmfjij,,,,j,ij,ij,,,,,,,,
,i,,,,,,,1exp,w,w(1,),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,ffmfjjij,,j,ij,ij,,,,
,i,,i,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,exp,w,w(1,),exp,1,,(1,),,,,,,,,,,,,ffjmfjjj,,,,j,ij,i,,jj,,,,,,,,,,,,
,i,,,,,,,,,,,1,exp,,w,,w(1,,),,1,,,(1,,),,,,,,,,,,ffmfjjjj,,,,jijijj,,,,,,,,,,
成核理论2
,0 , ,0.5,i, ,,i,1 , ,0.5i,
////00N,,N,(1,,)N,N,,,(1,,),NN,N,N, ,, ,,,,LiVLViiLViiiii
,ff,,kT,[ln,,(1,,)ln(1,,)],,,,,(,,,) ,,,,iiiiii,aii2iiai
0/0,,,,,,[N,N],[N,]LLL,ii
0/0,,,,, ,[(N,N),[N,(1,)]],[(1,),N],[N,N],,ViiVVVii
0//0,,[N,N][N,N]LLVV
,E,,,,
,,,,,kT[ln,(1,)ln(1,)] ,iiiii
,0ff,,(,),[N,],,,,,,,,,,,,Liiaiii2iaii
,,,,,ii,,,,,,kTln,,,,,0 ,ffi,ai,,,,1,,aiii
,,0,N,,,0 ,Li,,i
1,, i,,,,,,i,,,,,,,,1exp,,,,,,,,ffi,ai,,,,ai,,,,
0, i,vapor,,,,i,,,,,,,,,(,0.5),(1,1,2), i,surface,,, ,,exp,kT ,ii,,i,0, i,liquid,
(l)(l)00NNNN(l1)(l)(l)(l),VVLL,,,,,,, (l)0(l)0NNNNLVLV
ll()()00NNNNllll(1)()()(),VVLL,,,,kTln,,,kTln,,,kTln ll()0()0NNNNLVLV
成核理论3
,E,,,,
,0ff,kT,[,ln,(1,,)ln(1,,)],,,,,,(,,),,[N,,],,,,,iiiiiiaiiSi,sS2iiaii
,0, i,vapor0, ,0.5,,i,,,,Si,,,,,,,,(1,1,2), i,surface,1, ,0.5, ,,SiSii,,i,,0, ,,0.50, i,liquidi,,
,,,,,Sii,,,,,,kTln,,,,,0 ,ffi,ai,,,,1,,aiii,,0,N,,,0 ,Ssi,,iS
0N(l1)(l),S ,,kT,,lnSS(l)NS
AFM原子力显微镜
N,1 ,,({}),,[,ln,,(,,)ln(,,,)],,,,,,,,,,,,,,iiiiiiiijiii2,iiij,ii
N1, i,confined sites,12, , g({,}),(,,0.5),,,,,iiii20, i,confined sites,1i,
,,,,1111ii ,ln,,,,,,,,ln,lnc,ln,,p,jiii,1,1,,,,,,,,,jiiii
N,g,1,,2 ,(,,0.5),,(,,0.5),,q,iiiii,,,,2,,,1i,,ii
N12, E,({,},),,,({}),,,,({,}),,g({,}),,({,}),,(,,0.5),,iiiiiii2,1i
,,, , ,,exp(,,)c,exp,,(,,,,),,,iijj,i,,
,,s,exp,,(,,0.5),,iii
N,E,1,,2,,,,,,({}),(,0.5),iii,,,,,,2i,,,1ii
,1i,,,,,,, ,ln,,,,(,0.5),jiii,,1,j,ii
,1111i,,ln,lnc,ln,lns,0ii,1,,,,,i
NE,12,(,,0.5),,0 ,ii,2,i,1
,,,,,,,, ,,csexp,,,,(,,),(,0.5),,,,,iiijii,ji,,,,,,,,, ii1,1,,,
,cs1ii,,,i,1,cs,,,,ii,,,,,,,,,,1,exp,,(,),(,0.5),,,ijii,,,,,ji,,,,
1,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1,exp,,(,)exp(,0.5),,,ijii,,,,,ji,,,,
,,,0.5, iii
,1i,,,,ln,,,,ji,,1,j,ii ,,,i,,0.5i
NN112,,,,,,,,,,(,0.5),0.25,(1,),,iiiiii22i,1i,1 NN1,,,,,,,,0.25,,(1,,),,,0,,,,iiii2i,1i,1,,
(k)(k),1cs,,(k1),ii,,,,exp, , ,,i,,(k)(k)21,,cs,,ii
,,,0.5,,,0.5,i,,2,i(k,1)(k)i(k,1)(k)i,,,,,, ,,,,ln,,(k,1)(k,1),,,,,,,,,,,iiiii,,i,,
,,,0.25,,,0.25,i,,2,i(k,1)(k)i(k,1)(k)i,,,,,, ,,,,ln,,(k,1)(k,1)(k,1)(k,1),,(1,),,,,(1,),,,,,,iii,iiii,,i,,