2001年考研英语真题

2001年考研英语真题 2001全国硕士研究生入学考试英语 试题 中考模拟试题doc幼小衔接 数学试题 下载云南高中历年会考数学试题下载N4真题下载党史题库下载 Part ? Reading Comprehension Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers ,A,,,B,,,C,and,D,. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points) Passage 1 Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. No clear cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word `amateur' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values/ The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widesprad introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of 1 science. 51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ______. ,A,sociology and chemistry ,B,physics and psychology ,C,sociology and psychology ,D,physics and chemistry 52. We can infer from the passage that ______. ,A,there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation ,B,amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science ,C,professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community ,D,amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones 53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______. ,A,the process of specialisation and professionalisation ,B,the hardship of amateurs in scientific study ,C,the change of policies in scientific publications ,D,the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 54. The direct reason for specialisation is ______. ,A,the development in communication ,B,the growth of professionalisation ,C,the expansion of scientific knowledge ,D,the splitting up of academic societies Passage 2 A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had. Of course, the ue of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential. To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrials infrastructure, it didn't 2 have the capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure — including roads, barbors, highways, prots and so on — were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does means recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet. 55. Digital divide is something ______. ,A,getting worse because of the Internet ,B,the rich countries are responsible for ,C,the world must guard against ,D,considered positive today 56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ______. ,A,offers economic potentials ,B,can bring foreign funds ,C,can soon wipe out world poverty ,D,connects people all over the world 57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of.,A, providing financial support overseas ,B,preventing foreign capital's control ,C,building industrial infrastructure ,D,accepting foreign investment 58. It seems that now a country's economy depends much on ______. ,A,how well developed it is electronically ,B,whether it is prejudiced against immigrants ,C,whether it adopts America's industrial pattern ,D,how much control it has over foreign corporations Passage 3 Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self analysis known as the journalism credibility project. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most jounalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many 3 readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a coummunity. Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorials skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. 59. What is the passage mainly about? ,A,needs of the readers all over the world ,B,causes of the public disappointment about newspapers ,C,origins of the declining newspaper industry ,D,aims of a journalism credibility project 60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ______. ,A,quite trustworthy ,B,somewhat contradictory ,C,very illuminating ,D,rather superficial 61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ______.,A,working attitude ,B,conventional lifestyle ,C,world outlook ,D,educational background 62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ______. ,A,failure to realize its real problem ,B,tendency to hire annoying reporters ,C,likeliness to do inaccurate reporting ,D,prejudice in matters of race and gender Passage 4 The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying:“Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an 4 uncontrollable anti competitive force?" There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases. Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as World Com, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing — witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan — but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt. Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case? 63. What is the typical trend of businesses today? ,A,to take in more foreign funds ,B,to invest more abroad ,C,to combine and become bigger ,D,to trade with more countries 64.According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ______. ,A,the greater customer demands ,B,a surplus supply for the market ,C,a growing productivity ,D,the increase of the world's wealth 65. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ______. ,A,the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers ,B,WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs ,C,the costs of the gobalization process are enormous ,D,the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition 5 66. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can be said to be ______. ,A,optimistic ,B,objective ,C,pessimistic ,D,biased Passage 5 When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family". Curiously, some two and a half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting" has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “have it all", preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life", and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”. In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well established trend. Downshifting — also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” — has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti consumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting selfhelp books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid '90s equivalent of dropping out. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the '80s, downshifting in the mid '90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life — growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one — as a personal recognition of your limitations. 67. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1? ,A,Full time employment is a new international trend. ,B,The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job. ,C,“A lateral move" means stepping out of full time employment. ,D,The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family. 68. The writer's experiment shows that downshifting ______. ,A,enables her to realize her dream ,B,helps her mold a new philosophy of life ,C,prompts her to abandon her high social status ,D,leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine 69. “Juggling one's life” probably means living a life characterized by ______. ,A,non materialistic lifestyle 6 ,B,a bit of everything ,C,extreme stree ,D,anti consumerism 70. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of ______. ,A,the quick pace of modern life ,B,man's adventurous spirit ,C,man's search for mythical experiences ,D,the economic situation Part ? English Chinese Translation Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points) In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall. 71) There wil be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived. According to BT's furturologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. 73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040. Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck," he says. 74)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.” Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when fasterthan light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder — kitchen rage. Part ? Writing 7 76. Directions: Among all the worthy fellings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it. There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to 1)show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below, 2)give a specific example, and 3)give your suggestion as to the best way to show love. Your should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points) Part ? Reading Comprehension (40 points) 51.D 52.B 53.A 54.C 55.C 56.A 57.D 58.A 59.B 60.D 61.C 62.A 63.C 64.A 65.D 66.B 67.B 68.B 69.C 70.D Part ? English Chinese Translation (15 points) 71.届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污 超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。 72.儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是 工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。 73.皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出人们 有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。 74.但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始:“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步， 最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。” 75.家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂 躁。 Part ? Writing (20 points) 76. (1) Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. It is of the utmost importance to the human beings. Everybody not only needs love, but also should give love. As is described in the picture, “love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places.” This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than ordinary people. Maybe even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life and progress. Maybe just a thread of light will call forth their strength and courage to step out of their difficulties. 8 For instance when someone is starving to death, just a little food and water from you may save his life. Or when a little girl in a poor rural area drops out of school because of poverty, just a small sum of money from you may support her to finish her schooling and change her life, you have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed. So to sum up, we whould offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others so when you see someone in difficulty or in distress and in need of help, don't hesitate to give your love to him. I believe then the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in. (20分) 2001年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 解析 51.选,D,。本题属细节类题目。文章第二段最后一句为正确解答本题提供了帮助。这一句中的 关键词是“in those areas of science based especially on a mathe matical or laboratory training”这就 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 明了专业分工较为明显的学科的性质，即一般都是建立在数学或实验室研 究方面的学科。所给四个选项中只有,D,物理学和化学是正确选项。 52.选,B,。本题的答案不是很明显，可用排除法来解决。文章第一段最后两句指出“专业分工 是影响交流过程的一系列相关科学发展中的一部分。另一个是科学活动不断增长的专业化趋 势”。由这两句可看出，专业分工和专业化是科学发展的两方面，两者是有区别的，所以,A, “专业分工和专业化之间没有什么差别”是不正确的。从文章第三段可以看出专业科技人员 和业余科技人员是持“不相容”态度的，而且随着专业化的不断发展，这种“不相容”关系 更加明显，所以,C,“专业人员倾向于欢迎业余人员加入到他们的科学团体中去”是错误的。 第三段最后一句话中的“whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way”表示业余科技人员既有 地方团体也有国家团体，所以,D,是错误的。经排除后只有,B,才是唯一的正确选项。 53.选,C,。此题属于把握作者意图类题目，可以从文章第二段最后一句找到线索。这句中的 trend 指的就是科学活动中专业分工和专业化的趋势。原文中的The trend can be illuserated in terms of the development of geology换成了题目中的主动语态，illustrate 换成了demonstrate。 54.选,C,。文章第一段第一句提供了本题的答案。原文中的an increasing accumalation of suentific knowledge换成了被选项中的the expansion of scientific knowledge。 55.选,C,。本题不是要对digital divide 下定义，而是作出评价。文章第一段中的“My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago”对digital divide做了 评价，关键词是looming danger(隐约出现的危险)，表明digital divide是有危险的，因 此全世界需要防范。 56.选,A,。文章第二段前半部分指出了政府重视互联网的原因——互联网越开放，就意味着更 多的顾客。关键句是afraid their countries will be left behind。 57.选,D,。文章第四段前两句提供了本题的线索。这两句的意思是:要利用这一工具，一些贫 穷国家需要克服(get over)他们待外国投资那种落后的反殖民主义的仿见。那些仍然视外国 投资为对已主权侵略的国家也许应好好学习一下美国基础设施建设的历史。从这两句话可以 看出作者提及美国的目的是要说明贫穷国家要采取吸收外资的政策。 58.选,A,。文章第三段为本题提供了线索。本段指出了Internet的重要性。同时文章最后一 段中„which today is an electronic infrastructure”也表明了电子工业对一个国家经济 发展的重要性。 9 59.选,B,。文章第一段的第一句以问句的形式表明了本文的主旨，即要寻找许多美国人对报纸报导不信任的原因，也就是,B,项的内容。 60.选,D,。文章第二段指出新闻可信度调查项目的调查结果只是“low level findings abont factual errors, and grammar mistakes, „”。可见这些调查结果是很肤浅的(superfalial)。 61.选,C,。从文章第三段开始，文章找出了读者不信任新离报导的许多种原因，包括新闻业内部传统的报导模式(conventional story line)、新闻记者和读者在文化和社会上的脱节。文章第六段指出，“The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in „but in the daily clash of world views between reporters ard their readets”，表明新闻记者不受信任的基本原因是他们的世界观，原文中的world views换成了被选项中的world ontlook。 62.选,A,。文章的最后一段指出报业仍然不能满足读者的原因是it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases„，也就是说报业没有意识到它的真正问题。 63.选,C,。文章的第一句即为本题提供了答案。原文中的mergers and acquisitions(合并与兼并)换成了被选项中的combine and become bigger。 64.选,C,。(本题属细节类题目，可从文章直接定位并且运用排除法找出正确选项。)文章第三段指出了巨大兼并。合并潮的推动力，包括运输和通讯费用的降低，较低的贸易和投资壁垒，需要采用扩大经营方式才能满足顾客需要的扩大的市场。显然，只有,A,是正确选项。 65.选,D,。本题属于推理类题目。正确解答此题的关键是要正确理解第四段第二句话 It is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re\|create the same threats to competition that were „, when the stardard oil trust was broken up. 这句话表明 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 石油托拉期在一个世界以前有可能威胁竞争，但今天的合并则不会。hard to imagine(很难想象)” 。 66.选,B,。本题属于把握作者观念点类题目。文章最后一段第一句指出，the fast remains that the merger movement must be watched(然而事实是合并运动有待观望)，这表明作者对这股生意潮的态度是比较客观的(objective)。另外从整篇文章来看，作者的态度也是很客观的，例如在第四段作者讲到兼并的益处，但最后一段涉及兼并会引起的各种问题。 67.选,B,。本题一道推理性题目，需要正确理解文章第一段才能做出正确选择，本段第一指出是作者辞去全职工作时才发现自己加入了一个国际大潮中，显然全职工作不是这个国际大潮。第二句中的a lateral move的意思是“平行移动，横向移动”，显然不是指不做全职工作。而正是这个伤害作者自尊心、阻碍她职业发展的“平行移动”促使她放弃了她较高形象的职业生涯。本段最后一句指出作者声称:“I wanted to spend more time with my family”只是用来“cover”她的职职的。可见，作者是由于环境因素才辞去工作的，,B,为正确选项。 68.选,B,。文章第二段提供了本题的线索。第二段中的transformed ... into ...表明了作者在生活观上的改变，而这都是由于她采取了“顺其自然”(downshifting)的生活方式的结果。 69.选,C,。从文章整篇内容来看(主要是第三段)，downshifting和juggling your life是两种相对立的生活方式。既然downshifting是顺其自然，juggling your life就意味着生活中有很多压力，同时第三段对juggling your life做了具体的描述:12小时工作日，紧迫的交稿期限，办公室政治的可怕压力以及在限定时间做人母的局限。可见juggling your life是指一种充满了极端压力的生活。 70.选,D,。文章第五段第一句话为本题提供了线索。“While in American the trend (downshifting) started as a veacation to the elonomic decline”，表明在美国. 10