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语法归纳
大学英语语法规纳
一、时态和语态
I、时态
?时态是
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示动作发生的时间和表现方式的一种动词形式。每一种“时间，方式”就构成一种时态。从时间上看，有现在、过去、将来和过去将来之分，从动作上看，有一般、进行、完成及完成进行之区别。(英语动词有16种时态)在实际应用中以及TOEFL等考试中出现最多的时态也只有4种，即一般现在时，现在完成时，一般过去时及过去完成时。?
1(用一般现在时表示将来的动作。
A. 在由连词even if, unless, as soon as, if, when, in case, before, after, until, once, the moment, as long as等
引出状语从句中，谓语一般不用will或shall来表示将来的动作，仅用一般现在时。例如: eg. She will come to see you the moment she finishes her work.
?The boss won’t give the workers pay unless they ______their work today. (03/12, 43)
A) finish B) finished C) will finish D) had finished
?Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone__________ them.
A) discovered B) will discover (03/1,31, CET-4)
C) would have discovered D) discovers
B. 某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按预定
计划
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或时刻表在短时间内将发生的动作。这类动词
有:be, go, come, start, leave, depart, arrive, begin, return等。例如:
? The train leaves at five sharp.
2. 现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别
1) 现在完成时:
?构成:have,has + 过去分词
?语法意义及要点:
A. 表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时间的状语连用。eg. so far，up to now，since，for a long time etc.
eg. He has worked as a teacher for many years
Up till now，nothing has gone wrong(
?Don’t disturb Father. He ________ letters all morning and has written ten so far. (99/6, 42)
A) write B) has been writing C) has written D) was writing
?This is the worst time of the year. It ________every day so far. (02/6, 42)
A) is raining B) has rained C) rained D) rains
B(表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用(eg. yet，just，before，recently, etc.);也同表示频度时间状语连用 (eg. often，ever，never，sometimes，several times, etc).;还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用 (eg. now，today，this morning, etc). 但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用 (last year，inl997 etc.)
eg. I have never learned Japanese before(
We have been quite busy lately /recently(
?I am meeting Ivan tonight; I _______a Russian before. (01/1,49)
A) didn’t ever meet B) have ever met C) had never met D) have never met C(在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。
?We'll start at 5 0'clock if it has stopped raining by then(
?I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework(
Note:行为不能持续的瞬间动词(Instantaneous Verb)，eg. arrive, begin, come, go，start, leave, die，join，etc.
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通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
?He has joined the army for five years((F)
?He has been in the army for five years。(T)
2) 过去完成时:
?构成:had+过去分词
?语法意义及要点:表示某一动作或情况发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。
eg. David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
They had got everything ready before the party began(
?The burglary ______before I arrived at the office; all I could do was to call the police. (03/6, 56)
A) has occurred B) had occurred C) was occurring D) would occur
Note: 与现在完成时不同的是过去完成时可以与表示具体过去的时间状语连用。
?He said that he had seen her the day before yesterday. 3) 将来完成时:
?构成:shall,will +have+过去分词
?语法意义及要点:表示某一动作在将来某一时刻或将来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。
eg. He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday，
The shop will have closed already before you get there(
?By the end of next year they _________together for twenty years. (01/1,48)
A) will have worked B) had worked C) would work D) have worked
?--"May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?" (00/6,41, CET-4)
--"I'm sorry. Mr. Williams _______ to a conference long before then."
A) will have gone B) had gone C) would have gone D) has gone
?By the time he arrives in Beijing, we_______ here for two days. (01/6,31, CET-4)
A) have been staying B) have stayed C) shall stay D) will have stayed ?By the time you get to New York, I _______for London. (02/1,41, CET-4)
A) would be leaving B) am leaving C) have already left D) shall have left
4) 将来时间表示法:
? be going to +V. 表示不太明确的意图、打算。
?We’re going to to build a new highway to the east. ? be + to + V. 表示正式的安排、指示、命令、禁止等。例如:
?You’re to do your homework before you watch TV. ?You’re not to tell him anything about our plans.
? be about to / be on the point of 表示不久的将来，后者表示更近的将来，强调将来要发生的事情已临近。例如:
? I feel that something terrible is about to happen.
? I can’t see you now. I’m on the point of leaving.
? be due to 表示将来的用法与时刻表、实施计划有关。例如:
? The train to Hangzhou is due to arrive at 13:15.
II、 语态
英语动词有两种语态，一种叫主动语态(Active Voice)， 一种叫被动语态(Passive Voice), 分别表示主语和谓语动词的主动关系和被动关系。.主动语态用于主动句，表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态用于
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被动句，表示主语是动作的承受者。
? 基本公式是:“是”动词， 过去分词 (被动语态有13种)
1. am/ is / are +P.P 2. am/ is / are +being +P.P 3. was/ were +P.P 4. was/ were +being +P.P 5. has been + P.P 6. had + been + P.P 7. shall / will be + P.P 8. should / would be + P.P 9. should / shall / would / must / need / may / might / ought to
/ can / could / will be+ P.P (情态动词)
10. be +to be + P.P (不定式) 11. to have been + P.P (完成体)
12 .being + P.P (动名词及分词) 13. having been +PP(完成时动名词及分词)
?动词不定式符号to的处理。
感官动词(verbs of perception), 如see , watch, observe, notice, listen to, hear, feel, etc;
使役动词(causative verbs), 如make, have , let, etc;
如后面接不定式作为其宾语补语时，该不定式不能带有“to”这个符号。
即: 感官动词
主语 + 使役动词 + 宾语 + 不带to的不定式
但当上列结构由主动语态转成被动语态时，不带to的不定式须换成带to的不定式。
eg. We saw him cross the street. He was seen to cross the street.
John heard Mary go downstairs. Mary was heard to go downstairs.
The sharp pain made her cry out. She was made to cry out by the sharp pain.
二、非 谓 语 动 词
I、动名词
? 动名词可以在句中作主语补足语、主语、宾语、表语。它具有动词特征，有时态和语态的变化。例如:
? Transplanting will soon start. (S) ? It’s no use waiting. (S)
? Would you mind standing on your head? (O) ? My favorite sport is swimming. (P)
? His job is looking after the two dogs of the old woman. (S-c) 1. 某些动词后要接动名词
某些及物动词后能用动名词而不能用不定式作宾语，其中最常用动词的有admit，avoid，appreciate(赞
赏)，complete，consider，can't help，delay，deny，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，endure, excuse, fancy，
favour(赞同)，finish，forgive，involve，imagine，mind，miss，postpone，practise，prevent，quit，resent，
risk，resist，suggest, etc.
She suggested spending another day in the mountain area(
There's no way to escape doing the work(
She is considering asking her employer for a rise(
?I shall postpone ________ my paper until I get enough information on the subject. (02/6, 55)
A) writing C) written B) being written D) to write ?Maybe I’ll ______the MA program after graduating from college. (03/1,54)
A) consider to take B) consider to taking
C) consider taking D) consider on taking
?He considers _______ an MA program after graduation in two years. (03/6, 51)
A) taking B) to take C) took D) taken
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?Try to imagine ________the Pacific Ocean in a small boat. (03/12, 54)
A) crossing B) to cross C) to be crossed D) on crossing
?Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _______ at the next town. (00/6, 34, CET-4)
A) to stop B) stopping C) stop D) having stopped ?That young man still denies _______ the fire behind the store. (01/1, 45, CET-4)
A) start B) to start C) having started D) to have started
Note:? 在need、want、require、deserve等动词后的动名词相当于不定式的被动式
?The clock needs,wants repairing((,The clock needs,wants to be repaired()
?The disabled deserve respecting((,The disabled deserve to be respected()
? 在like、hate、prefer等动词后，如果表示一般倾向，则用动名词作宾语;如果指具体的某次发生在将来的行动，则要用不定式。
I like reading books of this kind，but l don't like to read that book(
She prefers walking to cycling(
I prefer to stay at home today(
? 在remember、forget、regret等动词后，如果用动名词作宾语，则表示该宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之前;如果用不定式作宾语，则表示宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之后。
I remembered locking the door((,I remembered that I had locked the door.)
I remembered to lock the door((,I remembered that l was to lock the door.)
I regret telling you about it((,I regret that l told you about it.)
I regret to tell you he has fallen ill((,I regret that I am to tell you he has fallen ill.)
2. 动名词作介词的宾语
动名词可作介词的宾语，与介词一起构成介词短语，在句中作定语、状语或表语。
?His dream of becoming a successful writer has come true(
?She left without saying goodbye to us(
动名词作介词的宾语常用在某些词组后面。这类常用的词组主要有:be accustomed to，believe in，confess to，dream of，feel like，give up，insist on，be interested in，look forward to，object to，have an (no) objection to，pay attention to，put off，be responsible for，succeed in，be tired of，be (get) used to，worry about, etc.
?He is used to living on his own(
?He has made up his mind to give up smoking. 3、带逻辑主语的动名词
动名词可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“名词或代词的所有格+动名词”。带逻辑主语的动名词又称为动名词的复合结构，在句中用作主语，宾语，表语和介词的宾语。在非正式语体中，如果动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语，也可以用宾格来充当动名词的逻辑主语。但需注意的是，在各种英语测试中，专家们仍坚持在正式语体中用代词的所有格来作动名词的逻辑主语。
Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected(
I appreciated her devoting herself to the cause Of education(
Your mother will be astonished at your coming home so late(
What we felt uneasy about was Li Ming's having too much confidence in himself(
? I don't mind ______ the decision as long as it is not too late. (00/1，43, CET-4) A) you to delay making B) your delaying making
C) your delaying to make D) you delay to make
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?、不定式
1. 某些动词后要接不定式
某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语，其中最常用的动词有: agree，apply, afford，arrange，appear，ask，attempt，care，choose，continue，claim, decide，dare, demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，fear，forget，hate，hesitate，hope，intend，learn，like，love，manage，mean(打算)，neglect，offer(主动提出)，plan，prefer，prepare，pretend，promise， prove，refuse，regret，remember，resolve(决心), seek，seem, tend，try，volunteer，want，wish， etc.
What do you plan to do tomorrow?
She hated to move from such a nice village(
In class teachers should try to get feedback from their students.
2. 不定式的被动式
不定式有被动式，当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语，定语，状语，复合宾语等。作定语时，通常表示在谓语动作后将要发生的动作。 eg. The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently(
She preferred to be given more difficult work to do(
It is a great honor for me to be invited to the party.
?If the building project _________by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.
A) being completed B) is completed C) to be completed D) completed (01/6, 48, CET-4) 3. 不定式的完成式
当不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作宾语，状语以及构成复合宾语，复合谓语。
?She seemed to have heard about the news already. ?He Was believed to have been a very rich man(
4. 不定式的完成被动式
当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语或构成复合宾语，复合谓语。
eg. The forest fire is reported to have been put out last night(
It is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference books(
?Twenty soldiers were reported ________in that battle. (99/6, 44)
A) to have been killed B) having been killed C) to be killed D) being killed
?The accident is reported ________at dawn this morning, killing about ten people. (03/6, 42)
A) to have occurred B) to have been occurred C) occurred D) occurring
?The bank is reported in the local newspaper _______ in broad daylight yesterday. (01/1, 63, CET-4)
A) being robbed B) having been robbed C) to have been robbed D) robbed 5. 带逻辑主语的不定式短语
不定式可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为"for+代词的宾格(或名词)+不定式"。带逻辑主语的不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。
It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time(
I think it better for you to see the doctor(
What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly(
I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like(
6. 带疑问词的不定式短语
不定式前可以加某些疑问代词，如who、what、which，或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成一种特殊的不定式短语，可在句子中作主语宾语、表语或状语等。
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How to improve English is often discussed among the students(
We haven't decided when to visit the place(
The most difficult thing in learning English is how to speak the language well(
You haven't answered my question where to set these books(
7. 某些动词后的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to，这些动词是: feel, have，hear，let，make，notice，see，watch, etc.
eg. Suddenly l felt the atmosphere in the room become tense(
I often hear them sing this song(
?As we felt the ground _______to shake, we all hurried out and stood in the open. (03/6, 50)
A) to begin B) begun C) has begun D) begin
?、分词
? 分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，主要起形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
1、现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。
Cf:a changing world (一个变化着的世界) VS a changed world (一个已经起变化的世界)
Surprising news (令人惊讶的消息) VS surprised people (感到惊讶的人们)
2. 分词作状语
作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。
eg. Hearing the news，he heaved a sign of relief(
Given another chance，I'll do it much better(
?All things _______, the result is satisfactory. (99/6, 50)
A) considered B) to consider C) considering D) are considered
?Children may improve their speech by listening to people talk, a fact that may go_________. (01/1,59)
A) not to be noticed B) unnoticed C) being unnoticed D) not to notice ?I think that _________with the railway, the highway is much better. (02/6, 44)
A) comparing B) compared C) to compare D) compare ?________his homework, the schoolboy dashed to the playground to join his friends in the game. (03/6, 48)
A) Finished B) With finishing C) Finishing D) To finish ?As a rule Mr. Smith went for a walk after supper, ________by a white lapdog. (03/6, 52)
A) following B) followed C) to follow D) having followed
?The boy looked at the stranger carefully, _______who he could be. (03/12, 42)
A) to wonder B) wondered C) wondering D) having wondered
?______ in this way，the situation doesn't seem so disappointing. (00/1, 68, CET-4)
A) To look at B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at
?These surveys indicate that many crimes go_______ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.
A) unrecorded B) to be unrecorded C) unrecording D) to have been unrecorded (00/6, 26, CET-4)
?_______ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.
A) Judged the best B) Judging the best (01/1, 46, CET-4)
C) To be judged the best D) Having judged the best
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?________in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city. (01/6, 60, CET-4)
A) Being the fourth biggest city C) Once the fourth biggest city
B) It was once the fourth biggest city D) The fourth biggest city it was
?He wasn't appointed chairman of the committee, ________ not very popular with all its members.
A) to be considered C) being considered (02/1, 53, CET-4)
B) considering D) having considered ?We left the meeting, there obviously ___________ no point in staying. (02/6, 58, CET-4)
A) were B) being C) to be D) having ?Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ________ to the outside world. (03/1, 43, CET-4)
A) having been lost B)to be lose C)losing D) lost -----(be lost to)
3. 分词作定语
分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前;分词短语作定语
时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。
?He's a spoilt child(
?The man standing over there is our English teacher. 4. 分词作宾语补足语
分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。
常用的感觉动词主要有:see，hear，notice，watch，find，observe，smell, etc.
常用的使役动词主要有:Set，have，keep，leave，set，make，let, etc.
此外，分词还可在want，like，wish，order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。
She watched her baby sleeping(
I got my hair cut(
I don't want you worrying about me.(
?They had their new house ________in the earthquake last week. (02/6, 52)
A) be destroyed B) being destroyed C) to be destroyed D) destroyed
?As a member, he tired hard to make his voice ________in the committee. (03/6, 46)
A) heard B) hear C) hearing D) be heard ?The wounded soldier had the message ________straight to the army commander. (03/12,46)
A) sent B) to send C) to be sent D) being sent ?Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in
Cuba. (00/1，45, CET-4)
A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D) cultivating
?You will see this product _______ wherever you go. (00/6，30, CET-4)
A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising
?With the development in science and technology man can make various flowers_________ before their time.
A) be bloomed B) bloom C) bloomed D)blooming (01/6，36, CET-4)
?The president promised to keep all the board members__________ of how the negotiations were going on.
A) inform B) informing C) be informed D) informed (01/6，54, CET-4)
5、分词与连词的连用
分词可与各种连词(如:when，while，once，until，if，unless，though，although，even if，as，as if，
as though等)连用。连词+分词(短语)的结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。
eg. She'll get nervous when speaking in public(
He went on talking，though continually interrupted(
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?Though_________ in a big city, Peter always prefers to paint the primitive scenes of country life.
A) grown B) raised C) tended D) cultivated (03/1，32, CET-4)
6、分词的独立结构
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致;否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独
。独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随状语以及在科技文章中表示附加说明时，它常位于句末。 立结构
分词的独立结构由“名词、代词+分词”构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。
eg. Weather permitting，the football match will be played on Wednesday(
Her son having been sent to school，she began to do some shopping(
He returned three days later，his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces(
There were two parties yesterday evening，each attended by some students。
?The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.
A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated (00/1，46, CET-4)
?So many directors _______, the board meeting had to be put off. (01/1，58, CET-4)
A) were absent B) been absent C) had been absent D) being absent
?All the tasks ________ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week. (01/6，56, CET-4)
A) been fulfilled B) having been fulfilled C) were fulfilled D) had been fulfilled ?All flights ________ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train. (02/1，67, CET-4)
A) having been canceled C) having canceled
B) had been canceled D) were canceled
7、with 引导的独立主格结构的构成方法及应用
A. With + 名词 / 代词 + 形容词
? He sleeps with the windows open even in winter. B. With +名词 / 代词 + 介词短语
? The woman came into the office with a mobile telephone in her hand. C. With +名词 / 代词 + 副词
? With the shift over, we went to see the film. D. With +名词 / 代词 + 动词的现在分词
? With more people helping them, they will be able to accomplish the task ahead of time.
E. With +名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词
? With the question settled, they were happy and relaxed. F. With +名词 / 代词 + 不定式
? He knew that with him to help her, she could succeed. 注:Without 也能引导独立结构。
? I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.
8. 垂悬分词短语作状语。
垂悬分词是一种具有独立性的分词，在句中作状语时，它的逻辑主语不必与句子的主语保持一致。常见
的垂悬分词有:regarding (关于), concerning，considering，assuming (假设)，admitting(that), granting /granted (that), seeing (that), judging from, generally speaking, allowing for (考虑到), etc.
? He did a bad job concerning his experience.
? judging from the number of cars, there were not many people at the club yet.
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三、虚 拟 语 气
虚拟语气是用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实或与事实相反。 I. Basic Verbs
eg. The judge insisted that the caucused man appear in prison.
on the accused man appearing in prison.
We recommend that a neutral chairman be appointed. II. N. Verbs (the meaning of the N are similar with the Verb)
eg. The board has given the instruction that the agent fly Boston.
Your advice that he wait next week is reasonable.
III. Adj. N.
eg. It is appropriate that this tax be abolished.
It is necessary that he come without late.
IV. 常考的几种虚拟语气句型:
1. 表示现在,过去,将来情况的虚拟条件句
虚拟条件句主要有三种结构:
1) 表示与现在情况相反:主句谓语用"would,could,might+动词原形", 从句谓语用“动词的一般过去时”(动词be的过去式一律用were)。
?If I were you，I would not accept his offer(
?If I had time，1would certainly go to the cinema with you(
2) 表示与过去情况相反:主句谓语用"would,could,might+ have+过去分词"，从句谓语用过去完成时。
eg. If I had gotten up a little earlier，I wouldn't have missed the train
If I had been more careful，I might have passed that exam(
?The plants would have grown all right if she ______them properly. (99/6, 53)
A) had watered B) watered C) has watered D) waters
?Things might have been much worse if the mother _______ on her right to keep the baby.
A) has been insisting C) would insist (02/1，59, CET-4)
B) had insisted D) insisted
3) 表示与将来情况相反:主句谓语用"would,could,might+动词原形”，从句谓语用"were+动词不定式”或"should+动词原形”。
?If I were to do the job，I would not be able to have enough time to study(
?If it should rain tomorrow，I would not go out with you(
2. 虚拟条件句连接词if的省略
如果虚拟条件句的从句中含有were，had，should，could等词时，可以省略连接词if，但这时必须把were，had，should，could等词移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要用于
书
关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf
面形式。
Were I to do the job，I would finish doing it within two weeks(
Had it not been for his help，we couldn't have arrived there on time(
Should it rain tomorrow，I would stay at home(
3. wish后宾语从句中的谓语构成
动词wish后的宾语从句表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望，其宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，有以下三种构成形式。
1)表示现在不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时(be的过去式为were)。 eg. I wish I had enough money to buy a car(
I wish I were as young and energetic as you.
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?Sometimes I wish I ______ in a different time and a different place . (00/1，58, CET-4)
A) be living B) were living C) would live D) would have lived 2)表示过去未能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时(had+过去分词)或"would,could+have+过去分词”。
?I wish I hadn't made such a mistake(
?I wish I could have done it better(
?Jack wishes that he________ business instead of history when he was in university. (01/6，50, CET-4)
A) studied B) study C) had been studying D) had studied
3)表示将来不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用"would,should (could，might)+动词原形"。
?I wish I would not get old(
?I wish I could travel around the world one day 4. 某些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气
在一些动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类动词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有:advise，ask，command，decide，Decree (命令，宣布)，demand，desire，direct，insist，move(提议)，order，allow, propose，pray, prefer, recommend(推荐，劝告)，request，require，suggest，Vote(表决)等。
eg. The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent.
The teacher decided that you do the experiment first(
?Helen insisted that she ______someone knocking at the door. (99/6, 47)
A) had heard B) has heard C) was hearing D) should have heard
?The teachers all recommended that German ______the first elective subject in this semester. (03/1,52)
A) be B) must be C) is D) was ?Mike's uncle insists ______ in this hotel. (00/1，52, CET-4)
A) staying not B) not to stay C) that he would not stay D) that he not stay 5. 某些名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气
在一些名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类名词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有:advice，idea，instruction，insistence(坚持), motion，order，plan，proposal，recommendation，request，requirement，suggestion，等。
eg. My suggestion is that we (should) send for a doctor immediately(
?Your proposal that she ______till next week is wise. (00/12, 55)
A) wait B) waiting C) will wait D) waited
?The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone. (00/6，30, CET-4)
A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present
?Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee _______ to investigate the incident.
A) were set up B) was set up C) be set up D) set up (02/1，47, CET-4) 6. 错综时间条件句
条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，有时发生的时间是不一致的，如从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句可能是对现在正在进行情况的假设，这种句子称为错综时间条件句。
eg. If the weather had been more favorable，the crops would be growing still better(
?If I __________harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office now. (03/1，35, CET-4)
A) worked B) were to work C) had worked D) were working 7. 某些主语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气
某些表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张以及“重要性”和“紧迫性”等概念的主语从句中谓语动词
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要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should+动词原形。这类主语从句一般由“It is (was)+形容词,过去分词+that引导的从句”构成。
该结构中，常用的形容词主要有:advisable (合理的)，appropriate (适当的)，crucial (紧要关头的), desirable，essential (紧要的)，imperative (迫切的)，important，insistent (坚持的), necessary，obligatory，proper，preferable (更可取的), strange (不可思议的), urgent (紧迫的)，vital (极其重要的)等;
常用的过去分词主要有:arranged，decided，demanded，desired，ordered，proposed，recommended，requested，suggested等。
eg. It is necessary that you (should) stop smoking so heavily.
It is arranged that you (should) enter for this competition(
?It is vital that she ________ a job to support her family. (02/6, 46 )
A) has B) have C) will have D) had ?It was vital that we __________every measure to protect the beautiful scenery around the lake. ( 03/12, 57)
A) must take B) will take C) have to take D) take
?It is essential that these application forms ______ back as early as possible. ( 00/1, 64, CET-4)
A) must be sent B) will be sent C) are sent D) be sent
?It is important that the hotel receptionist _______ that guests are registered correctly. ( 01/1, 41, CET-4)
A) has made sure B) made sure C) must make sure D) make sure
8. as if,though引起的从句
当as if,though引起的从句所表达的内容完全与实际情况相反或者纯粹是一种假设时，通常要用虚拟语气。
如果从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时;
如果从句表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时;
? 如果从句表示与将来的事实相反，谓语动词用would (might，could)+动词原形。
They talked as if they had been friends for years(
I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday(
It looks as if it might rain(
?No one would imagine that this city was just a night's journey from here. It seems as though ________ in
another world. (02/6, 57 )
A) it to be B) it were C) it has been D) it being Note:如果as if,though引起的从句所表达的内容被看作是事实或者有可能是真实的，则要用陈述语气。
?It seems as if it is going to rain(
?The meat tastes as if it has already gone had(
9. lest，for fear that和in case引起的从旬
当lest，for fear that和in case表示“以免，以防，生怕，惟恐”等时，在它们引起的从句中，谓语动词常用should+动词原形。
eg. He ran away lest he should be seen(
we were afraid lest he should get here to late.
He did it lest she sees
(should) see it.
may / shall see
The animals must be destroyed in case the disease spread.
lest
He left early in case he should miss the last train(
He's working hard for fear that he should fall behind(
?He was punished________ he should make the same mistake again. (01/6, 58, CET-4)
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A) unless B) provided C) if D) lest
?While crossing the mountain area, all the men carried guns lest they ___________by wild animals.
A) should be attacked B) had been attacked (03/1, 38, CET-4)
C) must be attacked D) would be attacked
?We booked rooms at the hotel _________we should find no vacancies on our arrival.
A) whenever B) if C) since D) lest (03/9, 42, CET-4) 10. If only 引出的从句
If only引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要是„就好了”。用法和I wish 基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩。If only从句经常省略结果主句，且主要用在虚拟语气中，即从句的谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来不可能实现的愿望，或用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。
?If only the rain would stop(
?If only I'd listened to my parents(
Note:If only引出的句子偶尔也可使用陈述语气，但须注意的是，在各类测试中一般都以用虚拟语气为正
确
答案
八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案
。
11. But for引出的从句
But for引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要不是。。。就。。。”。
eg. But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
?_________ the help of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation. (03/1，47, CET-4)
A) Besides B) Regardless of C) But for D) Despite ?________the storm, the ship would have reached its destination on time. (03/6，42, CET-4)
A) But for B) In case of C) In spite of D) Because of
12. would rather (that) 引出的从句
would rather意为“宁愿”，接从句时常省略关系代词that。但Would rather后的从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。此外，Would sooner (宁可), would as soon (宁愿) 后若接宾语从句也适用该句型。
I'd rather you told me the truth(
I would rather you came tomorrow than today(
I'd rather you hadn't told me about it。
?Wouldn't you rather your child _______ to bed early? (00/1，49, CET-4) A) go B) went C) would go D) goes
?The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office. (00/6，48, CET-4) A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work
13、It is (about,high) time (that) 句型
该句型表示“(早)该做„”，其后的定语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气表示。在测试中从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。
eg. It is time that we went to bed(
It is high time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.
?I think it is about time we ________our journey to the sea shore. (03/6, 60)
A) should start B) started C) start D) are starting ?It is about time that you ______down to business. (03/1,53)
A) must get B) got C) getting D) will get ?It is high time that such practices _________. (03/1, 58, CET-4)
A) are ended B) be ended C) were ended D) must be ended
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14. 表示猜测的几种不同的方法及意义
一些情态动词与动词的完成式连用能够表示对过去情况的猜测或者未实现的可能性。
1) could have+过去分词
A(表示对过去可能发生的事情的推测，意为，“可能做了某事”。
?He couldn't have seen her yesterday(
?They could have lost their way(
B(表示某事在过去本有可能发生，但事实上并未发生，意为，“本可以做某事”。
eg. We could have started a little earlier(
I could have killed her. It was a narrow escape(
?Some women ______ a good salary in a job instead of staying home，but they decided not to work for the
sake of the family. (00/1, 70, CET-4)
A) must make B) should have made C) would make D) could have made
2) may (might) have+过去分词
A(表示对过去情况的推测，意为，“可能已做某事”。
?He may have heard the news(
?I might have come to a wrong conclusion(
B(表示一种未实现的可能性，即本可以做某事，而实际上并没做，有时含有抱怨的口吻。
?It was a narrow escape(You might have killed yourself(
?A lot of men died who might have been saved(
3) must have+过去分词
表示逻辑上的必然性，即按照某些现象推断过去肯定发生过的某事。
eg. She must have made a big mistake(
The city at one time must have been prosperous，for it enjoyed a high level of civilization(
?Since the road is wet, _______last night. (99/6, 52)
A) it must have rained B) it should have rained C) it must rain D) it should rain
?The line is busy; someone _______the telephone. (01/6,48)
A) must be using B) used C) must have used D) must be used
?Investigators agreed that passengers on the airliner ________at the very moment of the crash.
A) should have died B) must be dying C) must have died D) ought to die (02/6, 67, CET-4) ?The policeman declared that the blow on the victim’s head _________from behind. (03/9, 53, CET-4)
A) should have been made B) must have been made
C) would have been made D) ought to have been made
4) needn't have+过去分词
表示过去不必做某事，但已经做了，即本可不必做某事。
?You needn't have woken me up(I don't have to go to work today(
?He needn't have watered the flowers，for it is going to rain(
5) should,ought to have+过去分词
表示过去应该做某事而实际上没有做。
eg. You should,ought to have done what your parents told you((But you failed to do it.)
You should,ought to have been more careful((But you weren't.)
?Mary _______typing the report an hour ago. (01/1, 56)
A) should finish B) should been finished C) should be finished D) should have finished ?“Has Jennie finished typing those reports?”
“Probably. She ______it an hour ago.” (01/6, 45)
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A) should be finished B) should finish C) should have been finished D) should have finished
?You __________your homework last night, but you didn't. (02/6, 54)
A) ought to have done B) need to have done C) must have done D) call have done
?Jack failed his chemistry test again. He ______spent more time in the lab. (03/1,47)
A) must have B) should be C) must be D) should have
?You promised her a letter; and you ought to _______to her days ago. (03 /12, 58)
A) write B) have written C) be writing D) be written 6) shouldn't,ought not to have+过去分词
表示过去不应该做某事而实际上却做了。
eg. You shouldn't,oughtn't to have crossed the road when the lights were red. (But you did()
They shouldn't,oughtn't to have left so soon((But they did.)
?You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance. (00/6, 42, CET-4)
A) shouldn't follow B) mustn't follow
C) couldn't have been following D) shouldn't have been following
?The careless man received a ticket for speeding. He_________ have driven so fast. (03/1, 33, CET-4)
A) can’t B) wouldn’t C) shouldn’t D)mustn’t
7) would have+过去分词
表示对现在或将来某时之前业已完成的动作的推测。可译为:“可能”、“也许”、“想必”。
?He would have arrived by now(
?She would have recovered by then.
?The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ________all practical value by the time
they were finished. (01/6, 33, CET-4)
A) had lost B) would have lost C) would lose D) should have lost ?He said that the driver must have had an accident; otherwise he _______by then. (03/1, 56, CET-4)
A) would have arrived B) must have arrived C) should arrive D)would arrive
四、 从 句
?I、定语从句
1、先行词为all，anything，something，nothing，everything，much，little，none等不定代词时，关系
代词一般只用that，不用which。且在大多数情况下that可以省略。
eg. Please tell me everything (that) you know about the matter(
That's all (that) we can do at the moment(
?He never stopped trying to do something ________to do. (01/6, 49 )
A) which he decides B)that he had decided C) he decides D) he would decide
?These people once had fame and fortune; now _________ is left to them is utter poverty. (02/6,61, CET-4)
A) all that B) all what C) all which D) that all
2、as引出的限制性定语从句
在such(((as的结构中as可作关系代词，引出限制性定语从句。as有时和the same连用，在从句中可
作主语、宾语或表语等。Such as 这种结构中such是代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语、或同位语。Such as,those that / who,意为“这样的人，事或物”
Such people as were recommended by him were reliable(——S
I've never seen such a talented young man as he is.——P
I have the same trouble as you (have)(——O
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3、as引出的非限制性定语从句
as可作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句或主句的谓语部分，可与which互用。通常译为“(正)如„一样”，“(正)像„一样”等。as引导的从句一般用逗号与主句隔开，可以位于主句的前面、中间或后面。但要注意，as引导定语从句可置于句首，而which引导的定语从句则一般不能出现在句首。另外，as引导的代表整个主句的意思的定语从句有时可能放在句子中间，而which引导的代表整个主句的意思的定语从句一般须后置。例如:
I live a long way from work，as you know(
She did not，as her friend had feared，break down(
As is generally accepted，economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production( 4、分隔式定语从句
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时会被其他句子成分与先行词隔开，从而构成分隔式定语从句。
eg. The days are gone when power politics worked(
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you French(
?We consider it necessary _________we should open our door to the outside world. (99/6, 57 )
A) whether B) if C) what D) that
?—What did John think of your decision?
—He ________ to believe that I really did want to go there alone. (02/6, 56)
A) found it impossible C) found impossible
B) found which impossible D) found that impossible
5. 介词+关系代词 (which,whom等) 引出的定语从句
如果关系代词(which,whom等)在定语从句中作介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句前，构成“介词+关系代词(which,whom etc.)+定语从句”。在这种结构中关系代词不可以用that。
eg. This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while(
The four travelers with whom I shared the room were pleasant people(
?We went up to the roof, _________we had a good view of the parade. (02/6, 60)
A) of which B) from which C) before which D) behind which
?The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.
A) to be based on B) to base on C) which to base on D) on which to base (00/6, 36, CET-4)
?Government reports examination compositions legal documents and most business letters are the main
situations ___________formal language is used. (01/6, 46, CET-4)
A) in which B) at what C) on which D) in that
6、关系代词在限制性定语从句中常可以省略，一般有以下几种情况:
1) 关系代词在从句中作直接宾语时，在大多数情况下可以省略。
?This is something (that) you must always keep in mind(
?The man (whom) you just met is our manager(
关系代词作介词宾语时，介词位于句尾时关系代词可以省略;介词位于关系代词之前时则关系代词不能省略。
?This is the room (which) Churchill was born in(
?This is the room in which Churchill was born((which不可省略)
2) 关系代词作主语时一般不能省略，但如果关系代词在由“there…be”存在句构成的定语从句中作主语时常可省略。
?This is the only book (that) there is on this subject(
?The old professor made full use of the time (that) there was left to him to continue his research( 3) 在way后面的定语从句中“in which”或“that”通常省略。
?That's the way (that,in which) I look at it(
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?I don't like the way (that,in which) you laugh at her(
7、非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句修饰先行词或整个主句，起补充说明的作用，如果省略掉，原句句意仍保持完整。非限制性定语从句要用逗号与主句隔开，其引导词不能用that。非限制性定语从句属于正式语体。——(经常考到的非限制性定语从句有以下三种)
1) 由which、as引导的非限制性定语从句。which、as代表整个主句。
eg. He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true(
China is still a developing country，which is known to all of us(
?I tried to get out of the business, ________I found impossible. (99/6, 49)
A) about it B) which C)that D) with this ? He spoke English confidently and fluently, ________impressed me most. (03/12,48)
A) so that B) it C) that D) which
2) 由“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。
eg. He sent her a letter, in which he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her(
He failed to pass the exam，because of which his parents scolded him(
?Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _______ obtaining fresh water is not the least.
A) with which B) for which C) of which D) which (00/6,46, CET-4) 3) 由“数词、代词或名词+of+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。
He had three sons, one of whom was my son's classmate(
There are about twenty students in this course，most of whom are freshmen(
They are two different words，the spelling of which are easily confused(
?The residents, ________ had been damaged by the fire, were given help by the Red Cross. (02/6,64, CET-4)
A) all of their homes B) all their homes
C) whose all homes D) all of whose homes
??. 状语从句
( 状语从句中以下四种从句考得较多，这里给予简单介绍。)
1) 时间状语从句
时间状语从句主要由以下连词引导:when，whenever，as，while，since，until，till，before，after，as soon as，once，hardly (scarcely)(((when，no sooner(((than, etc.
I will discuss the matter with you when we meet tomorrow(
He didn't go to sleep until he finished doing Hs homework，
You have changed a lot since we met last time(
?We ________the final of the National Cup on TV when power failure came. (03/6, 53 )
A) are watching B) watched C) were watching D) watch ?Contrast may make something appear more beautiful than it is when ________ alone. (02/ 1, 61, CET-4) A) seen B) is seen C) to be seen D) having been seen
此外，时间状语从句还可由某些可充当连词的名词(the moment, the instant, every time, etc.)和副词(instantly，directly, etc.) 引导:
?I will tell you the news the instant l know(
?Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet(
Note:? before除了可表示“在„之前”外，还可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很长或花费的力量相比较大，可译为“„才”。("not(((before"可用来强调主句所表达的时间、距离很短或花费的力量相比较小，可译为“„就”)。
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?It was a long time before I got to sleep again(
?They had not been married a month before they quarreled(
? 如果位于when引导的分句之前的主句使用过去进行时、过去完成时或"was,were about to，was,were on the point of" 等结构时，when表示突然发生某事，可译为“正在„突然„”或“刚„就„”等。这时，不能够用as或while来代替when。
I was walking on the street when I ran into my old friend John(
She had just fallen asleep when the telephone rang(
We wore about to leave when it began to rain(
2) 条件状语从句
条件状语从句主要由以下连词引导:if，unless，providing / provided(that)，suppose,supposing (that)，on condition (that)，as,so long as，in case , etc.
So long as you work hard，you will surely achieve good results in examinations(
I shall return next Thursday unless something unexpected happens.
I will go provided that you go with me(
Please give this letter to John in case he comes. 3) 让步状语从旬
让步状语从句主要由以下连词引导:though，although，even if，even though, whatever，however，whoever，wherever，no matter how,what,where,when , etc.
?No matter how _______, not necessarily worthless. (99/6, 43)
A) dry a desert may be B) may a desert be dry C) a desert may be dry D) a desert dry may be
?_______gets the job will have to shoulder a lot of responsibilities. (01/1, 46)
A) The person B) Anyone C) whoever D) Who
?_______, if he doesn’t learn, he knows nothing. (01/6, 55)
A) How a man ever is so clever B) However is a man clever
C) However a man is clever D) However clever a man is
?__________happens, I’ll stick to my position on the issue. (02/6, 45)
A) No matter that C) No matter which B) No matter how D) No matter what ?My parents always waited up for me, _______I got home. (03/1,51)
A) no matter what time B) however what time C) no matter how time D) whatever how time
?________smart you may be, you are expected to be modest. (03/6, 45)
A) No matter what C) No matter how B) No matter when D) No matter why
?_______people say about him, I’m sure that he is innocent. (03/12,47)
A) Whoever B) Whatever C) However D) Whenever
?_______ difficulties we may come across, we'll help one another to overcome them. (01/ 1, 57, CET-4)
A) Wherever B) Whatever C) However D) Whenever (以下介绍几种较特殊的让步状语从句。)
?while引导的让步状语从句多放在句首，while相当于although，表示“尽管”，“虽然”。
?While I admit I did it，I didn't intend to(
?While I understand what you say，I can't agree with you(
?短语"even now,then,so" 相当于 "though it is,was true"，表示“尽管如此”，“尽管这样”。
?The fire was out，but even so，the smell of smoke was strong(
?I've tried my best，but even now,then she is not satisfied(
? as引导的让步状语从句要倒装。
?Child as he was，he could speak four languages(
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?Hard as she tried，she failed to get the job(
?_______, he does get annoyed with her sometimes. (00/6,49, CET-4)
A) Although much he likes her B) Much although he likes her
C) As he likes her much D) Much as he likes her
4) 比较状语从句
比较状语从句主要由以下连词引导:(not) as(((as，(not) the same as，(not) such(((as，not so(((as，
than，"the+比较级(("，"the+比较级" etc.
eg. We have had a lot more rainfall this year than we had last year(
She can speak English as fluently as her teacher (can)(
?Last year Tom earned _______his brother. (99/6, 51)
A) twice than B) twice as much as C) more twice than D) twice much more than
?Many people have ________they think they have. (01/1, 57 )
A) more ability than B) ability far than C) more than ability D) ability than more
?John played ________Mary at the concert. (01/6, 54 )
A) a lot more well than B) a lot better than
C) much more better than D) much more well than ?Last year Jack earned __________his sister, who is a general manager of a joint venture. (02/6,53)
A) as twice much as B) twice as many as C) twice as much as D) as twice many as 附:倍数的表达方法
?The city has now over ten five-star hotels, almost ______there were six years ago. (03/12,44)
A) as many as three times B) three times as many as
C) as three more time as D) as three times many as 1. 要表示A是B的几倍，通常有三中表达方式:
A is X times longer than B.
A is longer than B by X times.
A is X times as long as B.
2. 下面是三种不同的表达方式:
1)Number + “times” + N / Pron
? The grain output this year is three times that in 1970.
2) Number + “times” as + A / Ad (as…)
? It would cost me about three times as much.
3) Number + “times” as + A / Ad-er than
? The sun is a huge blazing ball, a million times larger than the earth.
3. 倍数 + the + 表示大小、数量等的名词，如:capacity (容量), distance (距离), size (面积), output, number, length等 + of + 被对比对象，表示甲是乙的多少倍。例如:
? The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
? This truck is twice the length of that truck.
??. 宾语从句
1) 及物动词后的宾语从句
有些动词的宾语从句前还可有一个间接宾语。
I remember that we have 1earned this word before(
I don't understand what you have said(
She asked the teacher how she could learn English well(
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2) 介词的宾语从句
?It depends on whether you want to do it or not(
?There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured( Note:在介词in后面跟that引导的宾语从句中，"in that" 可看成是一个固定的搭配，表示“因为”或“在„
方面”。
eg. The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal means(
A turtle differs from all other reptiles in that it has its body encased in a protective shell of its own( ?Although many people view conflict as bad，conflict is sometimes useful it forces people to test the relative
merits of their attitudes are behaviors. (00/1, 56, CET-4)
A) by which B) to which C) in that D) so that 附IV. 名词性从句
带有疑问词的疑问句，即以who，what，which, when, where, why, how, etc. 开头，再加上词序的改变，可起到名词性从句的作用。
eg. When he did it is a mystery. ——作主语
The question is when he did it. ——在be之后
I wonder when he did it. ——在引述动词之后
It depends on when he did it. ——在V +prep之后
I’m interested in when he did it. ——在adj. + prep之后
?All the employees in the company know ______the boss says is always right. (03/6,49)
A) what B) why C) how D) that 1) that 引导的名词性从句
that 本身无词义，在从句中也不充当任何成分，只起到连接作用。
eg. That men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new.
The reason why he was late for school is that he overslept this morning.
It is my opinion that the plan will not work. ?_______has something to do with his odd character. (03/6, 55)
A) That she does not like him B) She does not like him
C) What she does not like him D) She did not like him
2) What 引导的名词性从句
What既起到了连接的作用，又在从句中充当某一成分。
eg. In some countries, what is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.
They are teachers and don’t realize what it takes to start and run a company.
3) Whether(if)引导的名词性从句
Whether (…or not)可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句;
而if只能引导宾语从句和主语从句，当引导主语从句时，不能放在句首。
eg. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. (此句中不能用if )
?_______she likes the present is not clear to me. (01/1, 45)
A) If B) What C) Which D) Whether
4) Whoever, whatever, whichever引导的名词性从句
eg. Whoever breaks the law will be punished. ?The gold medal will be presented to _______comes out first in the race. (99/6, 56)
A) whomever B) who C) whoever D) whom ?______gets the job will have to shoulder a lot of responsibilities. (01/1, 46)
A) The person B) Anyone C) Whoever D) Who
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五、一致性
一致性指的是句子成分之间或词语之间在人称、数、性等方面保持一致关系。主要表现为:主谓一致、代词一致、主语及其补足语的一致、宾语及其补足语的一致等。
?主谓一致
1. 分类(有3种)
(1)语法一致(Grammatical Concord), 即主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式;主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
eg. Little money is needed for the project.
Iron and copper are useful metal.
(2)意义一致(Notional Concord), 即从意义上着眼来处理主谓一致问题。
eg. Bread and better is wholesome (有益健康的、卫生的)food.
Bread and better is what they usually have for breakfast.
Five thousand ponds is more than I can afford.
(3)就近一致(Concord of Proximity), 即指谓语动词的人称和数往往和最靠近它的词语保持一致。
eg. Not only his children but he himself is hoping to be there.
Either my wife or I am going there.
On the left of each person is a table-napkin and a plate with a roll on it.
(?何时采用何种原则须视习惯用法而定。碰到捉摸不定时，比较稳妥的方法还是遵循语法一致原则。?) 2. 主谓一致原则的具体应用
(1) 非并列主语的主谓一致 (略)
(2) 并列主语的主谓一致
? 并列主语一般后面都跟复数名词，但当在意义上指同一个人、同一事或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数。
eg. Whisky and soda is always my favorite drink.
There is a knife and fork on the table.
War and peace is a constant theme in history.
?The owner and editor of the newspaper _________ the conference. (02/6, 57, CET-4)
A) were attending B) were to attend
C) is to attend D) are to attend
? every…and (every)… 单数动词
each…and (each)… 单数动词
eg. Every teacher and (every) student is admitted.
Each boy and (each) girl was congratulated.
? Every man and woman in this community ________of the serious consequence of smoking.
A) are convinced B) have convinced (99/6, 60)
C) is convinced D) has convinced
?Every means ________been tired since then, but the result was failure. (02/6, 47)
A) is B)have C) has D) had
? the + adj. + and + the + adj. + 单数名词 复数动词
eg. The tenth (chapter) and the last chapter are written by Jack.
The red (rose) and the white rose are withering in the cod.
Cf. The tenth and last chapter is written by Jack.
The red and white rose is withering in the cold. ? 由or / either…or… / neither…nor… / not…only…but (also)…连接的并列主语，通常根据就近原则，即
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动词与最靠近的并列成分保持数的一致。
eg. A technical manual or samples are distributed free at the exhibition.
Either George or I am to blame.
Either you or George is to blame.
Neither he nor you are wrong.
Neither you nor he is wrong.
Not only the switches but (also) the old wiring has been replaced. ? subject + as well as (as much as / rather than / more than / no less than) (视主语而定)
eg. Some of the workers, as well as the manager, were working during the holiday.
The driver, as well as two of the passengers, has died in the accident.
The coach, as much as the players, was responsible for the defeat.
Ruth, rather than her roommates, is to blame for the theft.
Women, no less than men, are participating in all kinds of work in the construction of their country.
Tom and Jack, more than others, are anxious to go to Detroit. ?The headmaster as well as the teachers _________the responsibility for keeping the class in order. (00/12, 53)
A) has B) is C) are D) have
? (single) subject + with (along with / together with / except) (单数动词)
eg. The headmaster, with the rest of the staff, was engaged in a heated discussion.
Mary, together with her sister, goes to work by subway every day.
A X’mas card, along with a set of books, was presented to him yesterday.
No one , except Tom and Jack, was late for the class.
?Professor Brown, tighter with his students, _______to arrive on the evening flight.
A) is B) are C) may be D) will be (01/6,59)
六、 其 他
1、常考的几种倒装结构:
1) 当表示否定或基本否定的词或词组位于句首作状语时用倒装。
这类词或词组常用的有:never，nowhere，seldom，rarely，little，hardly，scarcely，bare, not until，
not only，only when, by no means，in no time，under no circumstances，under no condition, in no way，in
no case，at no time，on no account (切不可)， etc.
Never have l heard it before(
Now here can I find my lost watch(
Under no circumstance should a student cheat in the exam.
On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals.
Not only was Churchill a statesman，but also a poet(
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. Only when one loses freedom does one know its valve.
In no way can I be held responsible.
?Not until the year of 1966______made the capital of this province. (99/6, 48 )
A) the city was B)when the city C) was the city D) when was the city ?Rarely ______faced with so difficult a choice. (01/1 , 60 )
A) could she has been B) she could has been
C) she could have been D) could she have been
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?By no means______look down upon people who have less education than we do. (01/6, 58 )
A) should we B) we should C) should we not D) we shouldn’t
Note:当"no sooner(((than"和"hardly,scarcely(((when / before"位于句首时用倒装。该结构表示“一„
就„”，在时态上主句—般用过去完成时，when或than引导的从句用一般过去时。
eg. Hardly,Scarcely had I got home when,before the bell rang(
No sooner had the performance begun than the lights went out(
?Hardly had he finished his speech _________the audience started cheering. (99/6, 41 )
A) as B) since C) than D) when
2) 当here，there，now，then，thus，only，hence，little等副词位于句首, 且主语不是人称代词时，句中
主、谓用倒装。
Here is the book for you.
There goes the bell(
Then came the order to take off(
Thus arose the division between the developed and developing countries.
Only slowly did I understand what she meant. ?Only in the last few years _______the conditions of the poor areas in that country. (01/6, 44 )
A) they have improved B) they would improve
C) have they improved D) would they improve
?Only by reading extensively _________you mind. (02/6, 51)
A) you will broaden B) you may broaden C) so you broaden D) can you broaden
?Only when you see the importance of learning English _______work hard at it. (03/1,42)
A) you will B) you would C) would you D) will you
?Only after he was sent to prison ________how serious his crime was. (03/6, 47 )
A) he came to know B) has he come to know
C) he has come to know D) did he come to know 3) 当"so,such(((that"结构中的so或such位于句首时用倒装。
So cold was it at night that I could hardly fall asleep(
Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken(
So much does my son worry about the college entrance examination that he can’t sleep well at night. 4) 分句以so，neither，nor，no more等副词位于句首，表明前面句子中所说明的情况也使用于后面的句
子时用倒装。
eg. Copper is a good conductor(So are many other metals(
He didn't see the film last night，neither did she(
?I can hardly hear what he’s saying; _________. (01/ 1, 42 )
A) nor can all the other people B) so hardly can all the other people
C) so can hardly all the other people D) nor all the other people can
?Paul never learned a foreign language, ________. (03/1,59)
A) he doesn’t think he has to B) nor does he think he has to
C) neither he thinks he has to D) he thinks he has not to, either
2、强调句型
这里讲的强调句主要是以it为引导词的分裂句。
其构成形式为:It is (was)+被强调部分+that (who，which)+句子的其他部分。被强调的部分通常为主语、宾语和状语。
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eg. It is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health(
It is what you will do that is essential(
?It was not until he had arrived home _________remembered his appointment with his girlfriend. (01/ 6 , 60 )
A) he B) that he C) and he D) which he ?It was the powerful mine ________killed a group of the enemy. (03/ 6 , 57 )
A) which B) who C) what D) that
?It was with great joy ______we got the news that China had successfully launched its first manned spacecraft.
A) which B) because C) as D) that (03/12, 53) ?______ she realized it was too late to go home. (00/1, 61, CET-4)
A) No sooner it grew dark than B) Hardly did it grow dark that
C) Scarcely had it grown dark than D) It was not until dark that
Note:? 在被强调部分的后面，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。但是如果强调的部分是表示人的名词，那么也可用who;
?It was Jane that,who lent me the money(
?It was this novel that,which they talked about last night. ? 如果强调的是原因状语从句，只能用because引导，不能由since, as或 why引导。
eg. It was because he had never had the opportunity that John hadn't learned to drive((Not since Or as) ? 有三类句子成分不可以进行强调，即表语、谓语动词和由though, although，whereas等引导的从句。
It is although he is young that he can speak four languages((F)
Although he is young，he car speak four languages((T)
It is whereas he prefers pop song that I like classical music. (F)
I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs((T)
3、使役动词后的宾语补足语
使役动词除了要有宾语之外还要加上宾语补足语才能使句子的意义完整。
常用的使役动词有:have，want，make，get，leave，set，let等。可以担当使役动词宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式和分词等。
?All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy(
?A good night's rest will set you right(
Note:? 动词不定式可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语，但在make，let，have等使役动词后，动词不定式作宾语补足语时不用to。
He made her give up the opportunity(
What would you have me do?
Her pride would not let her do this(
? 分词也可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语。现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的被动意义。
Her remark left me wondering what he was driving at(
The joke set them all laughing(
He managed to get the job done on time(
I've just had some new photos taken(
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4、平行结构
在英语中，当两个或两个以上的同等成分(主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语等)并列时，要求它们的词性或结构相同，即名词对名词，介词短语对介词短语,分词对分词，句子对句子等等。这就是英语的平行结构准则。一般在使用并列连词如and，but，or，neither(((nor，either(((or，not only((but also，both(((and，more (less)((than，as well as，rather(((than等时，要注意不要违反平行结构准则。
He likes watching TV more than reading books(
The soldier preferred to die rather than surrender(
We saw Tom walking towards the river，taking off his clothes and plunging into the water( Censorship prevents a movie from being shown or a book being sold.
?Fifty years ago, wealthy people liked hunting wild animals for fun________ sightseeing. (01/6, 47, CET-4)
A) rather than to go B) more than going C) other than going D) than to go
?In fact, Peter would rather have left for San Francisco than _______ in New York.. (02/6, 47, CET-4)
A) to stay B) stayed C) staying D) having stayed
5、反意疑问句——在具体运用反意疑问句时应注意以下几点:
1) 如果陈述句部分是一个含有宾语从句的复杂句，则反意疑问部分的谓语动词和主语代词要与主句的谓语动词和主语相对应。
eg. He never said she would come，did he?
You told me I had passed the exam，didn't you?
?what he lacks is courage,_______? (99/6，59)
A) isn't it B) isn't he C) is it D) is he
?There has been a great increase in retail sales，_________? (02/6, 43, CET-4)
A) does there B) isn't there C) hasn't there D) isn't it 但是如果陈述句部分是"I (don't)think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, fancy, reckon等+宾语从句"的结构时，反意疑问部分的谓语动词和主语代词要与宾语从句的谓语动词和主语相对应，并且要注意否定的转移。
I suppose you are not serious，are you?
She imagines that people like her，don't they?
I don't believe she knows' it，does she? (因don't的否定意义后移而不用doesn't)
I didn't expect she would come，would she? (因didn't的否定意义后移而不用wouldn't)
2) 如果陈述句部分是祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用"will you"。但是在否定祈使句后还是用"will you"。
?Read the text，will you?
?Don't be late，will you?
如果陈述句部分是以let's开头的祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用"shall we";如果是以"let us"开头的祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用"will you"。
?Let's have a party tonight，shall we?
?Let us go home，will you?
3) 如果陈述句部分带有never，nothing，nowhere，hardly，scarcely，seldom，rarely，barely，little，few等否定词或半否定词，反意疑问部分的动词要用肯定式。
?You can hardly believe this，can you?
? He has few good reasons for staying，has he?
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