新标准大学英语三1-10单元课后
答案
八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案
Unit 1 Discovering yourself Active reading (1)
3 Choose the best summary of what happened in the crab cage. 3 The cage was full of crabs. One of them was trying to escape, but each time it reached the top the other
crabs pulled it back. In the end it gave up trying and started to prevent other crabs from escaping.
4 Choose the best answer to the questions.
1 What happened to the students in the fall of the final year? (a) They became more relaxed.
(b) They became more serious.
(c) They spent more time outside.
(d) They stopped going to lessons.
2 Why did some people have bags under their eyes in the morning? (a) They’d been to an all-night party.
(b) They’d started worrying about their future.
(c) They’d spent all night in the library.
(d) They wanted to impress their teachers.
3 Which students had already planned their future? (a) The ones who had the best grades.
(b) The ones who came from wealthy families.
(c) The quieter ones who didn’t have the best grades.
(d) The ones who wanted to get married and start a family. 4 Why did the writer go home?
(a) He wanted to speak to his father.
(b) He could study better at home than at college. (c) He had to attend a job interview.
(d) It was a national holiday.
5 Why did his father take him out to catch crabs? (a) They needed to get something to eat for dinner. (b) He wanted to show him how to catch crabs. (c) He wanted to tell him something about life. (d) They both wanted to enjoy the coastline and the sea. 6 What advice did his father give him?
(a) Get to know yourself better.
(b) Watch what others do carefully.
(c) Always listen to your father.
(d) You can’t always do what you want.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.
1 achieving good results (productive)
2 the fact of being present at an event, or of going regularly to school, church etc (attendance)
3 the refusal to accept something new, such as a plan, idea, or change (resistance)
4 determined to be successful, rich, famous etc (ambitious)
5 agreement to a plan, offer, or suggestion (acceptance)
6 the written words of a play, film, television programme, speech etc (script)
7 very good, large, or showing great skill (impressive)
6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.
To be a successful film scriptwriter takes more than training although (1) attendance on a
screenwriting course will definitely help you learn the skills. You also need to be very (2) ambitious –
the film business is very competitive. You have to be prepared to work hard and be very (3) productive
because it takes more than just one good idea to make it big. No matter how (4) impressive your idea is, there will always be (5) resistance from producers because it’s too expensive. So make sure you have
plenty of others to show them. What are you waiting for? Get on with writing that brilliant (6) script and
plan your (7) acceptance speech for when you win your first Oscar!
7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.
1 We’ve seen a place we like and we’re applying for a loan to buy a house. (mortgage)
2 We stood on the top floor of the boat and watched the coast disappear into the horizon. (deck)
3 I love to walk along the beach and watch the waves breaking, and the white water hitting the shore.
(surf)
4 In seaside areas in the north-east of the country, life is hard and fishermen have to go against the forces
of nature every time they go to work. (coastal; defy)
5 Agreement was finally reached after a long and heated discussion. (lengthy)
8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If you watch an impromptu performance of something, has it (a) been prepared, or (b) not been
prepared?
2 When you map out your future, do you (a) plan it carefully, or (b) draw a sketch of it on paper? 3 If you brace yourself for something unpleasant, do you (a) try not to think about it, or (b) prepare
yourself for it mentally and physically?
4 Do you moor a boat by (a) turning the steering wheel, or (b) tying it to a post with a rope?
5 Is a rusty piece of metal something that (a) is bright and shiny, or (b) might have been left out in the rain and is covered with brown substance?
6 If a bowl is brimming with soup, is it (a) very full, or (b) half empty?
7 If someone is being held captive, are they (a) free to do as they please, or (b) being kept as a prisoner?
8 If you have figured out something, have you (a) added numbers together, or (b) understood it?
Active reading (2)
Reading and understanding
3 Choose the best summary of the passage.
3 Life is short. So there’s no point in planning for a future which may never come. Now is the time to do
what we want to do. There’s no time to lose.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 involving three things of the same kind (triple)
2 an area of ground where dead people are buried (cemetery)
3 the part of a place or thing that is at the back (rear)
4 a book that someone writes about someone else’s life (biography)
5 to put people or things into a space that is too small (cram)
6 at the very beginning of a career and likely to be successful at it (budding)
7 continuing only for a limited time or distance (finite)
8 to pass (elapse)
5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.
1 About two hours elapsed before we reached the cemetery where the war dead were buried. 2 I sat in the rear seat behind the driver. My three sisters were all crammed in the front.
3 The entrance to the car park was blocked, so the road was full of cars which had been triple-parked
one against another, making it almost impossible to get past. 4 We have a number of budding authors in our class this year, one of whom has written a fascinating
biography of his grandmother.
5 The time we have on this earth may be finite, but there are no limits to the human imagination.
6 Answer the questions about the words.
1 If you substantiate a claim, do you (a) prove it is true, or (b) persuade someone that it is true? 2 If someone tramples over something, do they (a) pour water over it, or (b) walk all over it?
3 If someone’s arrival is untimely, is it (a) at the wrong moment, or (b) late?
4 If events are described chronologically, do they occur (a) in the order in which they happened, or (b)
in no particular order?
5 Is ingeniously likely to mean (a) artistically, or (b) cleverly?
6 Is knackered an informal British word meaning (a) very relaxed, or (b) extremely tired?
7 Is patently likely to mean (a) obviously, or (b) usually?
8 When something is allotted to you, is it (a) given to you, or (b) taken from you?
7 Answer the questions about the phrases.
1 If you check something out, do you (a) find out, or (b) not think about it? 2 If you see something from the sidelines, do you (a) take part in the action, or (b) stay away from it?
3 If something is down to you, is it your (a) bad luck, or (b) responsibility?
4 If you have something on the back burner, (a) will you look at it later, or (b) are you interested in it now?
5 If you are in a position to do something, are you (a) able, or (b) unable to do it?
6 If time is ticking away, does it seem (a) as if it will last forever, or (b) to be passing quickly?
7 If you can have one shot at something, (a) are you allowed to shoot it, or (b) do you have only one chance to do it?
8 If you make the best of something, do you (a) enjoy it while you can, or (b) work hard to make it a success?
9 If a girl stands you up, does she (a) fail to turn up for a date, or (b) refuse to sit down when you ask her to?
Language in use
word formation: compound words
2 Rewrite the phrases using compound adjectives.
1 a party which is held late at night (a late-night party)
2 a library which is well stocked (a well-stocked library)
3 a professor who is world famous (a world-famous professor)
4 some advice which is well timed (some well-timed advice)
5 a population which is growing rapidly (a rapidly-growing population)
6 an economy which is based on free market (a free-market economy)
7 a boat trip which lasts for half an hour (a half-hour boat trip)
It’s what / how … that …
3 Rewrite the sentences using It’s what / how … that …
1 What other people think of us is determined by how we behave. It’s how we behave that determines what other people think of us.
2 What sort of job we are going to end up doing is usually determined by our character.
It’s what our character is that usually determines what sort of job we are going to end up doing.
3 What we do as a career isn’t always determined by the marks we get at university.
It isn’t always what marks we get at university that determine what we do as a career. 4 How we react to life’s problems is often determined by our childhood experiences.
It is often what we experienced in our childhood that determines how we react to life’s problems.
5 When we die is determined by our genetic clock, and the changes we make to it.
It’s what our genetic clock is and what changes we make to it that determine when we die.
It is / was not just that … but …
4 Rewrite the sentences using It is / was not just that … but …
1 Not only were the shops all closed for Thanksgiving, there was also no one in the streets.
It wasn’t just that the shops were all closed for Thanksgiving, but there was no one in the streets.
2 Not only did she spend all her time at college going to parties, she also took the time to gain a
first-class degree.
It wasn’t just that she spent all her time at college going to parties, but she took the time to gain a
firstclass degree.
3 Not only were they not listening to what he said, it also seemed as if they weren’t at all interested.
It wasn’t just that they weren’t listening to what he said, but it seemed as if they weren’t at all interested.
4 Not only was I upset, I also felt as if I was going to burst out crying.
It wasn’t just that I was upset, but I felt as if I was going to burst out crying.
5 Not only was the Grim Reaper intended to frighten people, it was also a figure of fun. It wasn’t just that the Grim Reaper was intended to frighten people, but it was also a figure of fun.
6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.
1 We all sensed we were coming to the end of our stay here, that we would never get a chance like this again, and we became determined not to waste it. Most important of course were the final exams in April and May in the following year. No one wanted the humiliation of finishing last in class, so the peer group pressure to work hard was strong. Libraries which were once empty after five o’clock in the
afternoon were standing room only until the early hours of the morning, and guys wore the bags under their eyes and their pale, sleepy faces with pride, like medals proving their diligence. 我们都觉得在校时间不多了，以后再也不会有这样的学习机会了，所以都下定决心不再虚度光阴。
当然，下一年四五月份的期末考试最为重要。我们谁都不想考全班倒数第一，那也太丢人了，因
此同学们之间的竞争压力特别大。以前每天下午五点以后，图书馆就空无一人了，现在却要等到
天快亮时才会有空座，小伙子们熬夜熬出了眼袋，他们脸色苍白，睡眼惺忪，却很自豪，好像这
些都是表彰他们勤奋好学的奖章。
2 Tomorrow? It’s all a lie; there isn’t a tomorrow. There’s only a promissory note that we are often not in a position to cash. It doesn’t even exist. When you wake up in the morning it’ll be today again and all
the same rules will apply. Tomorrow is just another version of now, an empty field that will remain so unless we start planting some seeds. Your time, which is ticking away as we speak (at about 60 seconds a minute chronologically; a bit faster if you don’t invest your time wisely), will be gone and you’ll have
nothing to show for it but regret and a rear-view mirror full of ―could haves‖, ―should haves‖ and
―would haves‖.
明天行吗,明天只是个谎言;根本就没有什么明天，只有一张我们常常无法兑现的期票。明天甚
至压根儿就不存在。你早上醒来时又是另一个今天了，同样的
规则
编码规则下载淘宝规则下载天猫规则下载麻将竞赛规则pdf麻将竞赛规则pdf
又可以全部套用。明天只是现
在的另一种说法，是一块空地，除非我们开始在那里播种，否则它永远都是空地。你的时间会流
逝(时间就在我们说话的当下嘀嗒嘀塔地走着，每分钟顺时针走60 秒，如果你不能很好地利用它，
它会走得更快些)，而你没有取得任何成就来证明它的存在，唯独留下遗憾，留下一面后视镜，
上面写满了―本可以做‖、―本应该做‖、―本来会做‖的事情。
7 Translate the paragraphs into English.
1 对于是否应该在大学期间详细规划自己的未来，学生们意见不一。有的人认为对未来应该有一
个明确的目标和详细的计划，为日后可能遇到的挑战做好充分的准备;有的人则认为不用过多考
虑未来，因为未来难以预料。(map out; brace oneself for; uncertainty)
Students differ about whether they should have their future mapped out when they are still at university. Some think they should have a definite goal and detailed plan, so as to brace themselves for any challenges, whereas some others think they don’t have to think much about the future, because future is
full of uncertainties.
2 经过仔细检查，这位科学家得知自己患了绝症。虽然知道自己将不久于人世，他并没有抱怨命
运的不公，而是准备好好利用剩下的日子，争取加速推进由他和同事们共同发起的那个研究项目，
以提前结项。(tick away; make the best of; have a shot at)
After a very careful check-up, the scientist was told he had got a fatal disease. Although he knew that his life was ticking away, instead of complaining about the fate, the scientist decided to make the best of the remaining days, and speed up the research project he and his colleagues initiated, and have a shot at completing it ahead of schedule.
Reading across cultures
Rites of passage
1 Read the passage and answer the questions.
1 How did Elbert Hubbard describe life?
He said it was ―one damned thing after another‖.
2 How many ages are there in a person’s existence according to Shakespeare?
Seven ages.
3 What is a rite of passage?
It’s a formal recognition of change, a move from one stage of life to another.
4 What does the Bar Mitzvah mean to Jewish children?
It is a rite of passage which means that children become responsible for their own actions. 5 What do American high school students wear at a prom?
They wear formal clothes.
6 What is the purpose of walkabout for young Australian aborigines?
They spend about six months walking alone through the wilderness and follow the paths of their ancestors along the ―songlines‖.
7 What do they have to do during their walkabout?
They penetrate the heart of aboriginal culture and also discover themselves. 8 What is particularly interesting about Australian aboriginal culture?
It is the oldest continuous culture in the world.
2 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1 Which are the most interesting rites of passage in China?
One of them takes place a full month after a baby has been born. There is a banquet when people give gifts and celebrate the birth. People used to place some objects in front of the baby and would tell the baby’s fortune according to which object the baby picked up.
2 What are their origins?
The origins are generally a mixture of traditional folk customs and religion. Some traditional rites of passage may be regarded as superstitions now but others are still common practice. 3 What traditional rites accompany births, marriages and deaths?
For example:
• In traditional marriages in the past in some areas of China, after a decision to get married, the groom’s
family was expected to give gifts of food and money to the bride’s family.
• On the wedding day, the bride performed ceremonies for her ancestors and was supposed to cry to
show her appreciation of her parents’ care and to show that she did not want to leave her parents’ home.
She wore red and was carried in a sedan chair with a procession of musicians to go to the groom’s house,
bringing her dowry, bedding, and clothes. The groom would welcome her and lift the red veil covering her head with a steelyard. He might give money to the bridesmaids to release the bride. The groom’s
family started the ceremony by showing respect to the bride’s family and their ancestors. Later, there
was a banquet held by the groom’s family.
• Some days after the wedding, the bride would visit her parents, dressed in red to show her new status;
the groom would send gifts to his parents-in-law.
4 What rites of passage are there at school or university?
For leaving school and university in China, there are normally parties to celebrate the conclusion of successful studies and to say goodbye to classmates. Graduation ceremonies, when students wear special caps and gowns, are also common.
5 Are they formal or informal?
The parties are usually informal and organized by students themselves. Whereas graduation ceremonies are very formal and serious.
6 Are traditional rites of passage surviving or dying out?
Some traditional customs for marriages and funerals continue and are an important part of Chinese culture. Some others are discontinued or greatly modified, eg the traditional rites in the examination halls of ancient times have disappeared.
Unit 2 Childhood Memories
Active reading (1)
Reading and understanding
3 Answer the questions.
1 What were Sylvia Plath’s most important memories?
She remembered winning a prize, Paula Brown’s new suit and the view from her window.
2 Where did she live and what could she see from her bedroom window?
She lived on the bay side of town, on Johnson Avenue, and she could see the lights of Boston and Logan Airport from her bedroom window.
3 What did the view make her want to do?
It made her want to fly in her dreams.
4 Why did she have such vivid dreams?
Because she was rarely tired when she went to bed.
5 Who appeared in her dreams?
Superman appeared and taught her to fly.
6 Why did she enjoy the radio adventures of Superman?
Because she loved the sheer poetry of flight.
7 Where did her friend and she play Superman?
At the dingy back entrance to the school, an alcove in a long passageway. 8 Why do you think they chose Sheldon to be the villain?
Because he was a mamma’s boy and was left out of the other boys’ games.
9 How did she feel about her Uncle Frank?
She admired him as she thought he bore an extraodinary resemblance to Superman incognito.
4 Choose the best summary of the passage.
3 Sylvia Plath wrote about her real and imaginary life as a child.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.
1 accurate and true (definite)
2 continuing all the time (perpetual)
3 to spin quickly in circles (whirl)
4 to shine very brightly (blaze)
5 to laugh in a nervous, excited or silly way that is difficult to control (giggle)
6 to encourage someone to speak or continue speaking (prompt)
7 to fall to the ground (tumble)
6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.
Plath never needed to be (1) prompted to talk about her childhood memories. They were very (2) definite and still real to her as an adult. She imagined she could fly and (3) whirl through the air like
Superman. Coming from the highways around Boston was the (4) perpetual sound of traffic. In the
distance a plane was taking off, its lights (5) blazing into the night sky. She remembered the sound of (6) giggling which came from the group of girls. Sadly in her later life it seemed as if Superman had (7) tumbled to earth.
7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. 1 The lights at the airport went on and off all day and night. (blinked)
2 The playground was like a desert. It was without any interesting or positive features and unfriendly.
(barren)
3 The boys were playing a children’s game in which the players chase and try to touch each other and
the girls were gossiping and giggling. (tag)
4 Pulling the legs off insects is a form of action causing extreme physical pain by someone as a punishment, and is extremely cruel. (torture)
5 The similarity in appearance between the twins was striking. (resemblance)
6 He would cover candy with a piece of cloth used for cleaning lips and hands, and make it disappear.
(napkin)
8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.
1 If you look through a kaleidoscope, are you likely to see (a) changing coloured patterns, or (b) a single
coloured pattern?
2 If you flaunt something, do you (a) deliberately try to make people notice, or (b) try to hide it?
3 If you marvel at something, do you find it (a) boring, or (b) surprising and fascinating?
4 Are shooting stars likely to (a) move brightly through the night sky, or (b) stand still?
5 Is the twilight likely to be (a) at the end of, or (b) in the middle of the day?
6 If you drift off to sleep, are you likely to fall asleep (a) quickly, or (b) slowly?
7 If someone is bookish, are they likely to be (a) more, or (b) less interested in reading books than doing other activities?
8 If you make up something, do you (a) invent it, or (b) borrow it from someone else?
9 If you come into your own, are you likely to show (a) how effective and useful, or (b) ineffective and
useless you can be?
10 Is a villain likely to be a (a) good, or (b) bad person?
11 If you are left out of something, are you likely to be (a) included, or (b) excluded?
Active reading (2)
Reading and understanding
4 Choose the best way to complete the sentences.
1 The characteristics of childhood a hundred years ago (d) .
(a) would have interfered in their education
(b) are similar to those of today
(c) would be illegal today
(d) meant that children were treated more like adults
2 The idea that childhood is a social construction suggests that (a) .
(a) children experience childhood in different ways according to the society in which they live
(b) enormous transformations have taken place within a relatively short time (c) children in the past worked harder
(d) all children are different from adults
3 Both Inuit and Tongan parents understand that (b) .
(a) their children need to be treated in a way which would be considered harsh by outsiders
(b) their children don’t yet possess certain prized qualities, such as reasoning and social competence
(c) growing up is a process of acquiring thought, not social skills (d) bringing up their children requires tolerance and discipline 4 Parents of Beng children treat them with great care because they (d) .
(a) think children know all human languages and understand all cultures (b) think life in the earthly world is unpleasant
(c) believe the children still live in a spirit world
(d) fear the children may choose to return to the spirit world where they lived before they were born
5 Western childcare practices (c) .
(a) include allowing eight-year-old girls to work and 12-year-old girls to marry
(b) treat the child in a bizarre and possibly harmful way
(c) see the child as being incompetent, dependent on the parents, and incapable of looking after other children
(d) are only similar to Yanamamö childcare practices in that girls help out at home, and boys are allowed
to play well into their teens
6 The main idea of the passage is that (c) .
(a) history shows us how our perception of childhood has changed
(b) childhood is viewed in different ways according to the child’s cultural and social upbringing
(c) both history and society can affect our perception of childhood
(d) Western notions of childhood are outdated and not informed
Dealing with unfamiliar words
5 Read the passage again and find the words in the box. Choose the best definition in the context of the passage.
1 consumption
(a) the process of buying or using goods
(b) the process of eating, drinking, or smoking something
2 colonial
(a) relating to a system or period in which one country rules another
(b) made in a style that was common in North America in the 18th century
3 knit
(a) to make something such as a piece of clothing using wool and sticks called knitting needles (b) to join together or work together as one group or unit
4 harsh
(a) unpleasant and difficult to live in
(b) strict, unkind, and often unfair
5 contact
(a) communication between people, countries, or organizations either by talking or writing (b) a situation in which people or things touch each other
6 impose
(a) to force someone to have the same opinion, belief as you
(b) to cause extra work for someone by asking them to do something that may not be convenient for them
7 perspective
(a) a way of thinking about something
(b) a sensible way of judging how good, bad, important etc something is in comparison with other things
6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box.
Our (1) knowledge and understanding of childhood is undergoing a process of (2) nonstop change. In the West we see children as being (3) in need of adult control. However, among other (4) socio-cultural groups with similar traditions children are (5) mainly considered to be capable of
assuming greater responsibilities. So there is a (6) strong desire for (7) someone who does not belong to
this group to think that such practices might be odd or even harmful. But while most ethnic groups may
at first show (8) hesitation about integrating other traditions and customs with their own, (9) outside
pressures usually make them change their traditional view of childhood. Key: (1) notion (2) continual (3) dependent on (4) ethnic (5) largely
(6) temptation (7) an outsider (8) reluctance (9) external
7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.
1 Is prosecution likely to be (a) the act of accusing someone of a crime, or (b) the process of supervision by the social services?
2 Is intricate likely to be (a) very basic, or (b) very detailed in design?
3 Is leniency likely to involve (a) kindness and understanding, or (b) strict discipline?
4 If someone tells you off, are they (a) criticizing, or (b) praising you?
5 Is a mischievous child likely to (a) be well behaved, or (b) enjoy having fun by causing trouble?
6 If a child is wilful, are they likely to cause damage or harm (a) deliberately, or (b) by mistake?
7 When a child is unsupervised, are they likely to be (a) looked after by adults, or (b) without an adult
looking after them?
8 Is something bizarre likely to be (a) strange and difficult to explain, or (b) very usual?
Language in use
unpacking complex sentences
1 Look at the sentences from the passage Superman and answer the questions. 1 My flying dreams were believable as a landscape by Dali, so real that I would awake with a sudden
shock, a breathless sense of having tumbled like Icarus from the sky and caught myself on the soft bed
just in time.
(a) What were believable?
Her dreams about flying were believable.
(b) How real were they?
They were very real.
(c) Who had the sense of having tumbled like Icarus?
The writer, Sylvia Plath.
(d) Why would she wake up with a breathless sense?
Because she felt she was really flying.
(e) What did the breathless sense feel like?
It felt like a sudden shock.
(f) Why did she catch herself on the soft bed just in time? Because she felt she was falling.
2 We even found a stand-in for a villain in Sheldon Fein, the sallow mamma?s boy on our block who was
left out of the boys? games because he cried whenever anybody tagged him and always managed to fall
down and skin his fat knees.
(a) What did we find?
We found someone who could be a villain.
(b) Who was the stand-in for a villain?
Sheldon Fein.
(c) What was he like?
He was sallow and a mamma’s boy.
(d) Where did he come from?
He came from their block.
(e) Why was he left out of the boys’ games?
Because he always cried and fell over.
(f) What happened when he always managed to fall down?
He skinned his knees.
2 Rewrite the sentence from the passage Cultural childhoods in a diagram below. He has written how a Yanamamö girl is expected to help her mother from a young age and by the age of ten will be running a house.
3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of suitable expressions from the collocation box. Sometimes more than one collocation is possible.
1 The Australian bush fires blazed for several days before they were brought under control.
2 As a child Ruth’s long dark hair tumbled down her back.
3 He comes from a very close-knit / tight-knit family with three brothers and two sisters.
4 I remember my father used to knit his brows / eyebrows together when he was thinking hard about
something.
5 It was extremely hot and the sun was blazing.
6 Did you knit that jumper / hat yourself? It’s really beautiful!
7 I’m watching the financial markets – I think the prices of stocks will tumble quite soon.
4 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.
1 My flying dreams were believable as a landscape by Dali, so real that I would awake with a sudden shock, a breathless sense of having tumbled like Icarus from the sky and caught myself on the soft bed just in time. These nightly adventures in space began when Superman started invading my dreams and teaching me how to fly. He used to come roaring by in his shining blue suit with his cape whistling in the wind, looking remarkably like my Uncle Frank who was living with mother and me. In the magic whirling of his cape I could hear the wings of a hundred seagulls, the motors of a thousand planes. 我的飞行梦像达利的风景画那么真实可信,以致于自己常常会在一阵惊吓中醒来,好像伊卡罗斯
那样从空中摔下来,虽然収现自己刚好掉到软软的床上,但也被吓得喘不过气来。当超人开始侵
入我的梦乡,幵教给我飞行的技巧之后,我每夜的太空冒险便开始了。超人身着耀眼的蓝色衣服,
肩披随风飕飕作响的斗篷,经常从我身边呼啸而过。他长得太像我的舅舅弗兰兊了,舅舅那会儿
正跟妈妈和我住在一起。当超人的斗篷神奇地旋转时,我好像能听见上百只海鸥的振翅声,上千
架飞机的马达轰鸣声。
2 In contrast, children on the Pacific island of Tonga, studied by Helen Morton, are regularly beaten by their parents and older siblings. They are seen as being closer to mad people than adults because they lack the highly prized quality of social competence (or poto as the Tongans call it). They are regularly
told off for being clumsy and a child who falls over may be laughed at, shouted at, or beaten. Children are thought of as mischievous; they cry or want to feed simply because they are naughty, and beatings are at their most severe between the ages of three and five when children are seen as particularly wilful. Parents believe that social competence can only be achieved through discipline and physical punishment, and treat their children in ways that have seemed very harsh to outsiders.
相反,根据海伦?莫顿的研究,太平洋岛国汤加的儿童经常挨父母和哥哥姐姐的打。人们认为儿童
和成年人相比更像疯子,因为他们缺乏被大家看重的社会能力,汤加人称之为poto,。小孩子经
常因为笨手笨脚而挨骂,他们连摔跤都会被嘲笑、呵斥,甚至被打。人们认为儿童很顽皮,都是
因为淘气他们才哭闹,或者要东西吃。在大人看来,三至五岁的儿童尤其仸性,因此他们打这个
年龄段的孩子也打得最狠。父母们相信,只有靠训导和体罚才能使孩子获得社会能力,所以他们
用一种在外人看来非常严厇的方式对待孩子。
5 Translate the paragraphs into English.
1 在火车站上,有一位老人给我讲述了他参加解放战争的经历,那些战斗敀亊对我有着极大的吸
引力。后来他上了车,列车从我身边隆隆地开走了。可那些敀亊仍然是那么清晰可见,对于英雄
们的壮举,我钦佩不已。(fascination; roar; marvel at)
At the railway station, an old man told me his experience in the Liberation War, the fighting stories of which were of great fascination to me. Then he got up on the train and it roared past me. But the stories were so real and definite that I greatly marvelled at the courageous deeds of those war heroes. 2 行之有敁的环保政策不仅能创造良好的生态环境,还能大大降低能源消耗。回顾这个地区近年
来的収展情冴,我们惊喜地収现地区政府强制实行的环保政策不但没有受到仸何批评,还促使居
民增强了环保意识,尽其所能节约能源。(consumption; impose; take exception to; prompt)
Effective environmental policy might bring about a good environment, as well as reducing energy consumption. Looking back on the recent development of this region, we find, to our pleasant surprise, that little exception has been taken to the environmental policy of the local government,__ and the
policy has also raised the environmental awareness of the local residents and prompted them to save
energy as possible as they could.
Reading across cultures
Childhood around the world
1 Read the passage and answer the questions.
1 What childhood memories does each one describe?
Deborah used to help her grandmother cook for Jewish festivals. Myeong Ok Lee once tried his
grandmother’s rolled cigarettes. Olga played with stray cats and dogs. Yildiz played in a Russian plane
which landed in their playground.
2 Why did Deborah feel proud when she helped her grandmother? Because she felt that cooking was important.
3 Why do you think Myeong Ok Lee was so embarrassed?
Because he didn’t know how to smoke properly and made a fool of himself.
4 Why was Olga’s mother shocked with her?
Because Olga brought stray cats and dogs home.
5 Why do you think the Russian pilot was arrested?
Because he wasn’t supposed to land there, or perhaps he wasn’t supposed to land at all in Turkey.
6 Which ones did you most enjoy reading? Can you say why?
I enjoyed Olga’s and Yildiz’s childhood memories the most, because I thought they are unusual and I
could imagine how the events happened.
Unit 3 Art for Art’s Sake
Active reading (1)
Reading and understanding
2 Choose the best answer to the questions.
1 Why does the writer divide listening to music into three types of experience? (a) It is important to keep the different types of experience separate. (b) It makes it easier to understand what is happening when we listen to music. (c) It is the traditional way of referring to the experience of listening. (d) Different people listen on different planes, according to the type of person they are.
2 What is the main characteristic of the sensuous plane?
(a) It is the sort of feeling we get when listening to music on the radio.
(b) It can only be experienced by people who aren’t musicians.
(c) It is a reaction we have which is generated by the sound of the music. (d) It does not give us any real sense of pleasure. (It does give us pleasure.)
3 What is the main characteristic of the expressive plane?
(a) It can only be experienced by intelligent people.
(b) It is when we believe the composer is communicating something to us.
(c) It is a controversial concept; some composers don’t think it exists.
(d) It is most obviously apparent in the music of Stravinsky.
4 What is the main characteristic of the musical plane?
(a) It can only be experienced by people who have studied to read music.
(b) It is the ability to experience different musical elements. (c) It is the plane that we experience instinctively, without realizing it.
(d) It is the easiest of the three planes to appreciate.
5 How do most people usually listen to music?
(a) On only one plane at any given moment.
(b) On all three planes at the same time.
(c) Without paying enough attention.
(d) Without understanding what they are doing.
6 Why does the writer end the passage by referring to the theatre? (a) The theatre also offers three types of experience. (b) Composers are like the characters in a play. (c) Theatre is the form of art which is most similar to music. (d) The audience in a theatre are like musicians in an orchestra.
3 Match the listeners’ activities with the planes they are on.
1 They understand the way the composer is thinking. (c) musical plane
2 They are doing something else at the same time. (a) sensuous plane
3 They recognize different elements in the music. (c) musical plane
4 They just want to escape from everyday reality. (a) sensuous plane
5 They feel sad or happy because of the music.
(b) expressive plane
6 They think the music they are listening to has a meaning. (b) expressive plane
Dealing with unfamiliar words
4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 to make up or form something (constitute)
2 happening or done at the same time (simultaneously)
3 able to do something because you have the knowledge, skill, or experience that is needed (qualified) 4 a regular pattern of sounds in music that you can show by moving, hitting your hands together, or
hitting a drum or other surface (rhythm)
5 to receive or obtain something from something else (derive)
6 someone who writes music, especially classical music (composer)
7 as much as is needed (sufficiently)
5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.
Johann Sebastian Bach is possibly the greatest (1) composer the world has ever known. His Well-
Tempered Clavichord (2) constitutes one of the most complete works for keyboard ever written. It is (3) simultaneously both a series of technical exercises which explore the possibilities of the keyboard, and a
masterpiece of expressive feeling. Although he was a highly (4) qualified musician (as an organist and a
choirmaster), he was not considered to be (5) sufficiently ―modern‖ by the generation which followed
him, and he was soon forgotten. But his music was rediscovered in the 19th century, for its perfect sense
of (6) rhythm and harmony. Indeed, many of the great composers of the 20th century, such as Stravinsky,
(7) derived a lot of their musical ideas from him.
6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box. You may need to make other changes.
1 Shh! They’re about to announce the winner of this year’s International Piano Competition. (proclaim)
2 It’s quite easy to make a comparison between poetry and music. (analogy)
It’s quite easy to make an analogy between poetry and music.
3 We are amazed by her ability to express herself with great clearness and simplicity. (clarity)
4 How many artists have given up everything for the cause of their art? (for the sake of)
5 Internet emerges as a powerful and effective force in advertising new products. (potent)
6 I enjoyed the performance, but I thought the clothes the actors were wearing were a bit silly.
(costumes)
7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.
1 If you split something up, do you (a) divide it into parts, or (b) put the parts together?
2 If you do something absent-mindedly, are you (a) thinking about what you are doing, or (b) thinking
about something else?
3 Do you look for consolation (a) after a piece of bad news, or (b) after a piece of good news?
4 If you are treading on controversial ground, are you (a) taking a risk, or (b) making everybody happy?
5 If you shy away from something, do you (a) keep close to it, or (b) keep your distance from it?
6 If you pin something down, are you (a) able to examine it carefully, or (b) unable to examine it
carefully?
7 If you know the melody of a piece of music, are you familiar with (a) the tune, or (b) the meaning of
the music?
8 Is an instinctive reaction to something (a) automatic, or (b) one which follows a lot of thought?
Reading and interpreting
8 Work in pairs and choose the best answer to the questions.
1 Which is the writer’s main purpose?
(a) To show how complex listening to music is.
(b) To get people to listen to music more.
(c) To discourage some people from listening to music. (d) To get people to think about how they listen to music. 2 Who does the writer address as you?
(a) Musicians.
(b) Theatregoers.
(c) Composers.
(d) Intelligent music lovers.
Active reading (2)
Reading and understanding
3 Answer the questions.
1 What type of painting is Girl with a Pearl Earring?
It’s a world-famous portrait painted by Vermeer around 1665. 2 Who was the model for the painting?
Griet, a young girl who is thought to work in Vermeer’s house.
3 How much of the novel is based on fact?
The setting and some of the main ideas are factual but the details of the story are speculation and fiction.
4 What was the relationship between Griet and Vermeer? Griet was a maid in Vermeer’s household and she became his model. Vermeer thought she had some artistic talent.
5 Why did Griet leave the Vermeer household? Vermeer’s daughter and wife found out that Griet was modeling for Vermeer. Griet got embarrassed
when the wife stormed into the studio, so she left. 6 What differences are there between the book and the film? According to the film, the earrings are finally delivered to Griet and the audience is left wondering if she
marries Pieter. The novel does not talk about it.
4 Match the events with their sources.
1 Griet gets a job with the Vermeer family.
(b) in the novel by Tracy Chevalier
2 Vermeer makes a hole in Griet’s ear.
(c) in the film version of the novel
3 Vermeer marries a Catholic girl called Catharina. (a) known fact
4 Catharina is jealous of Griet.
(b) in the novel by Tracy Chevalier
5 Vermeer becomes a Catholic.
(a) known fact
6 Van Ruijven wants to be painted with Griet. (b) in the novel by Tracy Chevalier
7 Vermeer grows up in Delft.
(a) known fact
8 Somebody sends the earrings to Griet after Vermeer’s death.
(c) in the film version of the novel
9 Griet becomes Vermeer’s assistant.
(b) in the novel by Tracy Chevalier
10 Griet is embarrassed when Vermeer sees her hair.
(b) in the novel by Tracy Chevalier
Dealing with unfamiliar words
5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.
1 someone who looks at a picture, photograph, or piece of art (viewer)
2 a painting, drawing or photograph of someone, especially of their face only (portrait)
3 relating to people’s homes and family life (domestic)
4 the inside part of something, especially a building or vehicle (interior)
5 as a result (consequently)
6 to start to employ someone or use their services (engage)
7 to officially ask for a piece of work to be done for you (commission)
6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.
In the beginning it was only the rich and famous who had their (1) portraits painted. But from the Renaissance onwards things changed. Firstly, the growing importance of the middle classes led many
ordinary people to (2) commission paintings, often of members of their family. Secondly, artists became
interested in showing scenes of (3) domestic life, set in the (4) interiors of ordinary houses, and (5) consequently they began to (6) engage ordinary people, such as servant girls, as models. Part of the mystery for (7) viewers today concerns the identity of these models, in masterpieces such as Leonardo’s
Mona Lisa and Vermeer’s Girl with a Pearl Earring.
7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box.
1 He changed his religion from Protestantism and became a Catholic. (converted)
2 One of the assistant’s jobs was to break into a powder the paints. (grind)
3 The newspaper started to change the fact so that it was no longer true ever since it existed, and the
local government was definitely one of the victims. (distort)
4 You don’t have to make a hole in your ears to be able to wear these earrings. (pierce)
5 The lives of artists have often been linked to shocking events and situations. (scandals)
6 One of the most striking aspects of the painting is the turban she is wearing on her head. (features)
7 I’ll finish the painting this evening, so from now until then you can have a break. (in the meantime)
8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 Are exotic clothes likely to be (a) ordinary, or (b) unusual?
2 Is a sitter someone who (a) is being painted, or (b) spends a lot of time sitting down?
3 Is a conventional sense of beauty one which is (a) shared and understood by most people, or (b) different from what is shared and understood by most people?
4 Is an enigmatic expression one which is full of (a) good humour, or (b) mystery?
5 If you have a volatile personality, do you get angry (a) quickly, or (b) only when you can’t tolerate? 6 If you are wary of something, are you (a) excited about it, or (b) careful and nervous about it? 7 If you show something explicitly, do you (a) make its meaning very clear so there is no doubt about it, or (b) leave its meaning unclear?
8 If a woman tries to keep her modesty, does she (a) cover her hair and body to avoid any sexual feeling
in men, or (b) talk and act with good grace? 9 Is jealousy the feeling you get when you think someone you love (a) is attracted to somebody else, or (b) doesn’t love you any more?
Language in use
word formation: compound nouns
1 Form compound nouns to indicate:
1 a writer of songs (songwriter)
2 a director of films (film director)
3 a scarf you wear around your head (headscarf)
4 a pack you carry on your back (backpack)
5 a stick you use to make your lips red (lipstick)
6 a lace you use to tie up your shoe (shoelace)
7 polish that you put on your nails (nail polish)
might have been / done
2 Rewrite the sentences using might have been / done . 1 It’s possible that the artist and the model became lovers.
The artist and the model might have been lovers. 2 It’s possible that Catharina was never jealous of the model.
Catharina might never have been jealous of the model. 3 It’s possible that the model became Vermeer’s assistant.
The model might have become Vermeer’s assistant.
4 It’s possible that Vermeer painted other masterpieces which have since been lost.
Vermeer might have painted other masterpieces which have since been lost.
5 It’s possible that Vermeer died in poverty.
Vermeer might have died in poverty.
may be due to the fact that …
3 Complete the sentences with your own ideas using may be due to the fact that …
1 The young pianist’s musical genius may be due to the fact that his mother played the piano a lot while
she was pregnant, so he has always heard music from day one.
2 The late arrival of the train may be due to the fact that there were severe storms last night.
3 The misunderstanding may be due to the fact that she speaks very little Chinese and I don’t speak
much Spanish.
4 The book’s enormous popularity may be due to the fact that it has been aggressively marketed on TV and it was discussed in several prime time TV shows.
5 His dislike of music may be due to the fact that he was exposed to loud rock music for many hours a day when he was quite small.
insist that …
4 Rewrite the sentences using insist that …
1 I met an old friend who refused to let me go before I had a drink with him.
I met an old friend, who insisted that I have a drink with him before he let me go. 2 The customs people refused to let me through unless I signed a document they gave me. The customs people insisted that I sign a document they gave me before they let me through. 3 We refused to let him start the concert before having an hour’s rest.
We insisted that he have an hour’s rest before he started the concert.
4 They refused to publish the book until he changed some of the things he had written. They insisted that he change some of the things he’d written before they published the book.
5 She refused to let me see the painting until I apologized for what I had done. She insisted that I apologize for what I had done before she let me see the painting.
6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.
1 Listen, if you can, to the 48 fugue themes of Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavichord. Listen to each theme,
one after another. You will soon realize that each theme mirrors a different world of feeling. You will also soon realize that the more beautiful a theme seems to you the harder it is to find any word that will describe it to your complete satisfaction. Yes, you will certainly know whether it is a gay theme or a sad one. You will be able, in other words, in your own mind, to draw a frame of emotional feeling around your theme. Now study the sad one a little closer. Try to pin down the exact quality of its sadness. Is it pessimistically sad or resignedly sad; is it fatefully sad or smilingly sad?
可能的话,你不妨听听巴赫的《平均律钢琴曲集》中的48个赋栺主题。依次地、一个个地听听其
中的每一个主题,你很快就会意识到每个主题都反映了一个不同的情感世界,你很快也会意识到
你越觉得某个主题美妙,就越难找到令你完全满意的字眼来描述它。是的,你当然知道那个主题
是欢快的还是悲伤的。换句话说,你能够在脑海中勾勒出那个主题的情感框架。那么就更仔细地
听一下这个悲伤的主题吧,要明确悲伤的性质。是悲观厉世的悲伤,还是无可奈何的悲伤,是时
运不济的悲伤,还是强颜欢笑的悲伤,
2 We know less about the Girl with the Pearl Earring than any of Vermeer’s works. Indeed, the
unexplainable lack of background information may even contribute to the worldwide popularity the painting enjoys. With so much mystery, the painting has been the theme of first, a novel and later, a film,
both of which attempt to answer some of the questions about the painting, as well as one, which is immediately more appropriate to the medium of the novel or the film: Are her wide eyes and enigmatic half-smile innocent or seductive?
我们对《戴珍珠耳环的少女》的了解比对维梅尔的其他作品都少。实际上,这种无法解释的背景
资料的缺失甚至会使得该画更受欢迎。正因为如此神秘,这幅画先是成了一部小说的主题,而后
又被一部电影所采纳。它们都试图揭开有兲这幅画的一些谜题,其中一个是,女孩那双睁得大大
的眼睛,以及那一丝神秘的微笑,到底是天真还是诱惑,像小说或电影这类媒介更适合作出回答。
7 Translate the paragraphs into English.
1 随着婚礼的临近,苏珊变得非常焦虑。她说不清楚是什么让自己如此烦恼。在同好友凯特长谈
次后,她才意识到,尽管自己已经28岁了,但在情感方面还不够成熟,还没有为婚姻做好准了一
备,也不知道这桩婚姻是否会给自己带来美满的家庭生活。(pin down; guarantee)
As the wedding ceremony was approaching, Susan had become quite anxious. She could not pin down what exactly was troubling her. After a long talk with her close friend Kate, she realized that, although she was 28 years old, she was not emotionally mature enough to be ready for marriage and she was not sure whether the marriage would guarantee her a happy family life.
2 她知道中国学生总是不愿意表达自己的情感和想法,这不仅仅因为他们对自己的
英语口语
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不够
自信,还因为他们相信稳重是一种美德。因此她特意
设计
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了一些简单的话题,鼓励学生参与讨论,
让他们增强自信心,拉近彼此间的距离。(shy away; engage sb in)
She knew that Chinese students had a way of shying away from revealing their feelings or opinions, due not merely to their lack of confidence in spoken English, but to their belief in the virtue of modesty. So she specially conceived a couple of simple topics and encouraged them in the discussion, in order that they might become more confident and closer with each other.
Reading across cultures
The top five paintings in Western art
1 Read the passage and answer the questions.
1 Can you tell the names of the above paintings?
Las Meninas (on the left), The Scream (in the centre), The Starry Night (on the right).
2 In which countries can you see them?
Las Meninas can be seen in Madrid, Spain; The Scream was in Oslo, Norway until it was stolen; The
Starry Night is in New York, US.
3 What did a critic once say of the Mona Lisa?
A critic once said, ―She seems older than the rocks among which she sits.‖
4 What does The Starry Night show?
It shows the view at night from a mental hospital in Saint Rémy de Provence in France.
5 What is the figure in The Scream doing?
The figure seems to be in agony, and is thought to be protecting himself from a scream.
6 What modern style does Les Demoiselles d?Avignon anticipate?
It anticipates the Cubist style.
7 Why is it difficult to choose the greatest paintings? Because everybody has their favourites.
Unit 4 Changing Times
Active reading (1)
Reading and understanding
2 Choose the best summary of the passage.
1 In today’s America jobs are not what they used to be. Everything is made by machines, not people.
Nearly all the jobs today are office jobs, and for an outsider, such as a child, it is difficult to understand
what these jobs really are.
3 Check (?) the true statements.
? 1 Children today don’t have much idea what jobs their parents do.
2 Nobody makes or repairs things like tables any more. ? 3 Children can’t understand job titles like ―systems analyst‖.
4 It’s easy for adults to understand other people’s job titles.
5 Most manufactured goods can be repaired cheaply by machines. 6 The typical office in America is a 12-floor building made of glass. 7 Typical office workers feel they are not really working. 8 If you walk into any office, more than half of the people will be talking on the phone.
? 9 Almost everyone in the world has a job which involves paper.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 old, broken or useless things (junk)
2 relating to large companies, or a particular large company (corporate)
3 to not approve of someone or something (disapprove)
4 to form a picture of someone or something in your mind (visualize)
5 an agreement in which you risk an amount of money by saying what you think will happen (bet)
6 to find out something (ascertain)
7 the space at the left or right side of a page where words are not usually printed or written (margin)
8 to discuss something with other people in order to reach a decision (confer)
9 important, respected, and admired (eminent)
10 to twist your face into an expression that shows you are angry (scowl)
5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 4. 1 It’s not easy to visualize what life was like in the age of the steam engine. 2 If you disapprove of these plans, you should let me know exactly what you find wrong with them. 3 Thomas’ room is full of junk like broken electrical equipment and old computer parts he doesn’t need.
4 My bet is that this type of job won’t give you much satisfaction.
5 We’re going to need some time to confer with our lawyers before we make a decision. 6 The margins of the pages in this document have all been written on. 7 We can’t accept your application, without ascertaining the authenticity of your qualifications. 8 It was a corporate decision to close the bank, not the choice of any individual. 9 She’s a very nice person, and a very eminent professor.
10 Why is he scowling at me? What have I done?
6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the following words. You may need to
make other changes.
1 A curious child is often eager to inquire about the jobs their parents do. (inquisitive)
An inquisitive child is often eager to inquire about the jobs their parents do. 2 Most people think the decision they took is impossible to understand. (incomprehensible)
3 Could you write down any ideas you have during the meeting on this piece of paper? (jot)
4 You are very careful about noticing details if you can remember exactly what the manager was
wearing. (observant)
5 I’m afraid we don’t know the place where Helen is right now. (whereabouts)
I’m afraid we don’t know the whereabouts of Helen.
6 Don’t be unhappy and lacking in enthusiasm. I’m sure one of the applications will be successful.
(dispirited)
7 I’d like to buy an open top car, but they’re all so terribly expensive. (prohibitively)
7 Answer the questions about the expressions.
1 If you look blank about something, do you (a) understand, or (b) not understand it?
2 If you come to grips with a problem, do you (a) start to deal with it, or (b) stop thinking about it? 3 When something falls apart, is it (a) in the wrong place, or (b) broken?
4 When something wears out, does it (a) not look very nice, or (b) become old and unusable?
5 If you mull over a problem, do you (a) think carefully about it for a long time, or (b) quickly solve it? 6 Do people sometimes say ―It beats me‖ because they (a) understand, or (b) don’t understand
something?
Active reading (2)
2 Look at the title of the passage, and decide which of the summary sentences support the main
idea of the passage.
1 It’s often said that we live in a time of great change.
2 It’s true that there have been some recent changes, such as the status of Western women.
3 Someone living in the 19th century would have seen greater change than we have.
4 Globalization is nothing new, national borders are largely the same, and neither architecture nor
technology is very different.
5 We use the latest technology to do old-fashioned things. ? 6 The reality is that we want to feel superior to preceding generations, and we don’t live in a period of
change.
7 Society has changed more slowly than we expected.
Reading and understanding
3 Choose the best way to complete the sentences. 1 It’s a common belief that the world we live in (b) .
(a) is very hard to understand
(b) is changing faster than ever before
(c) will end in the near future
(d) is suffering from the effects of globalization 2 The Roman Empire was (c) our own society.
(a) more advanced than
(b) not as interested in commerce as
(c) just as global as
(d) less multicultural than
3 According to the writer, over the last 50 years or so (b) have changed a lot. (a) urban landscapes in Britain
(b) not many things in life
(c) the type and nature of international conflicts (d) international borders
4 Much of the technology we use every day (b).
(a) will soon be out of date
(b) has been around for quite a long time (c) was invented in the 21st century
(d) is old and not very useful
5 Most of the time we use the Internet, (b).
(a) it doesn’t work properly
(b) it is to contact people or services locally (c) it is to do things we can’t do in any other way
(d) it is time wasted
6 An 80-year-old Englishman who died in 1945 would have (a) .
(a) seen more change in his life than an 80 year old today (b) found our age more exciting than his (c) had a difficult life
(d) found his own age rather dull
4 Work in pairs and answer the questions.
1 How does Thomas Friedman define globalization?
He defines globalization as a new ―international system‖ that influences ―the politics, environment,
geopolitics and economics of virtually every country in the world‖.
2 What did Stanley Kubrick get wrong in 2001: A Space Odyssey?
That people would be taking flights to space stations and living on the moon. 3 What did George Orwell complain about?
He complained that people often said that developments in travel and communication had abolished distance and that all parts of the world were now interdependent, which was not a complete true story. 4 What does Dominic Sandbrook think about the age we are living in?
He thinks that it is not so exciting, and that although people talk about dramatic changes in the world, things haven’t changed very much at all.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.
1 an emotional state in which someone or something is so important to you that you are always thinking about them (obsession)
2 the study of the way that goods and services are produced and sold and the way money is managed (economics)
3 to proudly tell other people about what you have done or can do, or about something you own (boast)
4 a car (automobile)
5 an area or town near a large city but away from its centre, where there are many houses, especially for middle-class people (suburb)
6 a new idea, method, piece of equipment etc (innovation)
7 something that you suggest is true, although you do not say it directly (implication)
8 the limits of your experience (horizons)
6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.
1 The middle-class dream used to be to live in a peaceful suburb and own a new automobile.
2 Today we have an obsession with healthy lifestyles and the latest technological innovations.
3 He has good reason to boast about the progress he has made in his career.
4 The implication is obvious: We are beginning to understand the impact of globalization. 5 Most of us need a professor of economics to explain how our horizons have been pushed back by the
opening up of new world markets.
7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.
1 The water has risen to levels which we have never seen before. (unprecedented)
The water has risen to unprecedented levels.
2 Can you give me any reason which I can believe to explain what has happened? (plausible)
Can you give me any plausible reason to explain what has happened?
3 I think that the decision was based on the fact that he doesn’t know anything. (ignorance)
I think that the decision was based on his ignorance.
4 The news you’ve just given me is absolutely incredible. (staggering)
5 I hope this crisis will be followed by a period in which there is no change. (stability)
6 Are computers the best thing that ever happened to us, or a piece of bad luck caused by someone who wants to hurt us? (curse)
8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.
1 If a change is dazzling, is it (a) very impressive, or (b) not impressive at all?
2 If you use clichés in your writing, does your writing (a) contain some boring words or ideas that
people have used a lot, or (b) contain lots of fresh thoughts?
3 If someone is arrogant, do they think that they (a) never, or (b) always know better than everyone
else?
4 Is an entity something that (a) has, or (b) doesn’t have internal unity?
5 If you behave in a brutal way, are you (a) very gentle, or (b) very violent?
6 Do people who always grumble never seem (a) happy, or (b) unhappy about anything?
7 If you brag about something, do you talk (a) in a proud way that annoys people, or (b) patiently
because it is hard to understand?
8 Is the advent of something another way of talking about (a) the appearance, or (b) the disappearance of
something?
9 If you refer to the magnitude of a problem, do you think that it might be (a) big, or (b) small?
10 If something happens in the wake of something else, does it (a) come before it, or (b) follow it?
Language in use
in such a way / fashion that …
1 Rewrite the sentences using in such a way / fashion that …
1 Because of the way this office is built, it is difficult to avoid wasting energy on heating. This office is built in such a way that it is difficult to avoid wasting energy on heating. 2 Due to the way in which the instructions were written, I couldn’t understand how to assemble the
product.
The instructions were written in such a fashion that I couldn’t understand how to assemble the product.
3 Because of the way in which they welcomed me, I immediately felt at home in the new office. They welcomed me in such a way that I immediately felt at home in the new office. 4 Due to the way in which problems are dealt with, it is unlikely that the top managers ever get to know
about them.
The problems are dealt with in such a fashion that it is unlikely that the top managers ever get to know
about them.
5 Because of the way in which I was taught English, I will probably never forget it. I was taught English in such a way that I will probably never forget it.
word formation: in-, un-, dis-
2 Look at the sentences from the passage Work in corporate America and answer the question. What do the prefixes in-, un- and dis- have in common?
They are all negative prefixes meaning not.
3 Replace the underlined words with the word in brackets and the appropriate prefix. You may need to make other changes.
1 I’m afraid Matthew has turned out to be no good at his job. (competent)
I’m afraid Matthew has turned out to be incompetent at his job.
2 I don’t have the same opinion as you. I think he’s doing fine. (agree)
I disagree with you. I think he’s doing fine.
3 If you click here, you can cancel the last change you made to the document. (do) If you click here, you can undo the last change you made to the document. 4 How many people are without a job in this town? (employed)
How many people are unemployed in this town?
5 I didn’t know that you had introduced all these new rules. (aware)
I was unaware that you had introduced all these new rules.
6 Obviously, it wasn’t our intention not to obey the orders. (obey)
Obviously, it wasn’t our intention to disobey the orders.
7 I’ve had a look at the report and I think it is not complete. (complete)
I’ve had a look at the report and I think it is incomplete.
8 I don’t know my colleagues very well, but I don’t have any bad feelings towards them. (like)
I don’t know my colleagues very well, but I don’t dislike them.
9 I’m afraid that software is not compatible with our system. (compatible)
I’m afraid that software is incompatible with our system.
for all + noun phrase
4 Rewrite the sentences using for all + noun phrase.
1 Although we are concerned about the environment, there is little that we can do to protect it. For all our concern about the environment, there is little that we can do to protect it. 2 He has a lot of knowledge about the world of finance, but he doesn’t seem to know how to invest money wisely.
For all his knowledge about the world of finance, he doesn’t seem to know how to invest money wisely.
3 Although she said a lot of kind words, I don’t think she really appreciated just how much time we had
spent on this project.
For all her kind words, I don’t think she really appreciated just how much time we had spent on this project.
4 He has hundreds of bright ideas about developing new products, but he never seems able to put them down on paper.
For all his bright ideas about developing new products, he never seems able to put them down on paper.
5 I do have a lot of doubts about this new software, but I recognize that it is quite innovative. For all my doubts about this new software, I recognize that it is quite innovative.
as + adj. … as
5 Rewrite the sentences using as + adj. … as.
1 I am confused about how to apply for the job. Similarly, they are confused about who can apply. I am as confused about how to apply for the job as they are about who can apply.
2 My wife and I were worried about staying longer than we were supposed to. Similarly, our hosts were worried that we might not have enjoyed the meal.
My wife and I were as worried about staying longer as our hosts were that we might not have enjoyed the meal.
3 Our generation knows little about cassette recorders and record players. Similarly our parents know little about iPods and MP3 players.
Our generation knows as little about cassette recorders and record players as our parents know about iPods and MP3 players.
4 We are curious about what he does for a living. Similarly, he is curious about what our company does. We are as curious about what he does for a living as he is about what our company does. 5 I have very little idea about how to shoe a horse. Similarly, he doesn’t have much idea about how to
repair a motorbike.
I have as little idea about how to shoe a horse as he has about how to repair a motorbike.
7 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.
1 Even grown men who do market research have trouble visualizing what a public relations man does with his day, and it is a safe bet that the average systems analyst is as baffled about what a space salesman does at the shop as the average space salesman is about the tools needed to analyze a system.
即使是那些从亊市场研究工作的成年人也难很想象公兲部的人每天都在做些什么。一名普通的系
统
分析
定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析
师肯定不知道空间推销员在店里都干些什么,就好像空间推销员对分析系统的工具也一窍
不通一样。
2 So run the clichés, anyway. But it is only our obsession with novelty, ignorance of deeper historical patterns and arrogant insistence on our own importance that leads us into this kind of talk. Hoping to prove our superiority over the generations that preceded us, we boast that we live in a period of unprecedented change. Yet there is a good case that we do not, in fact, live in very interesting times at all.
不管怎么说,这就是那耳熟能详的套话。可是,让我们有这种论调的正是缘自我们对新奇亊物的
过度迷恋,对深层次历史模式的无知,以及我们的狂妄自大。为了证明相比于先辈们的优越性,
我们夸耀说自己生活在一个前所未有的变革期。但是,有一个很好的例子可以用来证明,实际上
我们幵没有生活在多么有趣的时代。
8 Translate the paragraphs into English.
1 我们根本就看不懂他们的计划书,因为他们的观点不太容易把握。这很可能是因为我们双方对
于另一方的思维方式都感到同样的困惑。我认为应该安排一次面谈,让大家消除误会,扫除沟通
的障碍。(make of; come to grips with; it’s a safe bet that; as baffled … as)
We couldn’t make of their proposal at all, because it was no easy job for us to come to grips with their
perspective. It was a safe bet that we were as much baffled about their way of thinking as they were about ours. I think we need to arrange a meeting to clear up misunderstandings and to remove communication barriers.
2 从与他共亊事十多年的一位同亊所写的传记中不难得出这样的结论,他所代表的绝对是该国事
战之后的精英阶层,他们在宗教和政治方面的观念较为保守。(nothing if not; in the wake of; in terms
of)
From a biography written by one of his former colleagues who had worked with him for more than two decades, it is not difficult to conclude that what he represented was nothing if not the elite class of the country in the wake of World War II, who were rather conservative in terms of religious and political views.
Reading across cultures
Britain’s disappearing jobs
1 Read the passage and answer the questions.
1 How many professions are mentioned in the passage?
Eleven: the blacksmith, farm workers, shepherds, rat-catchers, shoeshine boys, cobblers, watch repairers, shopkeepers, the milkman, miners and the chimney sweep.
2 What was a smith’s main job?
To make and repair things made of iron.
3 Why are there fewer farm workers than there used to be?
Because of the rise of mechanized agriculture.
4 What does a cobbler do?
He mends shoes.
5 Why are small shops closing down?
Because of the competition from supermarkets.
6 How and when is milk traditionally delivered?
It is delivered in the early morning by the milkman who brings it in an electrically-powered milk float. 7 What happened to most coal miners in Britain in the 1980s?
They lost their jobs because almost all the mines were closed.
8 Which traditional job has returned in recent years?
The chimney sweep, because many people have returned to using the traditional fuel of coal.
Unit 5 A Place in Society
Active reading (1)
Reading and understanding
2 Answer the questions.
1 Where and when is the story set?
The story is set in Joanne’s, a famous restaurant in New York on Christmas Eve.
2 Who is Josh?
Josh is a smart, hard-working lawyer in his early thirties. He is an African-American. 3 Why does he go to Joanne’s?
He has an appointment at Joanne’s.
4 Who is Jo Rogers?
Jo Rogers is a senior Senator in Washington and a well-known person in America. 5 How does the head waiter greet Josh?
He greets Josh very badly. He has a disdainful, superior attitude towards Josh and behaves rudely. 6 Where does he eventually seat him?
At the back of the restaurant, close to the bathroom, near a half-opened window through which an icy breeze is blowing.
7 What does everyone do when Jo arrives?
Everybody becomes silent and turns to look at her and greets her with silent applause. 8 What suggestion does the head waiter make?
He suggests that they should sit at a better table in the middle of the restaurant, from which she can see everybody, or everybody can see her.
9 Does Jo accept the invitation?
No, she says the waiter brought her friend to that table, so they will stay there.
3 Choose the best summary of the passage.
3 When a young black man arrives in a crowded and expensive restaurant, the head waiter makes him sit in the least comfortable place, even though a table has been booked for him and a ―Ms Rogers‖. When
Ms Rogers arrives, the waiter realizes that she is a well-known politician; and Ms Rogers realizes that her friend has been treated badly because of the colour of his skin. The waiter realizes his mistake too, and tries to make up for it, but it is too late.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.
1 money or goods that you give to an organization, especially one that helps people (donation)
2 involving or done with a lot of energy, effort, attention etc (intense)
3 knowing and understanding a lot about a complicated subject (sophisticated)
4 supporting social and political change that aims to make a system fairer (progressive)
5 capable of doing something in a satisfactory or effective way (competent)
6 a new member of a company or an organization, especially someone who has recently joined (recruit)
7 to deliberately make someone feel frightened, especially so that they will do what you want (intimidate)
8 to experience or deal with something, especially a problem (encounter)
5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.
There are two big political parties in the United States: the Republican party, which is traditionally the more conservative of the two, and the Democratic party, which is said to be more (1) progressive. One
of the most interesting and (2) intense moments in American political life is the election campaign which comes before the presidential elections. Both parties need a lot of money to pay for the campaign, for which they rely on (3) donations made by individuals and organizations. They also need a lot of new (4) recruits to work on the campaign. These people are usually young, intelligent and hard-working, (5) competent in their jobs and not easily (6) intimidated, since they are likely to (7) encounter a lot of
problems which have to be resolved quickly. But they also need to be highly (8) sophisticated, to be able
to understand what the American people want, and to communicate with them through the style and organization of the election campaign.
6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.
1 She’s a pleasant young woman, who is always very good company. (agreeable)
She’s an agreeable young woman, who is always very good company.
2 I’m afraid the reasons he gave me for not coming to the meeting were silly and unreasonabe. (laughable)
3 It is important to fight dishonest and illegal behaviour by officials. (corruption)
4 It’s freezing out here, I’m shaking with cold. (shivering)
5 You might find someone to help you in the office, but I’m not sure. (doubtful)
6 The attendant moved his shoulders up to suggest that he didn’t know the answer. (shrugged)
7 Don’t be so annoyed because the service is slow, you won’t miss your flight. (impatient)
8 The sound of people clapping at the end of the Senator’s speech lasted for five minutes. (applause)
7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.
1 If you track down something, do you (a) find it, or (b) lose it after a long search?
2 Does someone who thinks on their feet make decisions (a) quickly, or (b) slowly?
3 If you know something inside out, do you know it (a) only in part, or (b) very well?
4 If you are in the running for a job, do you have (a) some chance, or (b) no chance of being chosen?
5 Is a hall-of-fame athlete someone who will be (a) quickly forgotten, or (b) remembered for a long
time?
6 If the market is heaving with people, (a) is there a crowd of people there, or (b) are there not many
people there?
7 If you summon someone, do you want them to (a) come to see you immediately, or (b) go away?
8 If you refrain from doing something, do you (a) do it, or (b) not do it?
9 If there is a flurry of activity, do a lot of things happen (a) all at once, or (b) over a long period of
time?
Reading and interpreting
8 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1 Whose background do we know least about: Josh, Senator Rogers, or Alberto? Alberto. We only know that he is the head waiter at Joanne’s. We do not even know his name until
Senator Rogers greets him.
2 How do their characters emerge through their actions?
Josh is dignified and patient but a little submissive. Senator Rogers is dignified, patient and authoritative.
Alberto emerges as a shallow person, only interested in famous people but not really interested in
providing a good service for all customers.
3 He shrugged his shoulders. “We have no spare tables whatsoever, as you can see.” What message is
Alberto trying to give Josh by shrugging his shoulders?
He shows Josh that he doesn’t consider Josh is important. He can’t be bothered to find a free table and
with his nose he shows disdain and superiority.
4 “Senator Rogers!” said the head waiter. “What a great honor it is to see you at Joanne?s again!”
What is the attitude of Alberto towards Senator Rogers?
He gives her a warm welcome and wants to please her.
5 The head waiter blinked and swallowed hard. Why does he do this?
He is surprised and embarrassed because now he knows he has made a mistake with Josh. 6 What else does the head waiter do and say which tells us more about his character? He shows Josh to the worst table; he doesn’t take Josh’s order for a drink; later when the Senator arrives
he is bent double in humility and offers to change tables and then offers to waive the bill. All of these
tell us that he is mostly concerned with celebrities and doesn’t take trouble for other customers. He is
obsequious to the Senator.
Active reading (2)
Reading and understanding
3 Choose the best answer to the questions.
1 Who was Johannesson?
(a) A businessman with good contacts in Saudi Arabia.
(b) An engineer who lived in Saudi Arabia.
(c) An engineer working for a Swedish company.
(d) A 30-year-old Swede with a British university degree.
2 Why was he sent to Saudi Arabia?
(a) To work for a Saudi engineering firm.
(b) To work on a project funded by the Saudi government. (c) To take the place of a Swedish engineer who was already there. (d) To learn about Saudi customs and traditions.
3 Why wasn’t he happy about the meetings with the Saudis?
(a) The Saudis spent too much time laughing and joking. (b) The trips to Saudi Arabia were long and tiring.
(c) The Saudi brothers didn’t speak good English.
(d) Another Swedish man was always present.
4 What happened after the contract was signed?
(a) Johannesson lost his job with the Swedish corporation. (b) The Swedish businessman returned to Sweden.
(c) The attitude of the Saudis towards Johannesson changed. (d) The Swedish corporation stopped doing business in Saudi Arabia. 5 Why was Johannesson sent to work in a different division? (a) As a reward for getting the contract with the Saudis. (b) Because he wasn’t suited to work with the Saudis.
(c) Because he had become too friendly with the Saudis. (d) Because he had got too frustrated by the experience in Saudi Arabia. 6 Why was he asked to return to Saudi Arabia?
(a) The corporation wanted him to start a new project. (b) There was a lot of new work to do so two people were needed. (c) The engineer who replaced Johannesson fell ill and had to go home. (d) The Saudis trusted only Johannesson to sort out a small problem.
4 Work in pairs and answer the questions.
1 Why don’t Saudis like doing business with a company?
They want to work with an individual that they know and trust. 2 Which type of group is a company: a ―we‖ group or a ―they‖ group?
A company is a ―they‖ group unless it is a small company.
3 What type of family is there in a collectivist society? Families in collectivist societies are usually ―extended‖, ie they consist of a larger number of people living closely together.
4 How does an in-group give people protection from the hardships of life? By being a focus of loyalty and through the help that members give to each other.
5 In what type of society is there nuclear family?
In individualist societies.
6 Why aren’t people supposed to be dependent on a group in an individualist society?
They are supposed to be able to stand on their own feet.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.
1 support that you always give to someone or something because of your feelings of duty and love
towards them (loyalty)
2 to give someone the ability or opportunity to do something (enable)
3 a company that sells the same goods or services as another company (competitor)
4 a written legal agreement between two people or businesses that says what each must do for the other
or give to the other (contract)
5 the control and operation of a business or organization (management)
6 money used in a way that may earn you more money (investment)
6 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.
A Does your company do a lot of business abroad?
B Yes, it does. We’ve recently signed a number of (1) contracts in the Middle East.
A So you’re making a major (2) investment in that area?
B Yes, we are. We also have a lot of (3) competitors in our line of business, so it won’t be easy.
A Have you ever thought of working for one of them? B Not really, I’ve got a certain amount of (4) loyalty to my own company. I think that I’ve been treated
rather well by the (5) management. And if things go well, the new project I’m working on should
(6) enable me to get promotion quite quickly.
7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box.
You may need to make other changes.
1 These 2,000 words form the most basic part of the English language. (core)
2 Some British people think belonging to the European Union is vital to the UK’s national interests.
(membership)
Some British people think membership of the European Union is vital to the UK’s national interests.
3 The process of sending the books may take up to two weeks. (delivery)
The delivery of the books may take up to two weeks. 4 They said they would cancel the contract if they weren’t paid by next Thursday. (threatened)
They threatened to cancel the contract if they weren’t paid by next Thursday.
5 Can’t you see the positive side? You always spend time talking about the bad things. (dwell on)
6 Your inner strength will enable you to overcome life’s obstacles. (prevail over)
8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 Does an intermediary try to get two people or groups to (a) agree, or (b) disagree with each other? 2 Is your successor in a job the person who comes (a) after, or (b) before you?
3 If you have been nominated for a job, have you been (a) formally, or (b) only informally appointed? 4 Is a go-between someone who (a) takes messages between two people, or (b) prevents them from communicating?
5 Is an individualist someone who (a) is, or (b) isn’t dependent on other people?
6 If you can stand on your own feet, can you (a) look after yourself, or (b) see further than most people? 7 Does parental advice come from (a) the government, or (b) your mother and / or father?
Reading and interpreting
9 Choose the best way to complete the sentences.
1 The story in the passage is an example of (b) .
(a) a clash between two people with very different personalities (b) the difference between an ―individualist‖ and a ―collectivist‖ approach to business
(c) the problem which occurs when people do business in a foreign language (d) a failure to do business
2 The fact that most people in the world live in collectivist societies means (c) .
(a) people don’t like to be alone
(b) people need a lot of help to bring up their children (c) putting the needs of a group first helps protect the individual (d) people are taught not to stand on their own feet 3 An ―in-group‖, or ―we‖ group is (c) .
(a) people who work for the same company
(b) other people of your own age in society
(c) the group which gives you your identity
(d) a group you choose to belong to
4 Children in collectivist societies (b) .
(a) grow up in small families
(b) are likely to be very loyal to their family
(c) prefer having a lot of people to help look after them (d) are controlled by their family
5 Children in individualist societies (b) .
(a) are unlikely to have many playmates
(b) are likely to leave home when they become adults (c) find it difficult to have relationships with other people (d) think of themselves as members of a group
Language in use
word formation: pro- and anti-
1 Look at the sentence from the passage Dinner at Joanne’s and answer the questions.
She was pro-abortion, anti-corruption, pro-low carbon emissions and anti-capital punishment, as fine a
progressive liberal as you could find this side of the Atlantic. 1 If she was pro-abortion, was she in favour of or against the possibility of having an abortion?
She was in favour of the possibility of having an abortion. 2 If she was anti-capital punishment, was she in favour of or against the death penalty? She was against the death penalty.
3 How are the words formed?
These words are formed using the prefixes pro- and anti-.
4 What information do they give about people’s characters?
They indicate a person’s political ideas.
not just to … but to …
2 Rewrite the sentences using not just to … but to …
1 I needed to see him for two reasons. I wanted to tell him about the new contract, and I also wanted to check whether he was still interested in working with us.
I needed to see him not just to tell him about the new contract, but to check whether he was still interested in working with us.
2 People went to Joanne’s for two reasons. They went because they were curious to see who their fellow
diners were, but also to be seen themselves.
People went to Joanne’s not just to see who their fellow diners were, but to be seen themselves.
3 Matthew decided to climb Mount Kilimanjaro for two reasons. Firstly, it was a personal challenge, and secondly, he wanted to raise money for a children’s charity.
Matthew decided to climb Mount Kilimanjaro not just to face this personal challenge, but to raise money for a children’s charity.
4 I agreed to go to Egypt for two reasons. I wanted to see an old friend, and I also needed a break from the northern winter.
I agreed to go to Egypt not just to see an old friend, but to take a needed break from the northern winter. 5 Florence left home for two reasons. She couldn’t find a job in the area where she lived, and she was
beginning to find family life oppressive.
Florence left home not just to find a job in this area, but to escape from her family life which she found oppressive.
prep. + which / whom
3 Complete the sentences with an appropriate prep. + which / whom.
1 It’s not always easy to identify the group to which someone belongs.
2 The global community, of which we are all part, is changing very rapidly.
3 The friends with whom I grew up all left home years ago.
4 The standards by which we are judged today seem to have little to do with traditional values. 5 The society in which I grew up was rather different in those days.
6 My parents, to whom I owe so much, came from a very poor background.
unpacking complex sentences
4 Look at the sentences from the passage Dinner at Joanne’s and answer the questions.
1 Did Joanne’s have a reputation for good food?
No, in fact, the food was often maligned.
2 How did Josh know it?
He knew it by reputation, ie he had heard or read good comments about it.
3 What was special for its orchestra?
The orchestra had a guest slot for a well-known movie director who played trumpet. 4 Who were the sort of guests it had a reputation for?
They were celebrities, eg politicians, diplomats, movie actors, hall-of-fame athletes, journalists, writers, rock stars, Nobel Prize winners etc.
5 Who does anyone who was anyone refer to?
It refers to anyone who is famous or who has star quality.
6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.
1 Josh shivered as he checked the address on the slip of paper in his hand. He’d never been to Joanne’s,
but knew it by reputation, not because of its food, which had often been maligned, or its jazz orchestra, which had a guest slot for a well-known movie director who played trumpet, but because of the stellar quality of its sophisticated guests: politicians, diplomats, movie actors, hall-of-fame athletes, journalists, writers, rock stars and Nobel Prize winners – in short, anyone who was anyone in this city of power
brokers.
乔希打了个冷战,他打开手里的纸条核对了一下地址。之前他没来过乔安妮餐厅,但对于它的鼎
鼎大名却早有耳闻,倒不是因为这里的饭菜有多美味,其实这里的菜品屡遭恶评,也不是因为这
里的爵士管弦乐队有一位知名电影导演客串吹小号,而是因为这里汇集了有头有脸的宾客,可以
说是星光璀璨,他们中有政客、外交家、电影明星、载入名人堂的体育明星、记者、作家、摇滚
明星、诺贝尔奖得主等等——总之,这里的每一位客人都是这座权力之城里的一个人物。
2 The Swedes and the Saudis in this true story have different concepts of the role of personal relationships in business. For the Swedes, business is done with a company; for the Saudis, with a person whom one has learned to know and trust. As long as one does not know another person well enough it is convenient to have present an intermediary or go-between, someone who knows and is trusted by both parties. At the root of the difference between these cultures is a fundamental issue in human societies: the role of the individual versus the role of the group.
在这个真实的敀亊里,瑞典人和沙特人对人际兲系在商业中的作用有着不同的理解。对瑞典人来
说,他们是在和一个公司做生意，但对沙特人来说,他们是在和一个他们了解幵且信仸的人做生
意。只要他们对某个人还不够了解,就会让一位双方都认识幵信仸的中间人或介绍人在场,这样
做会比较方便。这两种文化的差异源于人类社会的一个根本问题,即个人角色与集体角色的问题。
7 Translate the paragraphs into English.
1 这位年轻人是个侦探小说迷,在看了福尔摩斯探案敀亊之后,他自以为完全掌握了侦探技巧,
于是就开始调查一起抢劫案。经过几个星期的周密调查,他倒是追查到了三名疑犯,只可惜案収
时这三个人都身在国外。(know sth inside out; track down)
This young man liked reading detective stories. After finished reading Holmes’ stories, he thought he
had known the detective’s skills inside out and started to investigate a case of robbery. After a few
weeks of close investigation, he tracked down three suspects, who turned out to be abroad when the robbery took place.
2 在本书中我们确实体会到了两种文化之间的差异。不过作者没有详细叙述这些差异,而是仔细
讨论了两种文化的相同点,其中说得最多的是为什么这两种文化都如此强调工作的热忱。(dwell on;
of which; loyalty)
In this book, we do find some differences between the two cultures. But instead of dwelling on the differences, the author presents lengthy discussions on things they have in common, of which their loyalty to work are most thoroughly touched upon.
Reading across cultures
Destination Europe
1 Read the passage and answer the questions.
1 What and where is Lampedusa?
It is an island in Italy, located closer to the shores of North Africa than other islands. 2 Why do African immigrants go there?
Because they want to seek a better life in Europe.
3 How much do they pay to get there?
Up to ?2,000.
4 What happens to them when they get there?
They are arrested and sent to a detention centre.
5 Why are immigrants needed there in Europe?
To do the jobs that Europeans do not want to do and also to help the economy. 6 How many immigrants are there in Italy?
Four million or about seven per cent of the population.
7 What is the percentage of immigrants for Europe as a whole?
It is close to 12 per cent.
8 How has immigration changed Europe?
It has turned Europe into a multi-ethnic community.
Unit 6 Streets Full of Heroes
Active reading (1)
Reading and understanding
3 Choose the best summary of the extract.
2 In this dramatic personal account, firefighter Richard Picciotto recalls what he was doing and thinking,
just before the north tower of the World Trade Center collapsed on 11 September 2001.
4 Answer the questions.
1 Where was Richard Picciotto at 9:59 am on 11 September 2001? He was on the 35th floor of the north tower of the World Trade Center. 2 Who was with him?
About two dozen firefighters.
3 What was everybody trying to do?
They were resting and trying to work out what was going on. 4 How long had they been in the building?
Nearly an hour.
5 What did they do when the noise started?
They stood still.
6 What was happening to the building?
It was falling down.
7 What did Picciotto start thinking about when he heard the noise? He started thinking about his family, job and the bagels in the kitchen. 8 Did Picciotto have the impression things were happening quickly or slowly? To him, it seems things were happening slowly while in truth they weren’t.
9 How did Picciotto get out of the tower?
He climbed through the rubble and led his men to safety. 10 How many firefighters lost their lives?
Altogether 343 firefighters.
11 Why did Picciotto write Last Man Down?
He wrote it as a tribute to his colleagues.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
5 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 to make a fire stop burning (extinguish)
2 the total number of people who have been killed or hurt (toll)
3 an extremely difficult or frightening situation (nightmare)
4 a very sad event that causes people to suffer or die (tragedy)
5 as much as possible (utmost)
6 impressive actions that prove someone is very brave (heroism)
7 happening in a confused way and without any order or organization (chaotic)
6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 5. For a firefighter arriving on the scene of a fire the first few minutes are usually the most (1) chaotic.
He has to (2) extinguish the fire, he also needs to find out if human lives are in danger. When people are
trapped inside a building he must act swiftly to prevent (3) tragedy, or, – in the (4) nightmare scenario –
to keep the death (5) toll to a minimum. Actions like these require the (6) utmost degree of (7) heroism.
7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.
1 He’s a very honest, fair and well-behaved sort of person. (decent)
2 I’d like to express my thanks for everything you’ve done for me. (gratitude) 3 There was a group of cows standing in the corner of the field. (herd)
4 There have been very big increases in food prices over the last few months. (massive) 5 All the people should leave the building immediately when the alarm sounds. (evacuate) 6 She has displayed all the qualities needed for being a leader in her job. (leadership)
8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If you are raring to go, are you eager to (a) leave, or (b) start an activity?
2 If you get your bearings, do you (a) lose your way, or (b) find out where you are?
3 If you are nowhere close to done, do you (a) still have a lot more work to do to finish the job, or (b) still feel strong and ready to work?
4 If you haven?t made a dent in something, have you (a) made good progress, or (b) hardly begun the job?
5 Is a racket (a) a loud and unpleasant noise, or (b) a low musical sound? 6 If something goes berserk, is it (a) quiet and well-behaved, or (b) out of control?
7 Does whatever the hell it was suggest that the writer (a) knew exactly what the noise was, or (b) didn’t know what the noise was?
8 If something is part of the shorthand, can you (a) easily understand it, or (b) not understand it? 9 If you are fumbling for a fix, are you (a) trying to understand something, or (b) trying to stay where
you are?
Active reading (2)
Reading and understanding
2 Choose the best way to complete the sentences. 1 Eleanor Roosevelt became a volunteer (c) .
(a) when she met her husband
(b) when her husband became President of the US (c) as a young woman
(d) when she saw a homeless man in the street 2 When she became the wife of the president (c) .
(a) she gave up her job
(b) she began to write for a newspaper (c) she reinvented the role of First Lady (d) she found it difficult to reconcile family life and public affairs
3 When she held her first press conference (a) .
(a) she didn’t allow men to attend
(b) she pushed her husband in on a wheelchair (c) she made speeches
(d) her involvement in politics shocked people
4 While Roosevelt was president, Eleanor (c) .
(a) stayed a full-time wife and mother
(b) made a lot of people angry
(c) defended the rights of women and Afro-Americans (d) became the host of a television programme
5 After her husband died she (c) .
(a) retired from public life
(b) became the only female delegate to the United Nations (c) helped implement the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (d) started writing for a newspaper
6 In the last years of her life she (b) .
(a) went to live in India
(b) continued to promote the rights of women
(c) was given a new task by President Kennedy
(d) gave up her interest in politics
Dealing with unfamiliar words
3 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 someone who is chosen to represent a group of other people at a meeting (delegate)
2 to believe that something is the cause of someone or something else (ascribe)
3 a newspaper or television reporter, especially one who deals with a particular subject or area
(correspondent)
4 a very high level of skill or ability (genius)
5 to control someone or something, often in a negative way, because you have more power or influence
(dominate)
6 used about a feeling or thought you do not realize you have (unconscious)
7 to watch something in order to check that it works in the way that it should (oversee)
4 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 3.
Eleanor Roosevelt showed her (1) genius for getting the support of other (2) delegates in the UN
Assembly. She was a great speaker who knew how to (3) oversee important meetings without being seen to (4) dominate them. She was also a talented (5) correspondent and she wrote a daily column for many years. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s success as president was (6) ascribed by many to her support and wonderful character. She became involved in politics because of her sense of right and wrong and an (7)
unconscious need to help people.
5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.
1 He has been unable to use his legs since birth. (crippled)
2 We need to call a meeting for world leaders about this issue. (summit)
3 The first thing I read in the newspaper is the regular section about the arts. (column)
4 Our class visit to the United Nations was a wonderful experience. (marvelous)
5 It’s important to try to influence politicians about the need to improve transport facilities in our area.
(lobby)
6 How many millions of people live in the very poor areas of Mumbai? (slums)
6 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 In a fishbowl atmosphere, are you (a) likely, or (b) unlikely to see what everyone is doing? 2 Is a mishap a (a) positive, or (b) negative experience?
3 If you have a humane attitude, are you (a) kind and caring, or (b) cruel and uncaring? 4 If you win over someone to your cause, do you (a) defeat them, or (b) persuade them to join you?
5 Does an affliction make your life (a) easy, or (b) difficult?
6 If you ride the storm, do you (a) survive it, or (b) fall victim to it?
7 Is a superlative performance (a) very good, or (b) just good?
8 If a politician has a throng of admirers, are there (a) many people, or (b) a few who like them? 9 If you are on a par with someone, are you in (a) the same position, or (b) different positions?
Language in use
word formation: gender-inclusive language
1 Look at the sentences from the passages and answer the questions. Last man down: The fireman?s story
We were firefighters, mostly, and we were in various stages of exhaustion.
Please join Life magazine as we honor the power and humanity of Anna Eleanor Roosevelt by inducting
her into the Hall of Heroes.
1 What meaning do fireman and firefighter share?
Someone whose job is to fight fires.
2 What extra meaning is included in the word fireman?
The person is male.
3 Does the word heroes refer to men, women, or both?
Both.
2 Replace the underlined words with gender-inclusive language. 1 Miss Read was the headmistress at school, and I was very fond of her. (headteacher)
2 Mother Teresa and Eleanor Roosevelt are two great heroines of our time. (heroes)
3 There were a lot of policemen standing at the entrance to the factory. (police officers) 4 More than three hundred firemen died in the fire. (firefighters)
5 We’ll ask one of our salesgirls to come and help you. (salespersons)
Why is it that …?
3 Rewrite the sentences using Why is it that ...? 1 I don’t know why we haven’t been able to solve the problem of slums in this town.
Why is it that we haven’t been able to solve the problem of slums in this town?
2 I don’t know why we are not able to organize fair elections in this part of the world.
Why is it that in this part of the world we are not able to organize fair elections? 3 I don’t know why they never employ qualified people in this hotel.
Why is it that in this hotel they never employ qualified people?
4 I don’t know why the system of welfare is still not working properly in this country.
Why is it that in this country the system of welfare is still not working properly? 5 I don’t know why you always find such an easy answer to all the questions I ask.
Why is it that you always find such an easy answer to all the questions I ask?
adj. + though it + be
4 Rewrite the sentences using adj. + though it + be.
1 My time in the United States was short, but it was interesting.
My time in the United States, short though it was, was interesting. 2 The scenes of destruction were terrible, but not surprising.
The scenes of destruction, terrible though they were, were not surprising. 3 The rescue operation cost a lot of money, but it was successful.
The rescue operation, costly though it was, was successful.
4 The lesson he gave was extremely interesting, but it was soon forgotten. The lesson he gave, interesting though it was, was soon forgotten.
5 Mother Teresa may have been old, but she was extremely active.
Mother Teresa, old though she may have been, was extremely active.
6 His actions may have been unconscious, but they have had very serious consequences. His actions, unconscious though they may have been, have had very serious consequences. collocations
5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of suitable expressions from the collocation box. Sometimes more than one collocation is possible.
1 My grandfather died suddenly after a massive heart attack.
2 There was a column of smoke in the sky for days after 9/11.
3 Eleanor Roosevelt wrote a daily / newspaper column for nearly 30 years.
4 The stress began to take a toll on their marriage.
5 The final death toll might be much higher than the police at first thought.
6 How many newspaper columns have been written about the heroes of the last century? 7 Do you have to pay a toll to drive on the motorway?
8 Your idea was brilliant – a stroke of genius!
9 My hero is my English teacher. He has a genius for helping us understand Shakespeare.
10 When she died she left a massive amount of money to charity.
6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.
1 I thought how we firemen were always saying to each other, ―I’ll see you at the big one.‖ Or, ―We’ll
all meet at the big one.‖ I never knew how it started, or when I’d picked up on it myself, but it was part
of our shorthand. Meaning, no matter how big this fire is, there’ll be another one bigger, somewhere
down the road. We’ll make it through this one, and we’ll make it through that one, too. I always said it, at big fires, and I always heard it back, and here I was, thinking I would never say or hear these words again, because there would never be another fire as big as this. This was the big one we had all talked about, all our lives, and if I hadn’t known this before – just before these chilling moments – this sick,
black noise now confirmed it.
我想起我们消防员平常总互相打趣说,―在大火中见吧。‖或者是―我们肯定会在大火中碰面的。‖
我不知道这种说法是怎么来的,或者我自己是从什么时候开始说起这种话来的,但这就是我们的
暗语。意思是不管这场火有多大,以后在别处还会有比这更大的。我们能安然无恙地度过这场火,
也会安然无恙地度过下一场火。遇到一场大火时,我总是这么说,也总听别人这么说,可现在,
我呆在这儿,想着自己再也不会说这样的话了,也不会再听到别人这么说了,因为再也不会有比
这更大的火了。这会是我们大家一辈子都在说的那场大火,如果以前——就在这一个个令人胆战
心惊的瞬间之前——我没有认识到这一点的话,现在这浑厚的、不祥的响声印证了这一点。
2 Named as the first chairman of the UN Human Rights Commission, Roosevelt oversaw the two-year process of drafting and securing passage of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Additionally, her clashes with representatives of the Soviet Union led one Republican to lean forward in his chair and state – he wouldn’t allow his name to be used for fear of being labeled as a Democratic supporter –
―Now, if you want to know what I think about Mrs Roosevelt, she is tuh-riffic! Mrs Roosevelt is unique in her capacity to create an understanding of our position in the minds of the delegates of other countries. Her performance is so superlative that it is rather unexpected to be asked to evaluate her in ordinary terms.‖
作为联合国人权委员会的首仸主席,罗斯福监督了《世界人权宣言》历时两年的起草和通过的全
过程。此外, 她和苏联代表的交锋让一位共和党人从椅子上朝前探过身来,说出了下面一番话——
因为怕被当成是民主党的支持者,他不愿意透露自己的姓名——―如果你想知道我对罗斯福夫人的
看法,那我会说她真是了不起! 罗斯福夫人有一种独特的能力,能让其他国家的代表清楚地了解
我们的立场。要用平常的语言来评价她高超的外交手腕,一时间还真不知道该怎么说。‖
7 Translate the paragraphs into English.
1 人们很不理解为什么他一仹工作干了30年,大多数人到了他这个年纪至少已经换了四五仹工作
了。也许对他来说,为了获得更高的薪水或是寻求体验新亊物的刺激而换工作毫无意义。在他看
来,唯一重要的亊是稳定。(stick with; point; thrill)
People are quite puzzled about the fact that he has stuck with the same job for 30 years when most people of his age have changed at least four or five jobs. Maybe for him there is no point in changing jobs for a higher pay or for the thrill of experiencing something new. The only thing that matters, in his point of view, is stability.
2 协会中的大多数会员认为应该竭力游说政府,确保这项计划获得批准。至兲重要的是要把决策
者中的一些反对者争取过来。虽然这会很难,但是他们下定决心要作最大的努力。 (lobby; win over;
adj. +though it + be; utmost)
Most members of the association believe that they need to lobby as hard as possible to make sure that the plan will be approved by the government. It’s essential to win over some of the naysayers among the
policy makers. Tough though it will be, they have made up their mind to make utmost efforts.
Reading across cultures
Heroes in Western literature
1 Read the passage and answer the questions.
1 Where does the word hero come from?
It is from Greek.
2 What did it originally mean?
It originally means ―demigod‖ which refers to someone with one parent being a god and the other a
human being.
3 In mythology, what did heroes do?
They changed the world by discovery, invention or trickery.
4 How did Aristotle define the tragic hero?
Tragic heroes are ―only human‖.
5 What secondary definition does the word hero have today?
Its secondary definition is ―the main character of a book‖.
6 What is an ―anti-hero‖?
A hero who has shown unconventional characteristics.
7 Which type of hero is it easiest for people to identify with?
The more human or weaker ones.
8 How do real-life heroes contrast with the heroes of the imagination?
Real-life heroes are unsung heroes whose stories never get told and whose actions may not involve saving the world.
Unit 7 The Secret Life of Science
Active reading (1)
Reading and understanding
2 Choose the best way to complete the sentences. 1 Murphy’s Law is (a) .
(a) a popular belief
(b) a scientific law
(c) a classical theory
(d) a statistical calculation
2 Bad luck (b) .
(a) can be explained by science
(b) can be partly blamed on strange coincidences (c) only really exists in people’s minds
(d) is impossible to explain
3 ―Bad luck‖ is a problematic concept because (a) .
(a) it is relative; some things are more ―bad‖ than others
(b) it suggests a connection between science and morality (c) luck is never good or bad by definition
(d) it encourages people not to take responsibility for their own actions
4 Unlucky events seem to come in threes because (b) .
(a) three is an unlucky number in most cultures (b) the mind wants to make connections between events (c) we don’t notice single unlucky events
(d) we can’t remember more than three connected events
5 For some people, unlucky events are connected because (d) .
(a) they are psychologically weaker than other people (b) they have better memories than other people (c) they define bad luck differently from other people (d) the first unlucky event has an effect on them which makes the second event more likely
6 The writer says map reading is a frustrating experience because (a) .
(a) the destination will often be marked very near the edge of the map
(b) it is difficult to consult a street atlas while you’re in a car
(c) the destination is unlikely to be marked in the middle of the map (d) modern road maps have not been well designed 7 The writer says we believe that traffic lights are always red when we’re in a hurry because (b) .
(a) traffic lights spend more time on red than green (b) we hardly notice when the lights are green
(c) red lights are a source of stress
(d) red lights appear more often when a driver is in a hurry 8 The examples of map reading and traffic lights both show that (a) .
(a) we are often too ready to interpret a neutral event as ―bad‖
(b) if we are in a hurry, something bad will usually happen (c) journeys need to be carefully planned to avoid things going wrong (d) bad luck is a direct result of stress and anxiety
Dealing with unfamiliar words
3 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 something harmful or unpleasant that happens to someone (misfortune)
2 neither positive nor negative (neutral)
3 relating to or involving mathematics (mathematical)
4 weak or easy to hurt physically or mentally (vulnerable)
5 happening or coming after something else (subsequent)
6 the number of times that something happens during a period of time (frequency)
4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 3.
1 Some people seem to blame all their misfortunes on bad luck.
2 Many people would argue that there is no such thing as bad luck; all events are neutral.
3 The frequency with which things seem to go wrong may depend on things like health factors.
4 Is it a mathematical certainty that toast will always fall butter side down? 5 We need to help the most vulnerable people in our society.
6 If you’re depressed, and one thing goes wrong, all subsequent events are likely to seem negative too.
5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to
make other changes.
1 Which is the quickest way to the town centre? (route)
2 Our math teacher’s lesson included part of yesterday’s lecture. (overlapped)
Our math teacher’s lessen overlapped with yesterday’s lecture.
3 You’ll find the statistics department in the building next to this one. (adjacent)
4 Unfortunately, two hundred people lost their jobs last month. (sacked)
Unfortunately, two hundred people were sacked last month. 5 Why do certain groups of letters stay close together in this language? (cluster)
6 The office will be closed for the whole period of the Christmas holidays. (duration)
6 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If you subject something to scrutiny, do you look at it (a) carefully, or (b) superficially? 2 If something is marginally interesting, is it of (a) great interest, or (b) limited interest?
3 If a problem is alive and kicking, (a) can you ignore it, or (b) must you do something about it?
4 Is a reminder intended to (a) keep you awake, or (b) stop you forgetting?
5 If you are made redundant, have you (a) been given a job, or (b) lost your job?
6 If something crops up, were you (a) expecting it, or (b) not really expecting it to happen?
7 If you duplicate a document, do you (a) send it to someone, or (b) make a copy of it?
8 Do two consecutive events happen (a) at the same time, or (b) one after the other?
9 After physical exertion, do most people feel (a) tired, or (b) full of energy?
Reading and interpreting
7 Match the examples with the types of events. 1 a burst water pipe
(b) an extremely memorable and unfortunate event 2 a train which is late
(e) an event which could be ―bad‖ or just ―neutral‖
3 buses which arrive three at a time
(d) a strange coincidence which many people claim to notice 4 losing your wedding ring
(c) the sort of event which confirms the ―bad luck theory‖
5 dropping a vase
(a) something which might happen because you are feeling depressed or unwell
Active reading (2)
Reading and understanding
2 Number the events in the order they occurred. 2 He drew up a plan with a researcher and a teacher. 3 He had a couple of lessons and learnt how to read music. 9 He discovered changes in the way his brain worked. 5 He learnt how to breathe properly.
1 The writer decided he wanted to learn to sing. 8 He had a second brain scan.
4 He had a brain scan.
7 He became depressed with his slow progress.
6 He did exercises to develop a sense of rhythm.
3 Choose the best answer to the questions.
1 Why did the writer take part in the experiment? (a) To sing with his wife.
(b) To find out more about his brain.
(c) To do research for a book about Neanderthal humans. (d) To investigate the relationship between singing and brain activity.
2 How did the experiment affect his family life? (a) He spent a lot of time singing with his wife and children. (b) He made his children practise late at night. (c) He disturbed his children by singing late at night. (d) His marriage nearly came to an end.
3 What results did the experiment show?
(a) There is no connection between singing ability and brain activity.
(b) It is not possible to sing lying down.
(c) Regular brain scans can improve singing ability. (d) There is a connection between singing ability and brain activity.
4 What conclusion did the writer reach?
(a) He will never be able to sing well.
(b) Some people will never be able to sing.
(c) Learning to sing is a complex and mysterious process. (d) Everyone can learn to sing, but it takes time.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.
1 to continue trying to achieve something difficult (persevere)
2 used for showing that something you say is really true (literally)
3 a new business or activity (venture)
4 the belief that you are able to do things well (confidence)
5 to provide the conditions in which something can happen or exist (sustain)
6 feeling annoyed and impatient (frustrated)
5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4. I never thought I would become a musician. I’ve always liked music, but didn’t study it at school and I
found it a bit (1) frustrating not to be able to read music or to sing in tune. That is, until the day I decided
to learn to play the piano. It was quite a difficult (2) venture at first. The hardest thing was to (3) persevere with practice. But little by little I began to make progress, and, with it, to grow in (4)
confidence. In fact, I managed to (5) sustain the enthusiasm to such an extent that, at the age of 35, I gave up my job as a data analyst to become a professional musician. In my case, music (6) literally
changed my life.
6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. 1 When I play the piano I usually mix different styles such as jazz and classical. (blend)
2 One of my favourite pieces of music is called The Planets. (entitled)
3 I thought I would learn quickly, but I was clearly mistaken. (evidently)
4 How much is left if we take off 80 euros from your fee? (subtract)
5 The photocopier is broken, but you can use the machine which copies images and stored them on a
computer. (scanner)
6 To have such wonderful children has been a great source of happiness for us both. (blessing)
7 The new hospital is open now, but it isn’t working as it should. (functional)
7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.
1 If you are haunted by something, do you think about it (a) often, or (b) hardly ever?
2 If you are turned off from something, do you (a) show interest in it, or (b) lose interest in it?
3 When someone collaborates with you, do they (a) help you, or (b) prevent you from doing what you want to do?
4 Are the rudiments of musical knowledge (a) the basic facts, or (b) the most recent discoveries? 5 Does a precocious child show skills and intelligence (a) above, or (b) below the average?
6 Are excerpts from a film or a piece of music (a) short extracts, or (b) critical reviews? 7 If you do something in the intimacy of your own home, do you expect (a) strangers, or (b) only your own family to see you do it?
8 If you stumble, do you (a) fall and then keep going, or (b) fall and stop completely? 9 If you feel elated about something, do you feel (a) very happy, or (b) very sad?
Reading and interpreting
8 Choose the best way to complete the sentences. 1 The title ―The diva within‖ suggests that (b) .
(a) artists have very private lives
(b) anyone can be a good singer
(c) great musicians are born, not made
(d) to become a good singer, you have to think a lot 2 The word encore is used because (d) .
(a) it refers to a second performance of something (b) it is usually used in a musical context (c) it suggests that people are happy with a performance (d) all three of the above reasons
9 Decide if the writer’s experiences are motivating (M) or frustrating (F).
1 writing a book called The Singing Neanderthals (M)
It inspires him to do all sorts of interesting research. 2 his childhood experience with a music teacher (F)
He felt humiliated.
3 meeting Larry Parsons at the University of Sheffield (M)
He offered new ways he could pursue his research. 4 listening to Pam sing (M)
He found it beautiful and wanted to learn more about the human relationship with music.
5 monitoring his own progress as a student of singing (F)
He says he got frustrated in Paragraph 5. 6 the effect on family life as he practised (F)
His singing wasn’t good for his family life.
7 lying still during the second brain scan (F)
In Paragraph 6, it says ―Lying still was even more frustrating than the last time because I had learned
that moving my body was as important to singing as was flexing my vocal cords.‖
8 leaving the scanner after the second brain scan (M)
The writer was elated that his work for the experiment was done.
9 seeing the results of the second scan (M)
The results of the research confirmed his ideas.
Language in use
word formation: -ity and -ility
1 Look at the sentences from the passage Can bad luck be explained?
When it comes to bad things happening in threes, what may be most important of all is the duration and memorability of the first event.
There is … rational reason why bad events might cluster together. It is related to probability and
independence.
Now find three more nouns ending in -ity or -ility in the passage The diva within . Ability, musicality, activity.
2 Rewrite the sentences changing the underlined adjectives into nouns.
1 It is possible that the insurance won’t pay you for this accident.
There is a possibility that the insurance won’t pay you for this accident.
2 I am not responsible for anything that happens to you.
It’s not my responsibility what happens to you.
3 I’m not sure how suitable this programme is for you.
I’m not sure of this programme’s suitability for you.
4 The fact that the calculation was complex slowed me down.
The calculation’s complexity slowed me down.
5 Being naturally curious is a characteristic of many great thinkers.
Natural curiosity is a characteristic of many great thinkers.
6 I was surprised that her behaviour was stupid.
I was surprised at the stupidity of her behaviour.
when it comes to …
3 Rewrite the sentences using when it comes to …
1 If we consider evaluating students’ work, there are always some very difficult choices to be made.
When it comes to evaluating students’ work, there are always some very difficult choices to be made.
2 If we consider the examples of bad luck you spoke about, many of these seem to be rather unimportant.
When it comes to the examples of bad luck you spoke about, many of these seem to be rather unimportant.
3 If we turn our attention to human psychology, we see that this is very closely related to physical health and well-being.
When it comes to human psychology, we see that this is very closely related to physical health and wellbeing.
4 In the case of learning an instrument like the piano or violin, a lot of patience and the ability to persevere are essential.
When it comes to learning an instrument like the piano or violin, a lot of patience and the ability to persevere are essential.
5 If we turn our attention to non-scientific studies of good and bad luck, there are all sorts of fantastic theories.
When it comes to non-scientific studies of good and bad luck, there are all sorts of fantastic theories.
if only
4 Rewrite the sentences using if only .
1 I won’t be able to work out this mathematical problem unless you are quiet for a few minutes.
If only you were quiet for a few minutes, I would be able to work out this mathematical problem. 2 You won’t be able to find your way in life unless you start to understand the difference between good
and bad advice.
If only you understood the difference between good and bad advice, you would be able to find your way in life.
3 I won’t be able to sleep well tonight unless I stop worrying about what happened this morning.
If only I stopped worrying about what happened this morning, I would be able to sleep well tonight. 4 The number of accidents at work won’t decrease unless people are more careful and follow the safety
instructions.
If only people were more careful and followed the safety instructions, the number of accidents at work would decrease.
5 You won’t become a great singer unless you are prepared to practise at least six hours every day.
If only you practised six hours every day, you would become a great singer.
6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.
1 Red lights come up just as often when the driver is not in a hurry; it’s just that the disadvantage of the
red light is considerably less if time is not critical. The false part of the perception is that red lights happen more than green lights. The reason for this is simply that a driver has more time to think about a red light than a green light, because while the latter is gone in seconds – and indeed is an experience no
different from just driving along the open road – the red light forces a change of behaviour, a moment of
exertion and stress, and then a deprivation of freedom for a minute or so. Red lights stick in the mind, while green lights are instantly forgotten.
司机不赶时间的时候碰到的红灯其实和赶时间的时候一样多，只是如果时间不紧急,红灯带来的
不便要小得多。认为红灯出现的次数比绿灯多其实是一种错觉。产生这种错觉的原因很简单,因
为司机有更多的时间去想红灯,而绿灯的时候,车子几秒钟之内就疾驰而过了——这其实和在畅
通的公路上开车没有仸何区别——而红灯却迫使司机改变行为,一小会儿的时间里要强迫自己努
力一下,承受点厈力,还要失去一两分钟的自由。所以红灯会深深地印在司机的脑海里,而绿灯转
瞬间就被抛到脑后了。
2 Can anyone learn to sing? It’s a question that haunted me as I was writing my most recent book The
Singing Neanderthals. My research had persuaded me that musicality is deeply embedded in the human genome, with far more ancient evolutionary roots than spoken language. Yet here I was, unable to carry a tune or match a rhythm. Friends and academic colleagues claimed this was simply because I had been
―turned off‖ from music as a child and if only I took a few lessons I would find my voice. Maybe they
were right. So humiliated was I by music teachers who made me ―sing‖ alone in front of the class that I
dropped music at the first opportunity and haven’t participated in anything musical for over 35 years.
Perhaps I could learn to sing.
人人都能学会唱歌吗,在撰写我最新出版的《唱着歌的尼安德特人》一书时,这个问题就一直萦
绕在我的心头。我做的研究让我相信音乐才能是深深植根于人类基因中的,从进化史的角度来说,
它比人类的口头语言都要古老得多。可是我本人一唱起歌来不是跑调,就是跟不上节奏。朋友们
和学术同僚们都说,那都是因为我小时候对音乐失去了关趣,只要上几节音乐课,我一定能放声
‖,让我觉得很丢脸。歌唱。也许他们是对的。记得小时候,音乐老师们让我在全班同学面前独―唱
所以后来一有机会,我就躲开音乐,35 年来从来没有参加过仸何音乐活动。说不定学一学我也能
唱得不错。
7 Translate the paragraphs into English.
1 媒体对于接连収生的两件惨剧之间没有仸何兲系的说法表示怀疑,总统没有迅速作出反应也让
大家很不满。谈到总统的执政能力,媒体早已失去信心,除非他能在随后的仸期中有所作为。
(consecutive; independent of; responsive; when it comes to; if only)
The media doubt the claim that the two consecutive tragedies were independent of each other, and are dissatisfied with the fact that the President was not responsive immediately. When it comes to his competence in running the government, the media have long lost their trust, if only he could do well in his subsequent term.
2 时刻牢记不要因为你的孩子成绩不好而羞辱他们,因为这种被羞辱的痛苦记忆可能会困扰孩子
很长时间,使他们从小就厉学,幵且会妨碍他们形成积极的生活态度。只有当父母収现孩子身上
的优点,幵且不断鼓励他们,孩子的収展才能得以长久。(turn off from; humiliate; haunt; identify)
Keep remembering that do not humiliate your child because they don’t gain good grades, as their
memory of the humiliation will haunt them for a long time, turn them off from learning at an early age and prevent them from gaining positive attitudes towards life. The development of children can be sustained only when parents identify the strengths in their children and encourage them from time to time.
Reading across cultures
What’s in a number?
1 Read the passage and answer the questions.
1 What did Galileo Galilei say about the universe? The entire universe is written in the language of mathematics. 2 What have music and architecture got in common? They are both based upon mathematics.
3 Who is Yutaka Nishiyama?
A Japanese professor of Economics.
4 Why does he believe the West has a preference for even numbers? He claims even numbers are seen as more ―rational‖ and complete.
5 Why don’t some hotels in the US have a room number 13?
The number 13 is deemed unlucky in the US.
6 Why is 17 unlucky in Italy?
Because in Roman numerals the number 17 (XVII) can be rearranged to look like a word found on the
inscription of Roman tombstones (VIXI).
Unit 8 High Days and Holidays Active reading (1)
Reading and understanding
4 Answer the questions.
1 How well does the writer know the Soviet Union? Not very well. The others have to explain the tradition of International Women’s Day to the writer.
2 What was Yakov doing when the writer met him? He was buying roses.
3 Where does the writer live?
Room 99 of a hostel.
4 What do the Russian men do on International Women’s Day?
They buy flowers for the women in their life and do some house chores for them.
5 What kind of daily life do Russian women usually have? They have a very busy life with lots of chores to do. 6 What do the Russian men do after they’ve prepared breakfast for their wives?
They meet up with friends and drink themselves into a stupor. 7 What is the usual number of flowers to buy in Russia? An odd number.
8 Why did Yakov buy 14 flowers?
He planned to give Katya five flowers and the girls in Room 99 three for each.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
5 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 to put something somewhere in a careless way, especially something that is heavy (dump)
2 to lie, sit, or lean in a relaxed or lazy way (lounge)
3 loved very much by someone (beloved)
4 to move somewhere quietly and secretly so that no one can see you or hear you (sneak)
5 a feeling of very strong anger that usually does not last very long (fury)
6 to talk about other people or about things that are not important (gossip)
6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box.
1 I unexpectedly met an old friend in the shopping mall yesterday. (bumped into)
2 The men demonstrate how true and honest their love for their wives is by drinking a lot. (sincere) 3 While the men are doing the shopping, the women will clean the carpets, and dust the room. (vacuum) 4 Please remain here and wait for a while – she will come back soon. (stick around)
5 I think it is a good idea to soak clothes before washing them. (advisable)
6 After hearing what he had been through, her eyes were full of tears. (filled up with)
7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If someone is dewy-eyed, are they likely to (a) lack experience about life, or (b) be in love? 2 If someone accepts you on your own reckoning, do they (a) accept you without considering if you are
what you claim to be, or (b) have a clear idea of your real character? 3 If you bask in your fame, do you (a) feel bothered, or (b) enjoy being famous?
4 Does charred mean (a) black and burnt, or (b) cooked perfectly?
5 If something shrivels in the summer heat, does it (a) grow rapidly, or (b) become smaller and not fresh?
6 If someone’s face turns scarlet, is it because they feel (a) embarrassed or angry, or (b) tired and hungry?
7 If you go to bed on the dot of 11 pm, do you sleep (a) at exactly 11 pm, or (b) around 11 pm? 8 If you pop into somewhere, do you (a) go there only for a short time, or (b) stay there for a long time? 9 If someone is in a stupor, are they unable to think or act normally because they’re (a) too sleepy, or (b) not completely conscious?
Active reading (2)
Reading and understanding
3 Choose the best way to complete the sentences. 1 The writer thinks the Chinese celebrate Christmas because (d) .
(a) it’s a Western festival
(b) the world has undergone a great deal of change (c) it’s a festival which carries the same meaning in both the East and the West
(d) it has become a festival which is celebrated around the world, and everyone can relax during that
time
2 Some scholars fear that celebrating Christmas in China (a) .
(a) may threaten Chinese culture
(b) means that the Chinese blindly follow the West in every way (c) causes Chinese festivals to lose their charm
(d) is a good example of Western decadence
3 The Chinese attach more importance to Christmas than a couple of decades ago because (b) .
(a) television and the Internet have become uniting factors (b) changes throughout the world make them look differently at the world and at China’s place in it
(c) we belong to a global village
(d) most of the world follows the Gregorian calendar 4 Enjoying a Western festival doesn’t mean that (c) .
(a) the Chinese approve of Western decadence
(b) the Chinese are left untouched by the festive season (c) the Chinese follow the West without thinking
(d) the Chinese culture is free of decadence
5 The writer believes that the scholars and students (b) .
(a) can save society from the influence of a world which is getting smaller (b) have a point of view which should not be rejected (c) are what are referred to as conservatives
(d) are right in thinking Chinese festivals have lost their charm 6 The basic message of Christmas (d) .
(a) is similar to Eastern principles of helping others (b) has the same charm as Chinese festivals
(c) is one of Western culture, which attracts youngsters more than other Chinese
(d) is one of goodness, love of mankind and help for the poor which is relevant to everyone
Dealing with unfamiliar words
4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 simple (humble)
2 to show that there is a good reason for something, especially something that other people think is
wrong (justify)
3 to experience something, especially something that is unpleasant but necessary (undergo)
4 a large meal for a lot of people, usually in order to celebrate something (feast)
5 a system for measuring the length of a year and dividing it into periods such as weeks and months
(calendar)
6 a child, or a young person (youngster)
7 pleasant or attractive qualities or features (charm)
8 the quality of being morally good (goodness)
9 to express a strong opinion and try to persuade other people to accept it (preach)
5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.
There is some (1) justification to scholars’ fears that a lot of Chinese (2) youngsters have recently
become more interested in festivals from the Western (3) calendar, such as Christmas which I must
admit does have some (4) charm. The world is (5) undergoing many changes, and even though we come from a genuinely modest and (6) humble culture, we’re more and more attracted by the bright lights and
comforts of the West. But Christmas is actually a winter (7) feast and is similar to our own festivals because it (8) preaches the importance of being morally (9) good and showing love for mankind.
6 Answer the questions about the words and expressions in the box. 1 Is oriental likely to mean (a) Eastern, or (b) Western?
2 If you vent your feelings, do you (a) express them strongly, or (b) hide them?
3 Is an indigenous American likely to be (a) someone who has arrived from another country, or (b)
someone who has lived in America before others arrived?
4 If you feel at one with something, are you likely to feel (a) unhappy and uncomfortable, or (b) happy
and relaxed with it?
5 Is zeal likely to be (a) great energy and enthusiasm, or (b) a lack of interest?
6 If you want to conserve something, do you want to (a) keep it as it is, or (b) change it?
7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If you’re caught in a trance, are you likely to be (a) aware, or (b) unaware of your state?
2 If something happens for good or bad, do you (a) know, or (b) not know whether it will have good or bad results?
3 Is a rider likely to be (a) a condition to what has been said, in order to limit it, or (b) an addition to what has been said, adding extra information?
4 Is an anomaly likely to be (a) a contradiction, or (b) a usual feature?
5 Is skulduggery likely to be (a) secret activities that are intended to trick or cheat people, or (b) normal events in everyday life?
6 Are mundane affairs likely to be (a) interesting and exciting, or (b) not interesting and exciting?
7 Is decadence likely to be (a) highly moral behaviour, or (b) immoral behaviour?
8 If you shut your eyes and ears to something, do you (a) pay attention to it, or (b) refuse to pay
attention to it?
Language in use
Be it / they ...
1 Rewrite the sentences using Be it / they …
1 Whether it’s Christmas or any other occasion, people like to spend some quality time with their
families.
Be it at Christmas or on any other occasion, people like to spend some quality time with their families.
2 Whether it’s in good ways or bad, the world has changed in recent years.
Be it in good ways or bad, the world has changed in recent years. 3 Whether it’s with a feast or a humble meal, people celebrate festivals in the same way around the
world.
Be it with a feast or a humble meal, people celebrate festivals in the same way around the world.
4 Whether children are good or naughty, they are blessings.
Be they good or naughty, children are blessings.
5 Whether they are scholars or ordinary people, they cannot stop the world from getting smaller. Be they scholars or ordinary people, they cannot stop the world from getting smaller.
fronting
2 Rewrite the sentences using fronting.
1 It is not surprising that Christmas has become a global festival.
That Christmas has become a global festival is not surprising.
2 It may be justified that scholars have expressed concern about the influence of Christmas. That scholars have expressed concern about the influence of Christmas may be justified. 3 It’s no different from our ancestors’ enjoying breaks that we enjoy an occasion to relax today.
That we enjoy an occasion to relax today is no different from our ancestors’ enjoying breaks.
4 It is the reason we celebrate Christmas that most of the world follows the Gregorian calendar. That most of the world follows the Gregorian calendar is the reason we celebrate Christmas. 5 It is something we need to remember that decadence is not the sole preserve of the West. That decadence is not the sole preserve of the West is something we need to remember. 6 It is something we should not forget that Jesus was born in the East.
That Jesus was born in the East is something we should not forget.
as
3 Rewrite the sentences using as .
1 The men, because they want to please their wives, leave them to sleep and go out to meet friends. The men, as they want to please their wives, leave them to sleep and go out to meet friends. 2 In the same way as people did all over Russia, they enjoyed blinis and champagne. They enjoyed blinis and champagne as people did all over Russia.
3 On International Women’s Day, because it’s important to buy flowers for the women in your life, the
flower sellers were doing a busy trade.
On International Women’s Day, as it’s important to buy flowers for the women in your life, the flower
sellers were doing a busy trade.
4 In the same way as women do all over the world, a Soviet woman starts her day by getting the children ready for school.
A Soviet woman starts her day by getting the children ready for school as women do all over the world.
collocations
4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of suitable expressions from the collocation box. Sometimes more than one collocation is possible.
1 You shouldn’t sneak up on people like that. You scared me!
2 A festival can be a really difficult time if you are feeling down in the dumps because everyone else
seems to be enjoying themselves when you’re not.
3 Notting Hill Carnival had very humble beginnings but it is now one of Britain’s biggest festivals.
4 You can sneak a preview of his new movie on the Internet.
5 It was really mean of him to dump his girlfriend in a Christmas card.
6 Festivals have their charm, even if you are not religious.
7 The party was a bit boring so we sneaked away when no one was looking.
8 After a while living in a big city began to lose its charm.
9 We ate a very humble meal of bread and cheese sitting in the park and watching the May Day parade. 10 I wish you could sneak me into your suitcase so that I could come with you!
5 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.
1 On International Women’s Day, Soviet women bask in their menfolk’s love and gratitude. In the
morning, as it is a holiday, they lounge in bed instead of going out to work. Their husbands, with much cursing and clattering of pans, cook breakfast for the family; by ten o’clock they proudly serve their
wives a charred and shrivelled egg. Beside the woman’s plate will be a bunch of flowers and a little gift,
a bottle of scent perhaps, or a pair of tights, which she will exclaim over until the children, scarlet with fury, insist that their mother makes them their proper breakfast.
在国际妇女节那一天, 苏联的妇女们沐浴在男性所给予的爱意和感激之中。因为这一天是假日,
早上她们不用去上班,可以懒洋洋地躺在床上。而她们的丈夫们则要为全家人做早饭,虽然嘴里
骂骂咧咧的,还弄得锅碗瓢盆叮当乱响，到了十点,丈夫颇为自豪地把煎得焦糊糊、皱巴巴的鸡
蛋端到妻子跟前。盘子边上还放着一束鲜花,一仹小礼物,可能是一瓶香水或者一双裤袜,妻子
会高关得大叫起来,激动好一会儿,直到孩子们怒气冲冲地跑过来,小脸涨得通红,闹着要妈妈
给他们做一顿像样的早餐。
2 For good or bad, the world has possibly undergone more changes in the past two decades than it did in the past two centuries. We have used more resources, burnt more fuel, caused more pollution and killed off more animals and plants as we have come closer to each other to form a truly global village. Television, we thought, was the last uniting factor till we got a feel for the Internet. All these changes have made us take a different look at the world beyond and our home within. Nothing comes without a rider in this global market. If we want to be part of the dazzle and comfort that the West is known for, we had better accept some of its anomalies, too. This is not to say that festivals mean something else to the West.
不管是好是坏, 世界在过去事十多年间所经历的变化可能比过去两百年间所经历的还要多。为了
让彼此间联系得更紧密,营造出一个真正的地球村,我们消耗了更多的资源,烧掉了更多的能源,
造成了更多的污染,灭杀了更多的动植物。过去,我们一直把电视看作是连接全世界的终极手段,
直到我们了解了互联网,才収现亊实幵非如此。所有这些变化都让我们用另外一种眼光来看待外
面的世界以及我们自己的家园。在这个全球市场中,得到仸何东西都是要付出代价的。如果我们
想拥有西方世界那著名的眩目而舒适的生活,我们也必须接受西方文化中的一些异常亊物。当然,
这幵不是说节日对于西方人来说有着不同的意义。
6 Translate the paragraphs into English.
1 和妻子离婚之后,他知道自己将受到朋友们无穷无尽的指责,因为他们都听信流言,认为他为
了一个更年轻的女人而抛弃了妻子。每次在街上碰到朋友,他们都会严厇地责备他不该背叚自己
的妻子。他终于明白,如果谣言一直不散的话,人们会逐渐地信以为真。(never hear the end of it;
dump; bump into; stick around)
When he divorced his wife, he knew that he would never hear the end of it from his friends, because they all believed the rumour that he had dumped her for a younger woman. Whenever he bumped into a friend in the street, they would reprimand him severely for betraying his wife. He realized with his own experience that if a rumour stuck around long enough, people would gradually take it as true. 2 在经历了这么多磨难后,他把所有的愤怒、不满和绝望都収泄在周围人身上了,不管他们是家
人还是同亊。对于他这些反常的行为我们不能视而不见,而要多给他一些兲心和爱。我们相信,
他一定会重拾信心,挺过这段艰难时期。(undergo; vent; be they …; shut one’s eyes and ears to; be
bound to)
After undergoing so many misfortunes, he vents all his anger, discontent and despair on people around him, be they families or colleagues. Instead of shutting our eyes and ears to his anomalies, we should offer him more cares and love. We believe he is bound to recollect himself and go through the tough time.
Reading across cultures
Day of the Dead
1 Read the passage and answer the questions.
1 When does the Day of the Dead take place?
November 1st and 2nd.
2 Where does it take place?
At cemeteries and graveyards.
3 What is its history?
Ancient indigenous peoples of Mexico believed that the souls of the dead returned each year to visit living relatives.
4 What preparations are made?
It varies from town to town. People build altars in their homes, prepare food, get candles and incense ready, and prepare costumes etc.
5 What food is cooked?
Candies and ―bread of the dead‖.
6 Do people exchange presents?
No, but they bring offerings to the graves.
7 Are there any other interesting features?
Yes, people ring the bells all night, and the mood is joyful rather than sad.
8 What other things do people usually do?
People dance in colourful costumes and skull-shaped masks.
Unit 9 What’s in a Name
Active reading (1)
Reading and understanding
3 Answer the questions.
1 How many surnames are there in England?
There are around 45,000 different surnames in England alone. 2 Why did the Chinese introduce surnames?
Chinese people introduced surnames to honour their parents. 3 When did surnames begin to be used in Europe?
From 300 BC.
4 Which country was among the first to use hereditary surnames? Ireland.
5 Why did the Normans want people to use surnames? They wanted people to use surnames for administrative reasons, as a form of registration for the census
and for taxation.
6 Which was the most common type of surname?
Location names.
7 What did surnames indicate?
Surnames could indicate places of origin, occupations, parentage etc. 8 How did invasion affect surnames?
The change of official language would result in the change of names as names are translated into
different languages.
9 What has happened to complicate things in recent years? The facts of immigration and intermarriage complicate the situation.
4 Choose the best way to complete the sentences.
1 In the Middle Ages, (a) .
(a) surnames became necessary as the population began to grow (b) some surnames came from place names
(c) some surnames indicated a profession
(d) some surnames indicated personal attributes
2 After the Norman invasion of Britain, (b) .
(a) it was easier to tell where people came from
(b) surnames made it easier to tax people
(c) Saxon and Celtic names fell out of fashion
(d) people from Scotland and Ireland arrived in England 3 In many languages, hereditary surnames (a) .
(a) reflected the father’s name
(b) finished with the same particle
(c) began with the same particle
(d) varied according to the sex of the child
4 Many Western given names (d) .
(a) are likely to be female if they end in a vowel
(b) are likely to be male if they end in a consonant
(c) no longer indicate a specific nationality
(d) give some indication of a country or origin in their endings
Dealing with unfamiliar words
5 Match the words and expressions in the box with their definitions. 1 someone who will receive money, property or a title when another person dies (heir)
2 coming or happening one after another in a series (successive)
3 more noticeable than the other parts or aspects of something (dominant)
4 to go to another place or country (migrate)
5 very important and will be recorded in history (historic)
6 before something happened or existed (prior to)
7 someone who lives in a particular place (resident)
8 relating to the management of a company, organization, or institution (administrative)
9 the process of taking control of land or people during a war (conquest)
6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words and expressions in Activity 5.
One of the great mysteries of the English language is why it is still spoken. The Norman (1)
Conquest of Britain in 1066 – a (2) historic event which every schoolchild can remember – brought a
Frenchspeaking ruling class to the country. (3) Prior to that time, the language was Anglo-Saxon, an early form of English. Thus, almost overnight, the (4) administrative language of Britain – the language
of the courts, for example, became French. Norman kings, and their (5) heirs, spoke French. Trade between France and England grew, as (6) successive waves of people from the Continent decided to (7) migrate to Britain, and became (8) residents in that country. Yet French never became the (9) dominant
language. By the time of Shakespeare, it was clear that the English language had survived the invasion.
7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. 1 The history of English surnames is very complex. (exceedingly)
2 Before the Saxons took control of Britain, the language spoken was Celtic. (invaded)
3 The Celtic language rapidly disappeared from south-east England from the sixth century. (vanished) 4 Traces of the language are still easy to see in some place names. (noticeable)
5 A small percentage of the population also knew Latin. (proportion)
6 The need for taxing people arose as societies became more organized. (necessity)
7 People are legally required to register their child’s name at birth. (obliged)
8 A large number of English surnames are based on place names. (substantial)
9 The immigrant population is made up of a large number of people under the age of 30 and relatively
few old people. (comprises)
8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 Do the gentry belong to (a) a low, or (b) a high social class?
2 If something is handed down from one generation to the next, is it (a) kept within the culture, or (b) lost forever?
3 Is something which is hereditary passed on (a) from any family member, or (b) from parent to child?
4 If you follow suit, do you (a) copy someone or something, or (b) avoid them?
5 If you anglicize something, do you make it look or sound (a) French, or (b) English?
6 Is immigration the process of (a) moving into, or (b) moving out of a country which is not your own?
7 Is an example of intermarriage when two people (a) from the same country or culture, or (b) from different countries or cultures get married?
Active reading (2)
Reading and understanding
3 Choose the best answer to the questions.
1 What do the most popular names in England have in common? (a) They all come from the Bible.
(b) They are traditional.
(c) They are a mixture of old, new, and strange names. (d) They have been inspired by the world of advertising. 2 What have parents always based their choice of names on? (a) The names which were popular in their own parents’ day.
(b) Names which reflect the hopes they have for their children. (c) Names which they like the sound of.
(d) Names which they hope will always be popular. 3 What is characteristic of many of today’s names?
(a) They are well-known trademarks.
(b) They are impossible to pronounce.
(c) They are dull and unimaginative.
(d) They cause a lot of problems for older people. 4 Why should parents think carefully before choosing a name? (a) Because they both have to agree on the name. (b) Because the name will affect their children’s lives.
(c) Because some names go out of fashion quickly. (d) Because it is best to avoid foreign names. 5 Why might teenagers not approve of ―strange‖ names?
(a) A survey has shown they prefer names coming from the royal family.
(b) It is natural for teenagers to disagree with parents’ decisions.
(c) They are quite conservative in their opinions. (d) They are not imaginative enough for them. 6 How have they solved the name problem in Iceland? (a) All names have to be approved by feminists. (b) They have abandoned the old system of surnames. (c) The given name is now the same as the surname. (d) Parents have to choose from a list of official given names.
4 Check (?) the true statements.
1 Chardonnay is a traditional name.
2 Araminta is a common name in Australia.
3 The pop star Frank Zappa named his daughter after a cheese. ? 4 Ruby and Opal are old-fashioned names.
? 5 The writer’s mother was called Shirley.
6 The writer knows a girl whose name is Diet Coke. ? 7 Jack Wilman sounds like a very ordinary name. ? 8 The writer thinks that Noah is a typical name for a gay person.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
5 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 to want to achieve something (aspire)
2 a piece of equipment for reaching high places that consists of two long pieces of wood or metal joined
by smaller pieces (ladder)
3 a sudden increase in something such as price, value, or interest (surge)
4 feeling that you want to do something (inclined)
5 to move something or someone slowly down from a higher position (lower)
6 reasonable and practical (sensible)
6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.
1 In the UK there has been a surge in interest in old-fashioned names. 2 To give a child the name of a football team does not seem like a very sensible choice.
3 It is only natural for parents to aspire to the success of their children. 4 If you lower the position of the screen I’ll be able to see better.
5 What sort of firefighter are you if you can’t climb a ladder?
6 I’m not inclined to waste my time reading articles like this.
7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If you take a leaf out of someone?s book, do you (a) copy them, or (b) laugh at them?
2 If you speak in measured tones, do you speak (a) quickly and carelessly, or (b) slowly and carefully?
3 If you go for something, do you (a) choose it, or (b) try to get close to it? 4 Is a ludicrous name (a) sensible, or (b) ridiculous?
5 Is a rogue CIA agent someone who (a) always does what they are told to, or (b) is unpredictable and unreliable?
6 Is squirly script (a) plain and simple, or (b) flowery and attractive?
7 Is crusty bread (a) well cooked on the outside, or (b) undercooked?
8 Is patriotism the love you have (a) for your country, or (b) for your parents?
9 If someone is livid about something, are they (a) relaxed, or (b) angry?
10 Is a laughing stock someone who (a) never stops laughing, or (b) is laughed at by other people?
Reading and interpreting
8 Look at the sentences from the passage and choose the best interpretation.
1 We grew up laughing at Frank Zappa for calling his daughter Moon Unit, but today we?re naming our
kids after remote Himalayan villages and exotic cheeses. (a) Frank Zappa was eccentric and an irresponsible parent. (b) Today’s names are stranger than any names from the past.
2 One poor sod last year was called Del Monte.
(a) I feel sorry for the child who was named Del Monte. (b) In one working-class family the name Del Monte was chosen. 3 … I was about to launch into yet another attack on the Americans who regularly choose a child?s
name by picking letters out of a scrabble bag. But I?ve just remembered that over here Harvey Smith
called his horse Sanyo Music Centre ...
(a) Americans often have no idea what to call their children. (b) Better to choose a name at random than call your horse Sanyo Music Centre.
4 If Mr and Mrs Arkwright call their son Stan, he?s going to be a plumber.
(a) Stan Arkwright sounds like a typical name for a plumber. (b) Probably the Arkwright family is in the plumbing business. 5 Mike Pemberton, on the other hand, is going to be a pilot. (a) Mike Pemberton sounds like the name of an airline pilot. (b) Mike Pemberton is not a very common name.
6 … “but I can also see „Jack Wilman? written down the side of a van.”
(a) Jack Wilman is the name of a baker.
(b) Jack Wilman is a name which means different things to different people.
7 That left me with Gilbert and Squeak, which made me a laughing stock …
(a) Gilbert and Squeak don’t go together.
(b) Gilbert and Squeak are not suitable names for animals. 8 And my children would have been called Roy, Brenda and Enid. (a) Roy, Brenda and Enid are rather beautiful names.
(b) Roy, Brenda and Enid are rather dull names.
Unit 10 Tales Ancient and Modern Active reading (1)
Reading and understanding
2 Choose the best way to complete the sentences. 1 An urban myth is (d) .
(a) a strange and unusual story with a modern setting which is impossible to believe
(b) a modern story with religious or spiritual significance (c) a story which is always set in an urban environment (d) a fantastic story with a modern setting which you can just about believe
2 In the ―London Subterraneans‖ myth strange creatures (d) .
(a) are learning English underground
(b) come out at night to attack Londoners
(c) can often be seen just before dawn
(d) hardly ever leave their underground homes 3 In The Vanishing Hitchhiker (a) .
(a) a driver gives a lift to a ghost
(b) a driver kills a hitchhiker on a lonely road (c) a young hitchhiker turns into an old woman (d) a driver steals a hitchhiker’s coat and wallet
4 In the ―Alligator‖ myth (d) .
(a) children bring home baby alligators from Florida (b) an alligator escapes from the zoo and brings terror to New York (c) baby alligators sometimes appear in New York toilets (d) there are alligators living beneath the streets of New York 5 In the story of the kidney transplant, a man (c) .
(a) agrees to sell a kidney to someone he meets in a bar (b) drinks too much and has to be taken to hospital (c) is drugged and then has a kidney removed
(d) has a kidney transplant in his hotel room 6 ―Urban myths‖ on the Internet are really ―hoaxes‖ because (b) .
(a) they use capital letters and exclamation marks (b) their aim is usually to cheat people
(c) none of the ―evidence‖ they give can be proved
(d) they do not cause any harm
7 Urban ―myths‖ are really ―legends‖ because they (c) .
(a) have no characteristics in common with real myths
(b) are easier to believe than real myths
(c) are not about gods and the creation of the world
(d) refer to modern technology
3 Decide whether the statements refer to a myth (M), a legend (L), or both (B). 1 It shows people how to behave in society. (M)
2 It has been told and retold many times. (B)
3 It can warn of dangers. (B)
4 It is based on historical events. (L)
5 It refers to human characters. (L)
6 It refers to superhuman characters. (M)
7 It can have a moral message. (B)
8 It is often about natural phenomena. (M)
Dealing with unfamiliar words
4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.
1 an imaginary creature with magic powers (fairy)
2 a system of principles concerning right and wrong behaviour (morality)
3 with a definite intention, not by chance or by accident (deliberately)
4 less important than something else (secondary)
5 intended or likely to make someone believe something that is incorrect or not true (misleading)
6 continuing to exist for a long time, even if the situation changes (durable)
7 an ancient traditional story about gods, heroes and magic (myth)
5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.
Legends and (1) myths exist in every culture. Usually they are stories for adults. But most cultures also have a special type of story for children, known as (2) fairy tales because of the magic characters which inhabit them. The primary purpose of these stories is to entertain, but there is usually a (3)
secondary purpose, too. Fairy tales are (4) deliberately intended to warn children about the dangers of the adult world, and how easy it is to be (5) misled by adults with bad intentions. In the end, of course, (6) morality always triumphs and everyone lives happily ever afterwards. Fairy tales were particularly
popular in the 19th century, but their appeal continues to be (7) durable in more modern versions of the
same stories.
6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box.
You may need to make other changes.
1 Many of the oldest myths try to explain the beginning of the world. (creation)
2 I think Frances is coming. I can hear the sound made by her feet in the corridor. (footsteps)
I can hear her footsteps in the corridor.
3 Where can I get rid of these plastic bottles? (dispose of)
4 The first operation involving a heart removed from one body and placed in another was carried out in
South Africa in 1967. (transplant)
5 I heard some unofficial information which may or may not be true that Frank is going to retire.
(rumour)
I heard the rumour that Frank is going to retire. 6 Public benches in Venice were completely covered by water yesterday. (submerged)
7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If a story is passed by word of mouth, do you (a) hear it, or (b) read it? 2 Is a credible story one that you (a) can easily believe, or (b) find difficult to believe? 3 If you drop someone off somewhere, do you (a) stop to let them get out of your car, or (b) knock them over with your car?
4 If you leave something behind somewhere, do you (a) want to give it to someone, or (b) forget to take it with you?
5 Is a captivating story likely to be (a) enjoyable, or (b) violent?
6 If you wipe out the messages in an email inbox, do you (a) put them in order, or (b) delete them? 7 Is something that is benign (a) harmful, or (b) kind and nice?
Active reading (2)
Reading and understanding
2 Choose the best answer to the questions. 1 Why was Juno angry with Echo?
(a) She spoke too much.
(b) She wasn’t working with the other nymphs.
(c) She prevented her from finding her husband with the other nymphs.
(d) She had fallen in love with her husband. 2 How did Juno punish Echo?
(a) She took away all her powers.
(b) She cut out her tongue.
(c) She took away her ability to speak first. (d) She made her fall in love with Narcissus. 3 What did Echo want to do when she saw Narcissus? (a) She wanted to speak to him.
(b) She wanted to have his voice.
(c) She wanted to repeat everything he said. (d) She wanted to hide.
4 What happened to Echo afterwards?
(a) She went to live on a mountain.
(b) She became a voice without a body.
(c) She killed herself in a cave.
(d) She made Narcissus fall in love with her. 5 What did a maiden want Narcissus to do?
(a) She wanted him to fall in love with a goddess. (b) She wanted him to fall in love with Echo. (c) She wanted him to fall in love with no hope of his feelings being returned.
(d) She wanted him to pray to the gods.
6 What happened to Narcissus?
(a) He fell in love with the young woman. (b) He fell in love with a reflection of himself in the water.
(c) He thought he was a god.
(d) He fell into the fountain where he had stopped to drink. 7 What happened to the reflection of Narcissus? (a) It fell in love with Narcissus.
(b) It spoke to Narcissus.
(c) It looked more like Echo than Narcissus. (d) It disappeared when Narcissus began to cry. 8 What happened to the body of Narcissus? (a) It was carried away by the nymphs.
(b) It turned into a flower.
(c) It was burned.
(d) It was taken by boat down the river.
3 Check (?) the elements in the story which make it a myth. If you like, refer to the passage Urban
myths or urban legends?
1 It’s a story from ancient history.
2 It’s a modern story.
? 3 It’s a traditional ancient story.
? 4 It originally had a religious or spiritual meaning. 5 It’s based on historical events.
6 It’s part of a set of other similar stories.
7 It’s a funny story with no special meaning.
? 8 It contains a moral lesson.
? 9 It’s been told and retold many times.
10 The characters in the story were real people. ? 11 The characters are gods and heroes.
12 It’s set in a place that still exists today.
Dealing with unfamiliar words
4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. 1 to put your arms around someone in order to show love or friendship (embrace)
2 to quickly push something a long way into something else (plunge)
3 to do something again after a pause, usually with more energy or emphasis than before (renew) 4 to have a conversation (converse)
5 to think that something is very important and wish to keep it (cherish)
5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 4. 1 We must have been conversing about something, but our minds were on other things. 2 I haven’t seen him for years, but I cherish the memory of our time together.
3 Next week we’re going to church to renew the wedding promises we made 50 years ago. 4 It is so hot that he wishes he could plunge his head into a bucket of ice-cold water. 5 They embraced each other for a moment hoping somehow the moment would last forever.
6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. 1 He waved at me from the high ground overlooking the sea. (cliff)
2 To me it seemed as if he was dangerously close to the edge of the deep lake. (brink)
3 After walking for hours in the hot sun, she needed to drink something and bent over to drink from a
fountain at the side of the road. (stooped)
4 Echo tried hard to make Narcissus fall in love with her. (endeavoured)
5 Narcissus was lacking in interest or sympathy to all the nymphs who loved him. (indifferent)
6 After the nymphs left, Juno punished Echo. (departed)
7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.
1 If you contrive to do something, do you (a) manage to do it, or (b) fail to do it?
2 If you detain somebody, do you (a) make them wait, or (b) let them go?
3 Is it the job of (a) an English teacher, or (b) a judge to pass sentence on someone?
4 If you forfeit something, (a) can you keep it, or (b) do you have to give it up?
5 Do you shun someone by (a) going close to them, or (b) not going near to them?
6 If you hasten somewhere, do you go there (a) quickly, or (b) slowly?
7 If you have a blush on your cheeks, does it indicate that you are (a) cold, or (b) embarrassed?
8 If you entreat someone to do something, do you (a) beg them, or (b) force them to do it?
9 If you do something by degrees, do you do it (a) quickly, or (b) a little at a time?
10 If you mourn for someone who has just died, do you show that you are (a) surprised, or (b) very sad
about their death?
Language in use
word formation: sub-
1 Look at the sentences from the passage Urban myths or urban legends? and answer the
questions.
The London Subterraneans are a race of people who live beneath the streets. The next thing the man knows is that he?s sitting in his hotel bath, with his body submerged in ice.
1 Where do the Subterraneans live?
Underground.
2 When the man woke up, was he underneath or on top of the ice? Underneath the ice.
Now answer the questions about the words.
(a) Where does a submarine go?
Under the sea.
(b) If a room is subdivided into smaller areas, is it the first time the room has been separated? No, the room has already been divided.
(c) Where do the subtitles of a film appear on the screen?
Usually at the bottom.
(d) What immediate actions do people usually take subsequent to a fire?
They try to put it out or call the fire service.
(e) If you act subconsciously, are you aware of what you are doing?
No.
(f) What are the functions of the subheadings you find in a long piece of writing?
To further divide up the text.
adj. + or not
2 Rewrite the sentences using adj. + or not.
1 Whether or not you are tired, I want you to read me that story. Tired or not, I want you to read me that story.
2 Whether or not it is true, the effect of the story on the listener is exactly the same. True or not, the effect of the story on the listener is exactly the same. 3 Whether or not you are British, you have the right to use this service. British or not, you have the right to use this service.
4 Whether or not this film is famous, I think it is absolute rubbish. Famous or not, I think this film is absolute rubbish.
5 Whether or not it’s useful, you have to practise this structure.
Useful or not, you have to practise this structure.
that of …
3 Rewrite the sentences using that of ...
1 This is the plot: Two people meet near a lake and fall in love. The plot is that of two people who meet near a lake and fall in love. 2 This is the main story: A young man falls in love with his own reflection. The main story is that of a young man who falls in love with his own reflection. 3 The story is this: A man meets a stranger in a bar and agrees to do something stupid. The story is that of a man who meets a stranger in a bar and agrees to do something stupid. 4 This is the basic story: A girl arrives in a big town to seek her fortune. The basic story is that of a girl who arrives in a big town to seek her fortune. 5 The myth is this: A hero steals fire from the gods and is punished by them. The myth is that of a hero who steals fire from the gods and is punished by them.
while
4 Rewrite the sentences using while .
1 Although her books are very successful, they are hardly very original stories.
While her books are very successful, they are hardly very original stories.
2 I agree with what he is saying but I do not believe he knows the best way of saying it. While I agree with what he is saying, I do not believe he knows the best way of saying it. 3 It is certainly an entertaining story, although there is probably not any truth in it. While there is probably not any truth in it, it is certainly an entertaining story. 4 Even though the events of that night have become something of an urban legend, no one will know the truth of how Miss Brown really died.
While the events of that night have become something of an urban legend, no one will know the truth of how Miss Brown really died.
6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.
1 True story? Probably not. It’s a classic example of what’s called in many languages an urban myth. An
urban myth is a story you hear by word of mouth. It usually describes something which might have happened, an apocryphal, second-hand story told as if it were true, just about plausible enough to be credible, about some event which has supposedly happened to a real person. Factual or not, it’s likely to
rely on expert storytelling and on a trustworthy source, such as ―It happened to my brother’s friend’s
mother.‖
这是真事吗,很可能不是。这是在很多语言中被称为都市神话的一个典型例子。都市神话是你
通过口口相传听来的故事，讲述的是一些可能发生过的事情，一个杜撰的，从别处听来的故事，
却被当作真事来讲，听起来像真的似的。不论是真是假，都市神话依赖的是讲故事的技巧以及来
源的可靠性，比如―这件事发生在我弟弟的朋友的母亲的身上。‖
2 He stooped down to drink, and saw his own image in the water; he thought it was some beautiful waterspirit living in the fountain. He stood gazing with admiration at those bright eyes, these locks curled like the locks of Bacchus or Apollo, the rounded cheeks, the ivory neck, the parted lips and the glow of health and exercise over all. He fell in love with himself. He brought his lips near to take a kiss; he plunged his arms in to embrace the beloved object. It fled at the touch, but returned again after a moment and renewed the fascination. He could not tear himself away; he lost all thought of food or rest, while he hovered over the brink of the fountain gazing upon his own image.
正当他俯身饮泉水时，他看见了水中自己的倒影，却以为那是一个住在水中的美丽水精灵。他满
怀爱意地注视着水中那双明亮的眼眸，那像巴克斯和阿波罗一样卷曲的秀发，圆润的面颊，象牙
般的雪白脖颈，微启的双唇，还有全身散发出的健康与活力。他爱上了自己，俯身去吻水中的影
子;他把双手伸入水中去拥抱这个心爱之物。那影子一碰就立刻消失得无影无踪，但过一会又出
现了，再一次让他心驰神迷。他不舍得离开，茶饭不思，徘徊在泉边凝视着自己的倒影。
7 Translate the paragraphs into English.
1 在这本书中，他试图找出一个合理的解释，来说明为什么这个古老的仪式不仅没有被现代文明
所消灭，反而得以在全国传播。他的结论是，作为一个可以追溯到公元五世纪的传统，它绝对不
仅仅是一个可以被轻易抛弃的仪式，它象征着人类在宇宙中努力寻找和谐，以满足他们在一个混
乱的世界中获得心灵宁静的欲望。(plausible; wipe out; trace back to; more than just; dispose of;
symbolize)
In this book he attempted to give a plausible reason to explain why this ancient ritual, instead of being wiped out by modern civilization, is spreading out through the whole country. His conclusion is that as a tradition that can be traced back to the 5th century, it is more than just a ritual that can be easily disposed of; it symbolizes the human effort to find harmony in the universe and thus satisfies people’s need to
achieve peace of mind in a chaotic world.
2 这部电视剧主要讲述了一对恋人为了过上更好的生活，暂时分离，各自去他国留学的故事。其
中，男女主人公分别时在机场相拥而泣的场景最令人感动。不管它真实与否，流畅的剧情和主要
演员所展示出的精湛演技还是让观众对该剧评价甚高。(that of; depart; embrace; adj. + or not;
storytelling)
The story of this TV series is that of a couple who, in order to earn a better life, depart each other and study overseas on their own. The most striking scene is when the hero and heroine embrace each other and say farewell at the airport. Factual or not, it is highly praised by the audience because of its smooth storytelling and sophisticated acting skills of the feature actors.
Reading across cultures
Crow brings the daylight: a story from the far north
1 Read the passage and answer the questions.
1 Where do the Inuit live?
They lived far away from the rest of humanity in the north.
2 What news did Crow bring them?
News of the daylight.
3 What did they ask Crow to do?
They asked Crow to return south and bring light back to them.
4 Why didn’t Crow agree immediately?
Because he felt he was too old and tired.
5 Where did Crow find a ball of light?
In a snow-covered village.
6 What did he do with it?
He stole it and took it to the Inuit.
7 What warning did Crow give the Inuit about the light?
Crow told them that it would not last forever but come and go.
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