Cambridge Introducing Phonology Contents

About this book page ix Acknowledgments x A note on languages xi List of abbreviations xiv 1 What is phonology? 1 1.1 Concerns of phonology 2 1.2 Phonetics – what is physical sound? 4 1.3 The symbolic representation of speech 14 Summary 17 Exercises 17 Suggestions for further reading 17 2 Phonetic transcriptions 19 2.1 Vowels: their symbols and properties 20 2.2 Consonants: their symbols and properties 26 2.3 IPA symbols 34 2.4 Illustrations with English transcription 36 Summary 37 Exercises 40 Suggestions for further reading 41 3 Allophonic relations 43 3.1 English consonantal allophones 44 3.2 Allophony in other languages 49 Summary 61 Exercises 61 Suggestions for further reading 65 4 Underlying representations 67 4.1 The importance of correct underlying forms 68 4.2 Refining the concept of underlying form 71 4.3 Finding the underlying form 73 4.4 Practice at problem solving 80 4.5 Underlying forms and sentence-level phonology 82 4.6 Underlying forms and multiple columns in the paradigm 85 Summary 94 Exercises 94 Suggestions for further reading 98 Contents Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 202.45.54.138 on Mon Feb 11 09:49:37 WET 2013. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511808869 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2013 5 Interacting processes 99 5.1 Separating the effects of different rules 100 5.2 Different effects of rule ordering 112 Summary 121 Exercises 122 Suggestions for further reading 127 6 Feature theory 129 6.1 Scientific questions about speech sounds 130 6.2 Distinctive feature theory 135 6.3 Features and classes of segments 150 6.4 Possible phonemes and rules – an answer 154 6.5 The formulation of phonological rules 157 6.6 Changing the theory 160 Summary 166 Exercises 167 Suggestions for further reading 168 7 Doing an analysis 169 7.1 Yawelmani 170 7.2 Hehe 177 7.3 Icelandic 185 7.4 Modern Hebrew 191 7.5 Japanese 197 Summary 207 Exercises 207 Suggestions for further reading 223 8 Phonological typology and naturalness 225 8.1 Inventories 226 8.2 Segmental processes 228 8.3 Prosodically based processes 244 8.4 Why do things happen? 250 Summary 255 Suggestions for further reading 255 9 Abstractness and psychological reality 257 9.1 Why limit abstractness? 258 9.2 Independent evidence: historical restructuring 273 9.3 Well-motivated abstractness 277 9.4 Grammar-external evidence for abstractness 287 9.5 How abstract is phonology? 297 Exercises 298 Suggestions for further reading 300 vi Contents Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 202.45.54.138 on Mon Feb 11 09:49:37 WET 2013. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511808869 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2013 10 Nonlinear representations 301 10.1 The autosegmental theory of tone: the beginnings of change 302 10.2 Extension to the segmental domain 321 Summary 329 Exercises 329 Suggestions for further reading 331 Glossary 333 References 339 Index of languages 345 General Index 347 Contents vii Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 202.45.54.138 on Mon Feb 11 09:49:37 WET 2013. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511808869 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2013 Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 202.45.54.138 on Mon Feb 11 09:49:37 WET 2013. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511808869 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2013