英国政治制度

PoliticalsystemofUK2FactsandinformationabouttheUKWarmingup3"England"issometimes,wrongly,usedinreferencetothewholeUnitedKingdom,theentireislandofGreatBritain(orsimplyBritain),orindeedtheBritishIsles.ThisisnotonlyincorrectbutcancauseoffencetopeoplefromotherpartsoftheUKWhyisEnglandortheUKsometimescalledBritain?4HistoryofthemakingoftheUKScotlandandEnglandhadseparateMonarchsuntil1603,whenQueenElizabethIdiedwithoutanyheirs.ThenextinlineofsuccessiontotheEnglishthronewasJamesVI,KingofScotswhobecameknownasJamesIinEngland.JameswasalsoKingofIrelandandofFranceatthesametime.HeistheKingthatGuyFawkesandtheothermembersoftheGunpowderplottriedtokillonNovember5th1605,whichiswhywerememberonGuyFawkesnight.ScotlandandEngland,togetherwithWalesunitedbytheActofunionpassedbytheScottishParliamentandWestminsterin1707toformtheKingdomofGreatBritain.TheIrishParliamentvotedtojointheUnionin1801whentheKingdomofGreatBritainbecametheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland.ThefullnameoftheUKthenchangedin1922whenmostoftheSoutherncountiesinIrelandchooseindependenceandultimatelybecamewhatisnowtheRepublicofIreland,leavingtheUKastheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.5TheUK'sfullnameistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.GreatBritaincomprisesonlyEngland,ScotlandandWalesGreatBritainisthelargestislandoftheBritishIsles.6UnionJackTheUnionFlag,popularlyknownastheUnionJack,isthenationalflagoftheUnitedKingdom.ItiscalledtheUnionFlagbecauseitsymbolisestheadministrativeunionofthecountriesoftheUnitedKingdom.ItismadeupoftheindividualFlagsofthreeoftheKingdom'scountriesallunitedunderoneSovereign-thecountriesof'England,of'Scotland'andof'NorthernIreland'(since1921onlyNorthernIrelandhasbeenpartoftheUnitedKingdom).AsWaleswasnotaKingdombutaPrincipalityitcouldnotbeincludedontheflag.78TheUKissituatednorth-westoftheEuropeancontinentbetweentheAtlanticOceanandtheNorthSea.Ithasatotallandareaof244,100squarekilometres,ofwhichnearly99%islandandtheremainderinlandwater.Fromnorthtosouthitisabout1,000kilometreslong.WhereistheUK?(TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland)9GreatBritainistheofficialnamegiventothetwokingdomsofEnglandandScotland,andtheprincipalityofWales.ItisanislandlyingoffthewesterncoastofEurope,comprisingthemainterritoryoftheUnitedKingdom.GreatBritainismadeupof:England-ThecapitalisLondon.Scotland-ThecapitalisEdinburgh.Wales-ThecapitalisCardiff.WhatisGreatBritain10Englandisinnorth-westEuropeandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.ItisanislandcountryandalsopartoftheUnitedKingdom(UK).EnglandisthelargestcountryinGreatBritainandtheUK.Itissometimes,wrongly,usedinreferencetothewholeUnitedKingdom,theentireislandofGreatBritain,orindeedtheBritishIsles.Nearly84%ofthepopulationoftheUKlivesinEngland,mainlyinthemajorcitiesandmetropolitanareas.Englandhasnothadaseparatepoliticalidentitysince1707,whenGreatBritainwasestablishedasapoliticalentity.ThereisnogovernmentorparliamentjustforEngland.WhereisEngland?DoesEnglandhaveitsowngovernment?FactsaboutEngland11Scotlandisinnorth-westEuropeandispartofGreatBritain,anislandcountryandtheUnitedKingdomScotlandisamountainouscountryinthenorthoftheislandofGreatBritainandsharesalandbordertothesouthwithEnglandandisboundedbytheNorthSeaontheeastandtheAtlanticOceanonthewest.ItscapitalcityisEdinburgh.Scotlandhassome790islands-130inhabited.FactsaboutScotland12Walesisinnorth-westEuropeandispartofGreatBritain,anislandcountryandtheUnitedKingdom(UK).WalesisamountainouscountryonthewesternsideofGreatBritain,andisborderedbyEnglandtotheeast,theBristolChanneltothesouth,StGeorge'sChannelinthewest,andtheIrishSeatothenorth.Technically,Walesisaprincipality.Thismeansthatitisruledbyaprince.TraditionallythePrinceofWalesistheeldestsonoftheEnglishmonarch.Waleshasnotbeenpoliticallyindependentsince1282,whenitwasconqueredbyKingEdwardIofEngland.Until1999,WaleswasruleddirectlyfromLondon;thatyearsawthefirstelectionstotheNationalAssemblyofWales,whichhaslimiteddomesticpowersandcannotmakelaw.Walesdoesnotissueitsowncurrencyandisnotincontrolofanyarmedforces.ThesearethepowersofthenationalgovernmentoftheUK.WhereisWales?FactsaboutWales13Apartofthe UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland inthenorth-eastoftheislandof Ireland.Itis variouslydescribed asa country, province,or region oftheUnitedKingdom.NorthernIrelandshares aborder tothesouthandwestwiththe RepublicofIreland.FactsaboutNorthernIreland14BriefintroductionBigBenNo.tenDowningStreetWindsorCastlePrinceWilliamNo.tenDowningStreetWindsorCastlePrinceWilliamThepalaceofWestminsterThepalaceofWestminsteristherealpowercenterofUK.WestminsterSystemTheVirtualmonarchsystemcabinetgovernmentmultipartyparliamentTheparliamentiselectedbythepublicThewrittendocumentsaboutparliamentarydebatePoliticalpartyConservativeandUnionistPartyLabourPartyTheLiberalDemocrats650parliamentaryconstituenciesHouseofCommonsQueenVoterHouseofLordsPrimeministerCabinetParliamentParliamentFormalrightsofPrimeMinister首相TheprimeministerisapoliticalleaderaswellaschiefadministrativeofficerTodissolveparliament,Toappointministers,TodeterminethescheduleoftheCabinetParliamentThelegislativerightThefinancialrightTheinquiryrightQueenSymbolicleaderThesymbolofthecountryConstitutionalSystem2TheMonarchyoftheUnitedKingdomContents目录4TheparliamentofBritishCabinetSystemGeneralelectionsConstitutionalSystemunwrittenconstitutionConstitutionalSystem2TheMonarchyoftheUnitedKingdomContents目录4TheparliamentofBritishCabinetSystemGeneralelectionsTheMonarchy(君主制)oftheUnitedKingdomThefeaturesofconstitutionalmonarchyConstitutionalmonarchy(君主立宪制)HistoryanddevelopmentBriefintroduction01020304Contents目录ThefunctionofcurrentBritishmonarchDiscussion0506BriefintroductionAmonarchy(君主制)isaformofgovernmentinwhichallpoliticalpowerisabsolutelyornominallylodgedwithanindividual,knownasamonarch(kingorqueen).Allministersandofficialsofthecentralgovernmentarethemonarch'sservants,andjudges,militaryofficers,peers,andbishops（主教）oftheChurchofEnglandswearallegiance（忠诚）totheCrownHistoryanddevelopmentConstitutionalmonarchy(君主立宪制)Constitutionalmonarchyisaformofgovernmentinwhichamonarchactsasheadofstatewithintheparametersofawrittern,unwrittenorblended(混合的)constituion.Itdiffersfromabsolutemonarchy（君主专制)inthatanabsolutemonarchservesasthesole(唯一的)sourceofpolicticalpowerinthestateandisnotlegallyboundby(受约束于)anyconstitution.Constitutionalmonarchy(君主立宪制)Theconstitutionlimitsthepowerofthecrownandgivesaconsiderableshareofpoliticalpowertothepeople.Themonarchreigns(统治)withthesupportofParliament（议会）.Themonarchtakesnopartinthedecision-makingprocess.EverythingisdoneontheadviceoftheelectedGovernment.ThefeaturesofconstitutionalmonarchyTheEnglishsovereignreigns,butdoesnotrule(统而不治).Parliamentarysupremacy(议会至上).Thecrownmustbeaprotestant(新教徒).TheLegislativeProcessinBritainHouseofLords(上议院)SuspensivevetoonlyVotersQueenPrimeMinisterandCabinet(内阁)HouseofCommons(下议院)ThefunctionofcurrentBritishmonarchThenominalheadofthestateLegislativepower(立法权)Executivepower（行政权）Judicialpower（司法权）OtherpowerThefunctionofcurrentBritishmonarchInspiteofthesefunctions,themonarchactsonlyontheadviceofpoliticalministers.Themonarchcannot:MakelawsImposetaxesSpendpublicmoneyTheBritishMonarchyshouldbeabolishedornotMediaoutletsintheUKwentberserkoverthearrivaloftheroyalbaby.Followingtheinitialexcitement,manywonderifitisn’tabitsillytopaysomuchattentiontooneprivilegedfamily.ButtheUK’srepublicansaretakingitastepfurther—theyarguethattheBritishmonarchyshouldbeabolishedaltogether.SomeindividualthinkingIpersonallyfeelthattheexistenceofBritishkingshipisnecessary.(1)Kingisthespiritualleaderofcitizens.(2)It'sessentialtothecontinuityandstabilityofpoliticalsystem.(3)Remainmonarchyisalow-costwaytoobtainregimelegitimacy(合法性政权).BritishroyalsasastrongbondforethnicharmonyarenotonlylovedbytheirpeoplebutalsorecognizedbytheBritishCommonwealthConstitutionalSystem2TheMonarchyoftheUnitedKingdomContents目录4TheparliamentofBritishCabinetSystemGeneralelectionsTheparliamentofBritishTheHousesofParliamentTheBritishParliamentbeganin1265withnobleMontfortheldinthenameofRegent，andthenobles,monks,knightsandthecitizensparticipatedinthehierarchicalmeeting.In1343,itwasdividedintoupperandlowerhousesofparliament.Thehouseoflordsismadeupofmonks,nobles,calledlords;ThehouseofCommonsiscomposedofknightsandcitizens,accordingtothehouseofCommonsorthehouseofrepresentatives.Afterthe"gloriousrevolution"in1688,the"parliamentissupreme"andtheprincipleof"parliamentarysovereignty"wereestablished,andtheking'spowermovedtoparliament.Parliamentgraduallybecamethenation'shighestauthority.ThehistoryoftheBritishparliamentThefactorsaffectingtheformationofmodernBritishparliamentItwasdeeplyaffectedbytraditionalBritishhistory,culture,politics,classofpowerandotherfactors.ReformoftheBritishparliamentThecompositionofparliamentTheparliamentofBritish（toplegislature）HouseofLordsHouseofCommonstheHouseofLordsThehouseofLords,alsoknownastheLords,ismainlycomposedofanimportantfigureinthedescendantsoftheroyalfamily,hereditaryaristocracy,newsealingnobles,thecourtofappealjudgesandchurch.Thelordsisnotelected,partlyhereditaryaristocracy.Thehouseoflordsisthehighestjudicialorgan,andthespeakeractastheLordchancellor.Power:Reviewlegislation（审查立法）Proposeamendments（提出修正案VetobillsaccordingtoconventionsandoperationsoftheParliamentActs.（否决议案根据议会的约定和操作行为）ThehouseofCommonsisalsocalledthehouseofCommonsorthehouseofrepresentatives,itsmemberselectedbydirect,havingafive-yearterm.ThehouseofCommonsisreferredtoasthe"motheroftheparliament,itisthemostimportantpartofnationalpoliticallife,andthehouseofCommonselecttheprimeminister.ComparedwiththeUnitedStatescongresswhichisequivalenttoaconsultancy,thehouseofCommonshaveplentyofpower.Power:legislationsupervisiongovernmentfinancesTheHouseofCommonsThepowerandfunctionoftheparliamentlegislativepower（立法权）Thepowerofthelegislativepowerisoneofthemostimportantintheassembly,includingtoamendtheconstitution,formulate,modifyandabolishthepowerofthelaw.Theimplementationoflegislativepowerisusuallyreferredtoasthelegislativeprocess,meaningparliamentfromproposinglegislationtoreviewandthroughlegislation,andthentopublishasetofcompleteprocedureoflaw.financialpower（财政权）Suchaspoweroftaxandloan,powerofbudget,poweroffinalaccount.powerofpersonnel（人事权）ThepowerofpersonnelreferstotherighttotheStateCouncilapprovedtheappointmentanddismissalofseniorcivilservants.Suchaselectingtheheadofstate,appointinggovernmentofficials,appointingjudgesandindependentagencyofficials.powerofadministrativesupervision（行政监督权）powerofinquiry（质询权）Itreferstothepowerthatthemembersadopttheoralorwrittenformtotheheadofgovernmentorgovernmentministeraboutthecabinetpolicy,administrativemeasuresandothermattersraisingquestionandaskingtheanswer.ItisanimportantwayfortheparliamentofaNonpresidentialcountrytosupervisethegovernment.powerofbringdownthecabinet（倒阁权）Itreferstotheparliamentthatindividualcabinetgovernmentpolicyorgovernmentministersandministersofillegalderelictionofdutybehaviorbyavoteofcensurevotetoforcethedismissalofthepower,itisregardedasamostthreateningmeansforthecabinetcountrytooverseethegovernment.powerofimpeachment（弹劾权）Itmeansthepoweroftheparliamenttoimpeachtheseniorgovernmentofficialsorseriousderelictionofduty,andremoveorpunishthegovernment.ConstitutionalSystem2TheMonarchyoftheUnitedKingdomContents目录4TheparliamentofBritishCabinetSystemGeneralelectionsCabinetSystem1.CabinetDevelopment2.Establishmentofthecabinetsystem3.Cabinetcomposition4.CabinetSystemFeatures5.CabinetFunctionsCabinetDevelopmentEstablishmentofthecabinetsystemPremise：AfterthegloriousRevolutionof1688，"BillofRights"promulgated,andregimechangeDevelopment:1689-1714，CabinetfromQueenmechanismtopoliticalinstitutionsPrivacyPublic,LegalMark:1742,WalpolewasforcedtoresignCabinetcompositionEarly18thcentury,bipartisanofficials(两党要员)about10peopleNowPrimeMinisterappointed20-23people,mostlyfromtheHouseofCommonsFullConservativeslineup(全保守党阵容)CabinetSystemFeaturesMajorityrule:PrimeMinisterandCabinetareelectedfromthemajoritypartyCollectiveresponsibility:allministersshallbecollectivelyresponsibletothegovernmentandcloselyalignedwiththePrimeMinisterCabinetFunctionsPrimeMinisterFunctions:Powerofappointment（委任权）Governmentleadership（领导政府）Governmentorganizations（组织政府）ControloftheHouse（控制下院）Thedissolutionofparliament（解散议会）Nationalleaders（领导国民）CabinetFunctionsFormallyapprovetheresolutionsadoptedelsewhereFinalappealscourt,arbitrate（仲裁）controversybetweensubordinatedepartmentsManageunexpectedemergenciesandmajorpoliticaldisputesForum（论坛）fordebategovernmentofficialsMakegovernmentdecision-makingadequatelegalauthorityAsymboltocollectiveadministrativemechanismsratherthanasingleindividualinpowerConstitutionalSystem2TheMonarchyoftheUnitedKingdomContents目录4TheparliamentofBritishCabinetSystemGeneralelection一、GeneralelectionAgeneralelectionisanopportunityforpeopleineverypartoftheUKtochoosetheirparliamentaryconstituencies-thepersonwhowillrepresenttheirlocalconstituencyintheHouseofCommonsforuptofiveyears.Thereisnormallyachoiceofseveralcandidatesineachconstituency,someofwhicharethelocalcandidatesfornationalpoliticalparties.PeoplecanonlyvoteforoneofthecandidatesandthecandidatethatreceivesmostvotesbecomestheirMP1electionmethods①First-past-the-postleadingcandidateelectedonfirstandonlyballot②TheUKiscurrentlydividedinto650areascalledparliamentaryconstituencies,eachofwhichisrepresentedbyoneMPintheHouseofCommons.andtherehaveaspecializedagency,BoundaryCommission,whichresponsiblefortheconstituency2ThequalificationofcandidatesABritish,aCommonwealthcitizenandacitizenoftheRepublicofIrelandwhoseageisover18②Civilservants,policeandmilitaryshallnotrunforCongress3ThequalificationofvoterslivinginanyCommonwealthcountriesandRepublicofIreland'scitizenswhohavereachedtheageof18havetherighttovoteThenobilitycouldnotvote,unlessthewaiverofnobleidentitycriminalsandpsychopathscouldnotvoteWhohaveillegalbehaviorsandcorruptinthelastelectionarenotallowedtoelectmembersinfiveyears.624Electionprocess①Priortothis,thepowertodissolveParliamentwasa RoyalPrerogative(皇家授权的方式),exercisedbytheQueenontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.Beforeanelectionhadtobeannouncedonorbeforethefifthanniversaryofthebeginningofthepreviousparliament,barringexceptionalcircumstancesTheFixed-termParliamentsAct2011providesforgeneralelectionstobeheldonthefirstThursdayinMayeveryfiveyears.②RegisteredvotersandnominatethecandidatesVotersregisteredintheirresidenceandtheywillgetaconfirmationwhichisfromTheElectoralCommissiontoconfirmtheiridentityTwokindsofcandidate：Partiescandidates：LaborParty:electedbylocalpartycommissionandconfirmedbycentralcommitteeconservativeparty:centralcommitteeelectionandidentityIndependentcandidates：thepersonmotionbyonepeopleandsecondthemotionbyotherandcosignbyeightpeople③electioncampaignConstituencyelection：thecandidatesintroducethemselvesbyradio,television,newspapers,posters,slogansandothermeans.Theymainpromotetheirpoliticalopinionandmovethevoterstovotenationwidecampaign：Mainlyreferstothecentralorganizationandleaderofapartyengagedinthecampaign,includingpropagandafortheparty'sguidingprinciples,policies,developcampaignstrategy,arrangingcampaignscheduleetc..campaignstrategyconservativeparty：economicstacticsLaborParty：Thepopulist,promisedrewardtheordinaryworking-classandbuildannationalhealthsystem④votingYoucanonlyvotetoelectyourlocalMPvotecountingannounce5hungparliamentsWhenageneralelectionresultsinnosinglepoliticalpartywinninganoverallmajorityintheHouseofCommons,thisisknownasasituationofnooverallcontrol,ora'hungParliament'.Whenithappens ,theremaybeaperiodofnegotiationtobuildacoalition,ortheymightdecidetotryandgovernwithaminorityofMembersofParliament. forinstancetheConservative–LiberalDemocratcoalitionagreementon20106AlternativeVoteVotersrankcandidates.Ifnocandidatewinsamajorityoffirstpreferences,thebottomcandidateiseliminatedandhisorhervotesareredistributedaccordingtosecondpreference.Repeatuntilacandidatehasamajority.AlternativeVoteFirst-past-the-postensuretheinterestsofthebigparties,andthesmallpartiesarehardlytobreakthemonopoly.ButUKiscounttheballotsbyhand,itwillbeverycomplicatedAndtheAlternativeVotemaynotbeabletobreakthroughthesituationwhichtheminorpartiesatadisadvantageitisdeterminedbythenumberofmembersofCongress.Performanceofmainpartybeforeelection执政联盟：在苏格兰独立公投中惊险保住苏格兰后，希望通过这次选举继续执政，同时挽回持续下滑的支持率。工党：希望趁保守党与自民党的执政联盟支持率下滑之际重新夺回执政权。英国独立党：在欧洲议会选举中历史性获胜，成为欧洲议会英国选区中最大党，其在全国民调超越自由民主党成为第三大党，其领导人奈杰尔·法拉奇也颇有实力，极有可能成为这届大选的黑马苏格兰民族党：有可能取得大部分苏格兰议席，成为第三大党。二、TheUnitedKingdomelectionof2015Itwasheldon7May2015toelectthe 56thParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom. Localelections tookplaceinmostof England onthesameday,excluding GreaterLondon.Itwasthefirstgeneralelectiontobeheldattheendofafixedtermparliamentfollowingtheenactmentofthe Fixed-termParliamentsAct2011whichremovedthePrimeMinister'spowertoadvisethemonarchtocallanearlyelectionElectoralreformAccordingtotheforecasttherewillbeahungparliaments小组成员：陈忠杰冉茂姝唐滢夏慧敏米梦月鲜尹琴