绿色物流发展外文文献翻译（英文+中文）

文献信息：文献标题：Thedevelopmentofgreenlogisticsforimplementationsustainabledevelopmentstrategyincompanies（发展绿色物流，实现企业可持续发展战略）国外作者：OksanaSeroka-Stolka文献出处：《Procedia-SocialandBehavioralSciences》2014,151:302-309字数统计：英文2505单词，14890字符；中文4265汉字外文文献：　ThedevelopmentofgreenlogisticsforimplementationsustainabledevelopmentstrategyincompaniesAbstractWhileenvironmentalissueshavebecomecriticalconcernsallovertheworld,organizationsareconstantlyunderpressuretodevelopenvironmentallyresponsibleandfriendlyoperations.Commitmenttothenaturalenvironmenthasbecomeanimportantvariable.Therefore,theinterestindevelopinggreenlogisticsfromcompanies,government,andthepublicisincreasingdramaticallyespeciallybecausetraditionallogisticscannotmeettherequirementsofmodernsocietyandhashugeimpactontheenvironment.ThepurposeofthispaperistopresentdeterminantfactorsthatcaninfluencethedevelopmentofgreenlogisticconceptincompaniesasanelementofSustainableDevelopment.Keywords:Greenlogistics,environmentalsustainability,SustainableDevelopment,factors,environmentapractices,company.1.IntroductionInrecentyearstherehasbeenincreasingconcernabouttheenvironmentaleffectsontheplanetofhumanactivity.Thatiswhyithashadabincreasingamountofattentioninthepopularpress,ingovernmentalagendas,intheacademicliteratureandfromthegeneralpublic.Stakeholdersareincreasinglypressuringfirmstoassumeresponsibilityforanynegativeeffectstheirbusinessactivitiesmightcauseaswell.TheresultsarethatfirmsareconsideringtheincorporationofenvironmentalthinkingintotheirbusinessstrategiesinPolishcompanies(Romanowska,2004).Therisingattentiontothegreenersolutionsdoesn’tleavelogisticsasidebecauseitplaysaveryimportantrole,asitisoneofthemainpollutionsourcesandresourceuser.2.GreenlogisticsandsustainabledevelopmentTypically,logisticsisseenastheactionsofwhichtheobjectiveistominimizecostsandmaximizeprofits.Thetermwasusedmostlyinpurelybusinessareasexhibitingcompaniesandinfinancialreports.But,formanyyears,thetermlogisticswasusedinconjunctionwiththe"green"bycreating"GreenLogistics"-thetermcontainingcosts,yetdidnotappearonfinancialreportsandontheenvironmentandsociety.Theterm“greenlogistics”isdefinedassupplychainmanagementpracticesandstrategiesthatreducetheenvironmentalandenergyfootprintoffreightdistribution,whichfocusesonmaterialhandling,wastemanagement,packagingandtransport(Rodrigueetal.,2012).Greenlogisticsconsistsofallactivitiesrelatedtotheeco-efficientmanagementoftheforwardandreverseflowsofproductsandinformationbetweenthepointoforiginandthepointofconsumptionwhosepurposeistomeetorexceedcustomerdemand(Mesjasz-Lech,2011).Lee&Klassen(2008)describegreenlogisticsasGreenSupplyChainManagementthatcanbedefinedasanorganizationsactivitytakingintoaccountenvironmentalissuesandintegratingitintosupplychainmanagementinordertochangetheenvironmentalperformanceofsuppliersandcustomers(Lee&Klassen,2008).Greenlogisticsactivitiesincludemeasuringtheenvironmentalimpactofdifferentdistributionstrategies,reducingtheenergyusageinlogisticsactivities,reducingwasteandmanagingitstreatment(Sibihi&Eglese,2009).Fromthesustainabledevelopmentpointofview,greenlogisticscanbedefinedas,“producinganddistributinggoodsinasustainableway,takingaccountofenvironmentalandsocialfactors”(Sibihi&Eglese,2009).ThisbroaddefinitionofgreenlogisticsisinlinewiththeWCED(1987)definitionofsustainabledevelopmentanddefinitionsofcorporateresponsibility(Lyon&Maxwell,2008).ThethreepillarsofSustainableDevelopmentcanbeappliedtogreenlogistics(seeFigure1).Asmentionedinthedefinitionsofgreenlogisticsbefore,inthepast,companiescoordinatedtheirlogisticsactivitiescomprisingfreighttransport,warehousing,packaging,materialshandlinganddatacollectionandmanagementtomeetcustomerrequirementsatminimumcostwhichjustreferstothemonetaryterms(Nowakowska-Grunt,2008).Now,theenvironmenthasbecomeaconcern.Itistreatedasafactorofthecost.Somecompanieshavealreadytakenexternalcostsoflogisticsassociatedespeciallywiththeenvironmentalissuessuchasclimatechange,pollutionandnoiseintoaccount.Greenlogisticsisthereforedefinedaseffortstoexaminewaysofreducingtheseexternalitiesandachievingamoresustainablebalancebetweenenvironmental,economicandsocialobjectives,(seeFigure1).Alleffortsinthe“green”logisticsareaarethereforefocusedoncontributingtowards,andensuring,sustainability(Hans,2011).eEconomicSocialEnvironmentGreenlogisticsFigure1.Greenlogisticsasanelementofsustainabledevelopment.conomicOverthepast40years,"GreenLogistics"hasrepresentedalotofnaturetrails,themostdistinguishableasfollows:․reductionintransportcosts,․citylogistics,˙corporateenvironmentalstrategiestowardslogistics,˙reverselogistics,˙greensupplychainmanagement.Thegreenlogisticsrepresentsalsothreeperspectives:public(publictoprivate),operational(operationaltostrategic)andlocal(localtoglobal).Thefirstperspectiveofgreenlogisticsrelatestopressuregroupswhichbegantolobbygovernmentinterventiontomitigatethedamagingeffectsoffreightmovementandpublicagenciessoughttoimprovetheirunderstandingoftheproblemandfindmeansofaddressingit.Thepublicsectorinterestinthissubjecthasbeencomplementedbyagrowthintheprivatesectorinvolvementingreenlogisticsresearchasbusinesshasbeguntoformulateenvironmentalstrategiesbothatacorporatelevelandmorespecificallyforlogistics.Operationaltostrategicasasecondgeneraltrendhasbeenabroadeningofthecorporatecommitmenttogreenlogistics,fromtheadoptionofafewminoroperationalchangestotheembeddingofenvironmentalprinciplesinstrategicplanning.Localtoglobalperspectiveisfocusedonthelocalenvironmentalimpactofairpollution,vibration,noise,accidentsandvisualintrusion.Withclimatechangenowthedominantenvironmentalissueoftheage,theimpactoflogisticsonglobalatmosphericconditionshasbecomeamajorfocusofmanyresearchers(McKinnonA.,Browne&Whiteing,2010).3.GreenlogisticsandreverselogisticsItisworthmentioningaboutthereverselogisticswhichisapartofgreenlogistics.RogersandTibben-Lembke(1999)brieflyconsiderthedifferencesbetweenreverselogisticsandgreenlogistics.Inreverselogisticsthereshouldbesomeflowofproductsorgoodsbackfromtheconsumertoanearlierstageofthesupplychain.Thereductionofwastethatthisimpliescertainlymeansthatreverselogisticsshouldbeincludedwithingreenlogistics.Currently,theterm"greenlogistics"isoftenusedinterchangeablywith"reverselogistics",butincontrasttothereverselogistics,greenlogistics"summarizeslogisticsactivitiesthatareprimarilymotivatedbyenvironmentalconsiderations"(Scott,Lundgren&Thompson,2011).Firstofall,themostsignificantdifferenceisthatreverselogisticsconcentratesonsavingmoneyandincreasingvaluebyreusingorresellingmaterialstorecoverlostprofitsandreduceoperationalcosts.Inturngreenlogisticsfocusesontransportationissues,recyclingandre-use.“Greenlogisticsisaboutusingmaterialfriendlyoptionsfortransportationandcenteredonsavingmoneybutplacespriorityonthecompany’simage”(Nylund,2012).DeBrito(2003)clarifiesthatgreenlogisticsfocusesontheforwardflowofthesupplychainwhilereverselogisticsisviewedassustainabledevelopment.“Theprominentenvironmentalissuesin[green]logisticsareconsumptionofnon-renewablenaturalresources,andbothhazardousandnon-hazardouswastedisposal”(DeBrito,2003).Greenlogisticsisoftenknownasecologicallogisticsdefinedas“understandingandminimizingtheecologicalimpactsoflogistics”(RogersandTibben-Lembke,1998).Theseactivitiesaredesignedtomeasureenvironmentalimpactsontransportreducingenergyconsumption,andreducingtheuseofmaterials(seeFigure2).Figure2.Comparisonofgreenlogisticsandreverselogistics4.Thedriversofgreenlogistics4.1.FactorsaffectinggreenlogisticsfromawideperspectiveSchmied(2010)distinguishesfourfactorsaffectinggreenlogistics–company,customers,politics,andsociety.AccordingtoFigure3,itcanbeconcludedthateachofthefactorsmayaffectgreensolutions(Schmied,2010).Fromtheconsumerspointofviewtheyhavetheirownrequirementsforgreenproductsandservices.Customersespeciallywithhighenvironmentalawarenessmayrequireproductsdeliveredwithcleanvehiclesorinsuchmannerthattheemissionsareminimized,forcingsupplierstogotogreensolutions.Thisshouldbeakeydriveforcompaniesthataretakingmeasuresingreenlogistics.Byunderstandingtheconsumersimportantroleingreenlogisticsitcanbebeneficialforthecompany.Perhapsthebiggestaffectfromcustomersmaybehomedelivery,astheyarethedirectusersofthisservice.Figure3.Generalfactorsaffectinggreenlogistics4.2.DeterminantfactorsofgreenlogisticsatacorporatelevelManyresearchershaveproposedvariousexplanationsastowhatfactorsinfluenceafirm’sadoptionofenvironmentalpractices.Generally,wecandistinguishexternalandinternalfactorsofenvironmentalpractices(Murillo-Luna,Garcés-Ayerbe&Rivera-Torres,2011).Stakeholderpressure,environmentalregulations,companysize,industrialsectorandgeographicallocation,internationalization,positioninthevaluechain,strategicattitude,managerialattitudesandmotivations,manager’scharacteristicsandhumanresourcesarerelevantenvironmentalandorganizationalvariablesfrequentlyappearingintherelatedresearch(Gonzalez-Benito&GonzalezBenito,2006).Amongmanyfactorstherearesomewhichcanbethebarrierstogreenpractices.Chan(2008)identifiessixtypesofbarriersfromtheinformationprovidedbythemanagersofasampleof83hotels.Usinganexploratoryanalysis,hefindsthatthesixtypesofbarriersarenegativelyrelatedtoenvironmentalbehavior:1)lackofknow-howandskills,2)lackofprofessionaladvice,3)uncertaintyofoutcome,4)participationofcertifiers/verifiers,5)lackofresourcesand6)implementationandmaintenancecosts.Althoughorganizationalandenvironmentalfactorshavebeentakenintoaccountinseveralstudiesongreenissues,thesefactorshavebeenconsideredveryrareinthestudiesofenvironmentalmanagementinthelogisticsindustry.Lin&Ho(2010)conductedasurveyin353Chinesecompaniesinthelogisticsindustry.Theyproposed32variablesdescribing10dimensionsofdeterminantscharacteristicoftheadoptionofgreenpracticesinlogisticscompanies(seeFigure4).Figure4.Determinantfactorsofgreenmanagementpracticesinlogisticsindustry.AconceptualmodelderivedfromLin&Ho(2010).TheresearchfindingsbyLin&Ho,(2010)revealthatpressureresultingfromlegalregulationsoftheState,governmentalsupport,organizationalsupportandthequalityofhumanresourceshaveasignificantlypositiveinfluenceontheadoptionofgreenpracticesforChineselogisticscompanies(Lin&Ho,2010).Environmentaluncertaintyandthecomplexityofgreenpracticeshowsignificantlynegativeinfluencesonenvironmentalpractices.Surprisingly,theinfluenceofcustomerpressureisnotsignificantforChineselogisticscompanies(Lin&Ho,2010).ItisinterestingbecausemostofthestudiesfromtheEUassociatedwithenvironmentalissuesindicatetheinfluenceofcustomerpressureandtheirenvironmentalawarenessonenvironmentalpracticesbutthesefindingsarefocusedonmanufacturingfirms.Theirstudyalsoprovidestheempiricalevidencethattechnologicalfactorshavesignificantinfluenceontheadoptionofgreenpracticeswhencomparedtoorganizationalandenvironmentalfactors(Lin,&Ho,2010).SimilarfindingscomefromPolishstudies,whichindicateaweakandinsignificantcorrelationbetweentheenvironmentalawarenessofmanagementstaffandtheeco-effectivenessofenvironmentalpractices(Seroka-Stolka&Nowakowska-Grunt,2012).Greeningthesupplychainisagrowingconcernformanybusinessenterprisesandachallengeforlogisticsmanagement.Thestructureofthegreensupplychainisrelevanttoimplementingagreenlogisticssystem,asagreensupplychaincreatesgreenenvironmentforgreenlogisticsinasustainabledevelopmentwhich,again,pavesagreenchanneltowardsgreenlogisticsand,simultaneously,supportsandpromotesthedevelopmentofgreenlogistics.Arealsenseofgreenactioncanbeachievedbysupplychainmanagementatacorporatelevel.Itisworthmentioningthatwhileadoptingagreenlogisticsapproachtowardssupplychain,strategiescanbeadditionallyemphasized.Environmentallogisticspracticesmustbeincorporatedintocorporateenvironmentalstrategies.Whenitcomestotheproductdesignandproductionplanning,themostcommonisthefactthatusuallytheyemphasizetheproductdesignandthedevelopmentthatcomesfromtheimprovementsoftheircompetitiveandcommercialattributes,andthesearefactorssuchasprice,quality,featuresandperformance.Trowbridge(2006)distinguishesbothinternalandexternaldrivingforcesoftheimplementationofGSCMatachipmanufacturer.Theinternalonesincludethewillingnesstoimproveriskmanagementduetopotentialinterruptionsinthesupplychain,andthecollaborationwithsupplierstofindalternativematerialsandequipmentthatminimizetheenvironmentalimpact.Theexternalonesincludecustomers,investorsandnon-governmentalorganizations(Trowbridge,2006).ThisissimilartothefindingsofGonzález-Benito&González-Benito(2006)whichindicatethatSpanishcompaniesperceivetwodifferentsourcesofenvironmentalpressure:governmentalandnon-governmental.However,onlythelatterisabletoexplaintheimplementationofenvironmentallogisticspracticesinasignificantway,perhapsbecausethesepracticesareproactiveandvoluntaryandgovernmentalpressurefocusesontheobservanceofregulations.Theyalsoprovethattheenvironmentalawarenessofmanagersisalsoabletoexplainasignificantpartoftheimplementationofenvironmentallogisticspractices.Hu&Hsu(2010)explorethefactorsthatarecriticalfortheimplementationofgreensupplychainmanagement(GSCM)practicesintheTaiwaneseelectricalandelectronicsindustriesreferringtotheEuropeanUniondirectives,andtheyextract20criticalfactorsinfourdimensions(suppliermanagement,productrecycling,organizationinvolvementandlifecyclemanagement)(Hu&Hsu,2010).Diabat&Govindan(2011)introducethereviewofstudieswhichpresentdifferentfactorsofgreensupplychainmanagement.Diabat&Govindan(2011)present11typesofdrivingforces(andinteractionsbetweenthem),whichhavebeenanalyzedusingInterpretiveStructuralModeling(ISM).Theresearchresultsshowthatthegovernmentregulationsandlegislationandreverselogisticsaresignificantdrivingforcestoachievecooperationbetweenproductdesignersandsupplierstoreduceandeliminatetheenvironmentalimpactofproducts.EnvironmentalcooperationwithsuppliersandcustomersandISO14001certificationareplacedatanintermediateleveloftheISMmodel.Greendesign,integratingqualityenvironmentalmanagementintotheplanningandoperationprocess,reducingenergyconsumption,andreusingandrecyclingmaterialsandpackagingareatthetopleveloftheISMhierarchy(Diabat&Govindan,2011).TheISMmodelforthedrivingforcesaffectingtheimplementationofgreensupplychainmanagementispresentedinFigure5.Fig5.ISMmodelforthedriversaffectingtheimplementationofgreensupplychainmanagementaccordingtoDiabat&Govindan,2011.5.ConclusionsCompaniesareconstantlyunderpressuretodevelopenvironmentallyfriendlyandresponsibleoperations,andcommitmenttothenaturalenvironmentisanimportantvariablewithinthecompetitivescenarios.Organizationsfaceeitherinternalorexternalfactorsofgreenlogisticsatacorporatelevel.Thereviewoftheliteratureindicatessomeinterestingfindings.Firstall,managersmusttakeintoaccountthatincorporatingenvironmentalissuesintocorporatestrategiesdependsonvariousfactorswhichcanchangeovertime.Determinantfactorsofadoptionofenvironmentallogisticspracticesvaryamongcompaniesanddependonsectorofactivity,geographicallocationandthelevelofcustomerenvironmentalrequirements.Thefindingsoftheinfluenceongreenlogisticsvariesaccordingtocustomerpressureoncompany’senvironmentalbehaviouranditmaybeassociatedwiththedifferentpositionofcompaniesstandinginthesupplychain.Organizationalfactorsareveryimportantformostindustriesbuttechnologicalfactorsshouldbetakenintoaccountinthefuturebylogisticsmanagers.Pressurethroughlegislationisnottheonlywayoffosteringtheenvironmentalbehaviourofafirm,rather,thereareothermeanssuchasincreasingtheenvironmentalawarenessofmanagers,butitisalongtermobjectiveatacorporatelevel.中文译文：发展绿色物流，实现企业可持续发展战略摘要当环境问题成为世界各地重要的关注点，社会组织在压力下不断地发展环境责任和友好行动时，对自然环境的承诺已经变成一个重要的变量。因此，企业、政府和公众对绿色物流的发展产生了极大的兴趣，尤其是传统的物流不能满足现代社会的要求，对环境产生了巨大的影响。本文的目的是介绍影响绿色物流理念作为可持续发展要素在企业中发展的决定因素。关键词：绿色物流，环境可持续性，可持续发展，因素，环境行动，企业1.引言近年来，人们越来越关注地球上的人类活动对环境的影响。这就是为什么它引起了大众媒体、政府议程、学术文献以及一般公众越来越多的关注量。利益相关者也越来越多地要求企业为其经营活动可能造成的任何负面影响承担责任。结果是，企业正在考虑将环保思想纳入到他们在波兰企业的经营战略中（Romanowska，2004）。对更环保解决方法的日益关注离不开物流，因为它起着非常重要的作用，它是主要的污染源和资源使用者之一。2.绿色物流与可持续发展通常，物流被看做是以成本最小化、利润最大化为目标的行动。该词主要用于纯粹的商业领域企业和财务 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中。但是，多年来，物流与“绿色”结合在一起，创造了“绿色物流”——控制成本的术语，却没有出现在财务报告和环境与社会中。“绿色物流”一词被定义为供应链管理的实践和策略，减少货物配送的环境和能源消耗，侧重于材料处理、废物管理、包装和运输(Rodrigueetal.,2012)。绿色物流包括有关于在原产地和消费点之间产品和信息的正向与反向流动的高效生态管理的所有活动，其目的是满足或超越客户需求(Mesjasz-Lech,2011)。Lee和Klassen（2008）描述了绿色物流作为绿色供应链管理，可以被定义为一个组织的活动考虑到环境问题，并将其整合到供应链管理中，以改变供应商和客户的环境绩效（Lee&Klassen，2008）。绿色物流活动包括测量不同分销策略的环境影响，减少物流活动中的能源消耗，减少浪费，并完成其治理（Sibihi&Eglese，2009）。从可持续发展的角度来看，绿色物流可以被定义为“以可持续的方式生产和分配商品，同时考虑到环境和社会因素”（Sibihi&Eglese，2009）。绿色物流这种广泛的定义与世界环境与发展委员会关于可持续发展的定义和企业责任的定义相一致（Lyon&Maxwell，2008）。可持续发展的三大支柱可应用于绿色物流（见图1）。正如之前在绿色物流的定义中提到，在过去，企业协调物流活动包括货运、仓储、包装、物料搬运、数据收集和管理，以满足客户涉及到金钱方面的最低成本要求（Nowakowska-Grunt，2008）。现在，环境已经成为一个关注的问题，它被视为成本的一个因素。一些企业已经考虑到物流的外部成本，特别是与环境问题有关的例如气候变化、污染和噪音等。因此，绿色物流被定义为致力于研究减少这些外部成本以及实现环境、经济和社会目标之间的更可持续的平衡的方法（见图1）。因此，在“绿色”物流领域的所有努力都集中在促进并确保可持续发展上（Hans，2011）。经济社会环境绿色物流图1.绿色物流作为可持续发展的要素在过去的40年里，“绿色物流”代表了很多自然的印记，最明显的如下：․运输成本的降低，․城市物流，․物流企业环境战略，․逆向物流，․绿色供应链管理。绿色物流还代表了三个观点：公共的（公共的到私有的），行动上的（行动上的到战略性的）和局部的（局部的到全局的）。绿色物流的第一个观点与压力集团有关，他们开始游说政府进行干预以减轻货物流通的破坏性影响，公共机构试图提高他们对问题的认识并找到解决问题的办法。随着私营部门参与绿色物流研究的增长，例如企业已经开始制定企业层面和更专门物流这两方面的环境战略，公共部门对这一课题的兴趣已经得到了补充。作为第二大趋势的行动上到战略性，一直是企业致力于绿色物流的拓展，从采用几个小的运营转变到战略规划中嵌入环境原则。局部的到全局的观点主要集中在空气污染、振动、噪声、事故和视觉入侵的局部环境影响上。随着气候变化成为现代的主导环境问题，物流对全球大气环境的影响已成为许多研究人员的主要关注点（McKinnonA.，Browne&Whiteing，2010）。3.绿色物流和逆向物流值得一提的是，逆向物流是绿色物流的一部分。Rogers和Tibben-Lembke（1999）简单思考了一下逆向物流与绿色物流的区别。在逆向物流中，应该有一些产品或货物的流动从消费者回到供应链的早期阶段。减少浪费，这足以表明逆向物流应给包括在绿色物流之内。目前,“绿色物流”与“逆向物流”通常可以互换使用，但是与逆向物流相比之下，绿色物流“总结物流活动，主要是出于环境考虑”（Scott，Lundgren&Thompson，2011）。首先，最显著的区别是，逆向物流侧重于节省资金和增加价值，通过重复使用或转售材料来收回损失利润，降低运营成本。反过来，绿色物流主要集中在运输问题以及回收和再利用上。“绿色物流是关于对交通使用材料的有益选择，以节省资金为中心，但优先考虑公司形象”（Nylund，2012）。DeBrito（2003）阐明了绿色物流着眼于供应链的正向流动，而逆向物流被视为可持续发展。“‘绿色’物流中突出的环境问题是不可再生自然资源的消耗，以及危险和非危险的废物处置（DeBrito，2003）。绿色物流通常被称为生态物流，即定义为“理解和减少物流的生态影响”（Rogers和Tibben-Lembke，1998）。这些活动的目的是测量环境对交通运输的影响，降低能源消耗，减少材料使用（见图2）。图2.绿色物流与逆向物流的比较4.绿色物流的驱动力4.1.从广泛的视角看绿色物流的影响因素Schmied（2010）将影响绿色物流的四个因素区分开来——企业、客户、政治和社会。根据图3可以看出每一个因素都有可能会影响绿色解决 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 （Schmied，2010）。从消费者的角度来看，他们对绿色产品和服务有自己的要求。特别是具有高环保意识的客户，可能会要求用清洁的或者排放量最小的车辆进行产品交付，这样就迫使供应商去寻找绿色解决方案。这应该是正在采取绿色物流措施的企业的一个关键驱动力。企业了解绿色物流中消费者的重要作用，有利于自身的发展。或许客户影响最大的可能是送货上门，因为他们是这项服务的直接用户。图3.绿色物流的一般影响因素4.2.企业层面绿色物流的决定因素什么样的因素影响到企业环保实践的采用，许多研究人员提出了各种各样的解释。一般来说，我们可以区分环保实践的外部和内部因素（Murillo-Luna，Garcés-Ayerbe&Rivera-Torres，2011）。利益相关者的压力、环境法规、企业规模、工业部门和地理位置、国际化、在价值链中的位置、战略态度、管理层的态度和动机、经理的特点和人力资源是相关的环境和组织变量，经常出现在相关的研究中（Gonzalez-Benito&GonzalezBenito，2006）。众多因素中也有一些可能是绿色实践的障碍。Chan（2008）从83家取样旅馆的管理人员提供的信息中确定了六种类型的障碍。采用探索性 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 ，他发现这六种类型的障碍与环境实践负相关：1）知识和技能缺乏，2）专业建议缺乏，3）结果的不确定性，4）认证机构/验证者的参与，5）资源缺乏，6）实施和维护成本。虽然绿色问题的一些研究已经考虑到组织和环境因素，但是这些因素在物流业环境管理的研究中非常罕见。Lin&Ho（2010）对353家中国物流企业进行了一项调查，他们提出了32个变量，描述了物流企业绿色实践应用的决定因素特征的10个维度。图4.物流业绿色管理实践的决定因素。选自Lin&Ho（2010）的概念模型Lin&Ho（2010）的研究结果显示，源于国家法律 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 、政府支持、组织支持和人力资源素质的压力对中国物流企业的绿色实践应用有着显著的积极影响（Lin&Ho，2010）。环境不确定性和绿色实践的复杂性对绿色实践有显著的负向影响。令人惊讶的是，客户压力对中国物流企业的影响并不显著（Lin&Ho，2010）。这非常有趣，因为来自欧盟参与的环境问题的研究表明，客户压力及其环境意识会对环境实践产生影响，不过这些研究结果都集中在制造业上。他们的研究也提供了实证证据，相比于组织和环境因素，技术因素对绿色实践应用的影响极为显著（Lin&Ho，2010）。类似的发现还来自波兰的研究，他们表明管理人员的环境意识和环境实践的生态效益关联不大。绿色供应链是许多企业越来越关注的问题，也是物流管理的一大挑战。绿色供应链的结构关系到绿色物流系统的实施，因为绿色供应链为绿色物流的可持续发展创造了绿色环境，还为绿色物流铺平了绿色通道，同时支持和促进绿色物流的发展。真正意义上的绿色行动可以通过企业层面供应链管理得以实现。值得一提的是，在对供应链采取绿色物流方法时，绿色物流战略也要格外强调。绿色物流实践必须纳入到企业环境战略中。当提到产品设计和生产 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 时，最常见的事实是他们强调产品设计和开发是基于竞争力和商业属性的改进，如价格、质量、功能和性能这些因素。Trowbridge（2006）对元件制造者绿色供应链管理实施的内部和外部驱动力进行了区分。内部驱动力包括由供应链中存在潜在中断而产生的改善风险管理的意愿，以及与供应商合作寻找可最大限度降低对环境的影响的替代材料和设备。外部驱动力包括客户、投资者和非政府组织（Trowbridge，2006）。这类似于González-Benito&González-Benito（2006）的研究结果，即西班牙企业察觉到环境压力的两大不同来源：政府和非政府。然而，只有后者才能在很大程度上解释绿色物流实践的实施。或许因为这些实践是积极的主动的，而政府压力主要集中在遵守法规上。他们还证明管理者的环境意识同样是绿色物流实践实施的一部分原因。Hu&Hsu（2010）参照欧盟指令对台湾电子电气行业实施绿色供应链管理（GSCM）实践的关键因素进行了探讨，并且他们从四个维度（供应商管理、产品回收、组织参与和生命周期管理）中提取了20个关键因素（Hu&Hsu，2010）。Diabat&