雅思听力讲义

雅思听力讲义第一讲雅思听力应注意的问题1,学习英语的基本方法2,考试与技巧3, 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 4,机经1,如何习得英语学习英语的5个方面:听,说,读,写,译.其中读和听是基础,而读是最基础的,是习得的主要方法2,四门考试之间的关系听,读---被动说,写---主动听,读---平均分比说,写---高半分SOUNDS-SYLLABLES-WORDS-PHRASES-SENTENCES-PARAGRAPHS-PASSAGES语音-词汇-语法-记忆-走神同时,听懂的过程正好是说的逆过程3,问题及解决问题方法1,语音:1)48个基本音素英语与汉语发音的不同/元音/辅音/易混音2)吞音和连读相邻辅音,前者有口型不送气/例外一般连读/辅音连读/元音连读/例外3)口音和语调英音/美音/澳音/杂音句子重音/单词重音/结构与节奏1),2),3)问题的解决 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 纠音:1,学过的配有磁带的3-5篇课文2,录下自己的声音,与磁带反复对比,模仿3,同性的声音4)读音规则一个字母组合发不同的音不同的字母组合发同一个音读音规则问题的解决方案1,找到读音规则2,多举不同的例子2,词汇:1)内涵和外延不要只记一个意思,否则在其它地方遇到就不认识了2)用法要记住单词的语境,否则即便记住了也不会用3)同义词听说读写都需要同义词听力中有20-40%的题目需要听同义词4)派生词熟悉单词:词根/词缀3,语法:1)句子结构只有抓住句子结构才能抓住完整的含义.2)代词还原这需要我们更强的短时记忆3)动词形式的含义熟悉动词的含义以及每一种形式的含义词汇和语法问题解决方案快速阅读:1,每天1-2篇学过的课文(10+遍)2,养成抓句子结构的习惯3,180+WPM4,记忆---听写1)单句2)边听边写和听完再写3)两遍一句5,走神:1)边听边走---听着玩每一部分犯的错误都不少2)先走后不走---躺着听S1没有进入状态S2刚刚开始S3,S4比前面两部分好3)先不走后走---边听边译S1不走神S2累了,开始走神S3,S4太累了一直在走神4)自信听力考的是短时记忆听到:写,选听不到:放弃走神问题的解决方案不要:1)听着玩2)躺着听3)时间长或间断4)看着 原文 少年中国说原文俱舍论原文大医精诚原文注音大学原文和译文对照归藏易原文 听5)听太难的材料(新闻)6)犹豫第二讲考题分析考试介绍I考试题型1,常考题型1,表格题:个人信息表格/有横纵轴的表格/表格中的完成句子2,完成句子:1)单句填空2)提纲填空3)总结填空3,问答题前三种题型需要我们边听边写的能力4,选择题1)单选2)多选选择题需要我们边听边读的能力2,次常考题型1,地图题:选字母/写地名需要方向感2,搭配题需要边听边读/抽象思维3,不常考题型1,判断改错题:判断/判断改错1)肯,否定词2)专有名词3)数字2,图画题:识图能力3,图例题:工作原理4,推理题:演绎推理4,综合题型1,表格+判断改错2,表格+多选3,表格+搭配II常考场景1,SURVIVAL1)住宿2)家乡3)度假4)活动2,ACADEMIC:新生入学/图 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 馆---上述6个话题一般在S1和S2出现,比较简单,因为都是介绍性的话题S31)作业2)研究3)选课S4讲课III评分 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 1,13-16=4.5-517-23=5.5-624-30=6.5-731-35=7.5-82,写答案注意事项1)拼写不能出现错误,但是英美拼写均可接受2)答案要完整3)不能重复题干中已知信息4)不要超过字数要求5)相似答案只能写一个6)答案可以写标准缩写7)数字、金钱可以写各种符号IV计划1,每天计划1)30分钟/次2)2-4次/天2,1个月计划使用剑桥系列3,4,5册1)熟悉题型2)列出错误清单3)听写4)预测5)适应考试(考试前2周):心理(8.45听力/9.25阅读/10.30写作)生理(饮食/主场作战)3,2个月计划加上雅思听力特训比一般考试难5题左右,能够发现更多问题,考试能够避免更多错误4,3-6个月计划加上LISTENTOTHIS半本/月(初级:5-6.5;中级7-8.5)第三讲习题讲解PRACTICETEST1LISTENINGPRACTICETEST1NUMBEROFQUESTIONS:40APPROX.TIME:30MINUTESInstructionsYouwillhearanumberofconversationsandtalksandyoumustanswerquestionsonwhatyouhear.Theconversationsarerecordedandyouwillhavetimetoreadtheinstructionsandquestions,andtocheckyourwork.ThetapewillbeplayedONCEonly.Thetestisorganisedin4sections.Youcanwriteyouranswersonthequestionpaperandattheendofthetestyouwillbegiventimetotransferyouranswerstoananswersheet.Section1Questions1-10Questions1-3ChoosethecorrectlettersA-D.ExampleSergeantBrownisgoingtospeakaboutAcomfort.Bsafety.Cthepolice.DMrFogerty.1SergeantBrownisAthecommunitypatrolofficer.Btheuniversitysecurityofficer.Cthecommunitypoliceadviser.Dtheuniversityliaisonofficer.2SergeantBrownAliveslocallyandisnotmarried.Blivesonthecampusandhastwodaughters.Chasasonattheuniversity.Ddoesn'tliveonthecampuswithhisdaughters.3SergeantBrownhasbeenapoliceofficerforA5years.B10years.C15years.D20years.Questions4-6WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.4Themostdangerousplacearoundthecampusis________.5Themostdangerousplaceintownis________.6Itisdangerousbecauseof________.Questions7-8ChooseTWOlettersA-E.WhichTWOitemsshouldastudentalwayscarry?AapersonalalarmBvaluablesCapassportDjewelleryEsomeidentificationQuestions9-10ChooseTWOlettersA-E.WhichTWOthingsdoesSergeantBrownrecommendastudentshoulddo?AwalkhomeinpairsBusepublictransportCdrivehomeDnotcarryalotofcashEarrangetobehomeatacertaintimeSection2Questions11-20Questions11-13ChooseTHREElettersA-E.WhatareJohnandSarahdiscussing?AtheamountofworkinthesecondyearBtheimportanceofmedievalhistoryCstudyingmaterialinadifferentlanguageDwhentheirexamswillfinishEthelevelofworkinthesecondyearQuestions14and15WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.14WhyisSarahworkinginthemarket?________________________________________________________________________15HowmanycoursesmustJohnandSarahchoose?________________________________________________________________________Questions16-20WriteANUMBERorNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachspace.CourseCreditsTutorRecommendedreadingRequirementsMedievalSociety20DrSmithStudypack________(17)Development20MrMillsBouchier'sNoneofTechnology'________'(18)TheCrusadesI10________(19)Allison&McKay'sTheFirstCrusades'FrenchTheCrusadesII10DrShaker&ProfessorLordMallen's'AGeneralHistoryoftheCrusades'FrenchPeasantsandKings________(16)DrReevesHobart's'IntroductiontotheMiddleAges'________(20)Section3Questions21-30Questions21-25ChoosethecorrectlettersA-C21DrMulletwasparticularlyimpressedbyFayed'sAfinalyeardissertation.Bpersonaltutor.Cexamresults.22Afterhetookhisexams,FayedfeltAnervous.Banxious.Chappy.23DrMulletacceptspeoplefortheMAcoursebecauseofAtheirexamresults.Btheirabilitytoplaygames.Cavarietyofreasons.24WhatdidFayedinitiallygotouniversitytoStudy?Aeconomics.Bboomsandcrashes.Chistory.25ThecourseFayedisapplyingforisconcernedwithAthedevelopingworld.Bthedevelopmentofbanks.Ctheeconomicsofwork.Questions26-30CompleteDrMullet'snotesonhisinterviewwithFayedinNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachspace.INTERVIEWWITHFAYEDWorried!Farfromhiscountry.________(26)?Willgotostudyin________(27)ifnotacceptedhere.Afteruniversitywantstowork________(28).Nowgoingtovisit________(29).Mydecision-when?________(30)选择题的解题思路1、扫描题干，划出核心词2、听时综合扫描选项3、用核心词定位，听到什么选什么4、抄完答案之后检查①同义相斥②相反的有一个是对的③常识选择题的解题技巧1、听到词就选2、结合核心词3、生词原则Section4Questions31-40Questions31-35CompleteeachsentencewithNOMORETHANTHREEWORDS.31Thepublichasmoreknowledgeofvitaminsthanotherparts________.32Thepublicdoesn'talwayseat________.33ThereisawidespreadbeliefthatVitaminCcan________.34VitaminAhelpsyousee________.35Manypeoplewronglythinkthattakingvitaminsupplementscan________.完成句子题的注意事项：1、扫描题干，划出核心词，注意空格前后2、判断所需句子成分及词性3、注意核心词同义词替换，句子结构变化的情况用核心词定位占50%，用同义词替换的占30%，句子结构定位为0%-5%4、注意简写答案，再补全在听写的时候练习5、检查答案的词性总结起来就是：读、猜、听、写、查本套题答案：ListeningTest1Youwillhearanumberofdifferentrecordingsandyouhavetoanswerquestionsonwhatyouhear.Therewillbetimeforyoutoreadtheinstructionsandyouwillhaveachancetocheckyouranswers.Thetestisinfoursections.Recordallyouranswersinyourtestbookandattheendofthetestyouwillbegiven10minutestotransferyouranswerstoaspecialanswersheet.NowturntoSection1.____________Section1——————Youwillhearapolicemangivingatalktosomestudents.Firstyouwillhavesometimetolookatquestions1to6(pausefor30seconds).Youwillseethattherehasbeenanexamplewrittenforyou.Onthisoccasiononlytheconversationrelatingtotheexamplewillbeplayedfirst(listentoexample).SergeantBrownisgoingtospeakaboutsafety,soanswerBhasbeencircledonthequestionpage.Nowwewillbegin.Youshouldanswerthequestionsasyoulisten,asyouwillnotheartherecordingasecondtime.Listentothetalkcarefullyandanswerquestions1to6.[MrFogarty:]...andsoI'dliketohandyouovernowtoSergeantBrown.Thankyou.[SergeantBrown:]Thankyou,MrFogarty.Er,yes,asyouknowmynameisSergeantJeffBrown,andasMrFogartyhasindicated,I'llbespeakingtoyoubrieflytodayaboutsecurity(example),abouthowtomakeyourtimeatthisuniversitysaferandmorecomfortable.Iamofficiallytheuniversityliaisonofficer(Q1),whichmeansIhaveaspecificbrieftoactasago-betweenfortheuniversityandthepolice,ifthereareproblems,andalsotoofferanofficialpresenceonoraroundcampusandgiveindividualsadviceiftheyneedit.Now,myjobisveryimportanttome.Itakesecurityandreducingthethreatofcrimeonthiscampusveryseriouslybecause,althoughIdon'tactuallyliveonthecampus,bothmydaughtersattendedthisuniversity,andmysonisstillhere(Q2).SoIamalocalpolicemanineveryrespect.IhavebeentheuniversityliaisonofficerforthelastfiveyearsbutIhavebeeninthepoliceforcefor15inall(Q3).Now,ontosomeadvice.ThefirstthingIwanttostressisthatthisuniversityisacomparativelysafeplacetolive.WehavehadnoseriouscrimeshereinthefiveyearsI'vebeenhere.Infact,crimeofanysortisveryrareonthecampus.Wehavegoodsecurityhereandalthoughtherearealotofstaffandstudents,thesecuritystaff,includingmyself,aremakinganefforttogettoknowyourfaces!However,asstudentsitisofcoursewiseforyoutotakeprecautionstoprotectyourselvesagainstcrimewhenyouareoffthecampus.AsIsaid,thecampusitselfisreallyverysafe,butthereisalargeparkrightbehindit,MacGowanFields(Q4),andalthoughthisisabeautifulplacetositorwalkduringtheday,atnightyoumustbecareful.Oneortwostudentshavereportedunpleasantincidentsatnightwhilewalkinginthepark,althoughitmustbesaidthatnomajorincidentshavebeenreported.Now,therearenoareasintownwhichIadvisestudentstoavoidasageneralrule,butthetowncentre(Q5)ismorehazardousthanotherareas,especiallyintheeveningsonFridayandSaturday.Onthesedaysthereisoftenfightingafterpeoplehavehadtoomuchtodrinkinthepubsandclubsinthearea.Therehavealsobeenanumberofrobberiesandmuggings(Q6).Beforethetalkcontinuesyouhavesometimetoreadquestions7to10(pausefor20seconds).Nowlistencarefullyandanswerquestions7to10.Well,thatwasmyadvicetoyou.Mostofitiscommonsensebutremembercrimealwayshappenswhenyouleastexpectit.Buttherearewaystoprotectyourself.Firstofall,theuniversityprovidesallstudentswithpersonalalarms(Q7).Ifyouareattacked,youcanusethistoputoffyourattacker.Secondly,don'ttakeanythingwithyouthatcannoteasilybereplacedlikeapassportorthingsofsentimentalvalue.Leavejewelleryandothervaluablesinyourroomwhenyougoout.Alwaysmakesureyoutakesomethingwhichwillidentifyyou(Q8),perhapsyourstudentcardoryourdrivinglicence.Thirdly,whenyouareoutlateatnight,comehomeintwos(Q9).It'smuchsaferifyou'rewithafriendthanonyourown.Andobviously,don'thaveverymuchmoneyonyou(Q10).Finally,ifyoudoknowyou'llbelatebackandcan'tusepublictransport,tellsomeoneelsewhenyouexpecttobehomeandifthere'saproblem,theycanraisethealarm.So,that'saboutallfrommeandIwishyouapleasantandsafestayhere.Thankyou.ThatistheendofSection1.Youwillhavehalfaminutetocheckyouranswers(pausefor30seconds).NowturntoSection2.____________Section2——————Youwillheartwostudents,SarahandJohndiscussingtheirchoicesofcoursestostudy.Firstyouhavesometimetolookatquestions11to15(pausefor30seconds).Nowlistencarefullytothediscussionandanswerquestions11to15.Sarah:Hi,JohnJohn:Hello,Sarah.Whatareyoudoinginhere?Haven'tallyouexamsfinished?Sarah:Well,yes,theyhave,butI'vegottomakemydecisionsfornextyear.Istillhaven'tchosenwhatcoursesI'mgoingtodo.John:That'swhyI'mhere.Whydon'twehavealookthroughthebrochuretogether?Sarah:That'sagoodidea.I'mnotsureaboutsomeofthesecoursesonmedievalhistory.John:No.Infact,I'mnotsureaboutthewholesecondyear.IwastalkingtoPeterLilytheotherday-youknow,he'sjustfinishedthesecondyear-andhewassayingthattheworkloadishigherin(Q11)thesecondyearbecauseyouhavetoreadallthesemedievaldocumentsinLatin(Q12).Imean,thefirstyear'sbeenprettyhardbutnextyearwillbeworse.Therearemoreassignmentsinthesecondyear-itgoesuptosixayearforeachcourse,doesn'tit?Sarah:YesButwe'vegottheexperienceofthefirstyeartobuildon,soitmustgeteasier.Andthereisn'tsomuchsecondarymaterialinthesecondyear.Therearen'tsomanybooksaboutthemedievalperiod.John:Don'tyoubelieveit!Ithinkthisyear'sgoingtobehardwork(Q13)!Sarah:Well,perhapsI'dbettergiveupmyjobthen.John:You'reworkingaswell?Sarah:Yeah,I'vebeenworkinginthesameplaceforoverayearnow.Onlypart-time,youknow.JustSaturdaymorningsinthemarket.Imean,itdoesn'tpaymuch,butit'sinterestinganditgivesmeabitofextracashformytextbooks(Q14).Anyway,whataboutthesecourses?Howmanydowehavetotake?IrememberProfessorboltsayingsomethingaboutfourcoursesinthesecondyear,isthatright?Ordowehavetodoacertainnumberofcredits?John:Both.Wehavetoselectfourcourses(Q15),butforsomecoursestherearetwoparts.Theycountasonecourse.It'ssixintotal,becauseeveryonehastodoEurope1100-1500andChroniclesoftheChurch.Anyway,whenyou'vechosenyourfourcourses,theyshouldaddupto80credits.Haveyougotthecoursebrochurethere?Sarah:Yes.Look...under...secondyearhistory...Thereitis.Younowhavesometimetoreadquestions16to20(pausefor20seconds).Nowlistentotherestofthediscussionandanswerquestions16to20.John:Right.Yes,look.Mostofthesecoursesare20creditseach,exceptforthetwoshortcoursesabouttheCrusades(Q16).They're10each.Now,MedievalSociety...Hmm.Whatdoyouthink?Sarah:Well,actually,Ithinkitlooksreallygood.DrSmithisOK,andyoudon'thavetobuyanybooksexceptastudypack.Thebestthingis,therearenospecialrequirements(Q17)-noLatinormedievalEnglish!John:ThenextoneisDevelopmentofTechnologywithMrMills.Ah...thisisagoodone.Peterrecommendedit.It'sallaboutthewayprintingdeveloped,andearlyscience.Infact,IthinkIcouldgetacopyofBouchier's'HistoryofScience'(Q18)fromhim.ThatmeansIwouldn'thavetobuyit.Sarah:Thatdoeslookinteresting.Andthatdoesn'thaveanyspecialrequirementseither.What'snext...?Ah,heretheyare.10creditseach,theCrusades.YouneedFrenchtodothem.IsupposealotofthedocumentsareinFrench.John:That'sstrange-look.Therearedifferentteachersforeachpart.Iexpectthat'swhyit'stwomodules.DrClaredoesthefirstpart(Q19),butit'sDrShakerandProfessorLordforthesecondone.Sarah:SothatonlyleavesPeasantsandKings,withDrReeves....Oh,look,youhavetoknowFrench(Q20)forthisone.John:Well,ImustsayIdon'tfancyanycoursethatasksyoutohaveLatin,butIthinkmyFrenchisgoodenoughtoreadoriginalsources.Sarah:Yes,minetoo.Well,whatshallwechoose?ThatistheendofSection2.Youwillhavehalfaminutetocheckyouranswers(pausefor30seconds).NowturntoSection3.____________Section3——————YouwillhearaninterviewbetweenDrMullet,auniversitylecturerandastudent,Fayed.Firstyouhavesometimetolookatquestions21to25(pausefor30seconds).Nowlistencarefullytotheinterviewandanswerquestions21to25.DrMullet:So,Fayed,youfoundmyofficequiteeasily.Fayed:Yes,thankyou.DrMullet:Thankyouforcomingsuchalongwayfortheinterview.IbelieveyouarefromtheMiddleEast.Now,Fayed,Ireallywantedtospeaktoyouduringthisinterviewabouttwothings-yourexamresultsandyourfinal-yeardissertation.Yourthesis,yourdissertation,thatwassomethingquitespecial.Yourpersonaltutoractuallysentmeacopy,andImustsaythatforathirdyearundergraduateit'saverypolishedpieceofwork.Fayed:Thankyou.DrMullet:Yes,it'sverypromising(Q21).Now,thethingis,yoututortellsmethatyouweren'tallthathappywithyourexams...Fayed:Well...Theresultsaren'toutyet,asyouknow.Thefirstfourwerefine,butinthelastthreeIlostmynerveabitanddidn'tdosowell.IknowIdidn'tdoaswellasIcould.Iwasworried(Q22)whenI'dhandedinmyexams.DrMullet:Right.Well,examsareabitofagameanyway.Wecan'talldowellontheday.Buthereexamresultsarenoteverything,asyouknow-IsetgreatstorebyotherfactorsindecidingwhetherweofferyouaplaceontheMaster'scourse(Q23).Perhapsyoucouldtellmealittleabouthowyoubecameinterestedineconomics.Fayed:Yes,ofcourse.Well,I'vealwaysbeeninterestedinsocialandeconomichistory,sofromaveryyoungageIreadabouttheboomsandcrashesofthe19thand20thcenturies.Ioriginallyappliedtostudyhistoryatuniversity(Q24),butwhenIgotthereIrealisedIhadthechancetostudyeconomicsatahighlevel,soIchanged.MymotherusedtobeaneconomistattheWorldBank,soIhadhertohelpmeandguideme.Althoughshedidn'thelpmewritemyfinal-yearpaper!DrMullet:No,quite.Now,you'reapplyingfortheMaster'scourseintheEconomicsoftheDevelopingWorld(Q25),taughtbymyselfandDrBranigan.Whythisparticularcourse?Fayed:Well,I'vereadsomeofyourworkon-thedevelopmentofruralbanksandIthoughtthiswasagoodplacetobe.Imean,thisismyfirstchoice.Nowyouhavesometimetoreadquestions26to30(pausefor20seconds).Nowlistentotherestoftheinterviewandanswerquestions26to30.DrMullet:Andyou'renotworriedaboutfeelinghomesick?Youarestillyoung,andAustraliaisaverylongwayfromyourhome(Q26).Imean,yourEnglishisfine,therearenoproblemswithlanguageorattitude,butthedistancefromyourfamilymaymakeithardforyouatfirst.Fayed:I'vethoughtaboutthat.Butit'saproblemwhereverIgo.IfIdon'tgetinhere,I'llprobablytakeaplaceatauniversityinEngland(Q27).That'sjustasfarfromhome!DrMullet:Isee,Isee.Andwhatareyourlong-termambitions,Fayed?WhatdoyouwanttodoultimatelywithyourQualificationsandyourlife?Fayed:Iwanttoworkinmycountry(Q28).Youknowtherearesomeproblemsthere,andIwanttotrytorightsomeofthemintheeconomicinfrastructure.DrMullet:Isee.Andthisisyourlastinterview,Ibelieve.Thatgivesyoufourweeksbeforethenexttermstarts.Whatwillyoudoduringyourholidays?Fayed:Oh,I'mgoingtorelax.IwasgoingtoworkonmyEnglish,butinfactI'vegotacoupleoffriendsinHamburg,soIthinkI'llgoandstaywiththem(Q29)insteadasI'veneverbeentoGermany.DrMullet:Isee.Well,Fayed,asyouknowIcan'tgiveyouadecisionrightaway.However,Icantellyouthatyou'vemadequiteanimpressionwithyourapplication,andIthinkyoushouldnotworrytoomuchabouttheplace.Mydecisionwillbemadetomorrow(Q30)afterI'veseenthelastcandidate,andI'llletyouknowwithinthenexttwoweeks.Fayed:Thankyouverymuch.DrMullet:Well,thankyouforattendingtheinterview.ThatistheendifSection3.Younowhavehalfaminutetocheckyouranswers(pausefor30seconds).NowturntoSection4.____________Section4——————Youwillhearalecturergiveatalkonnutrition.Firstyouhavesometimetolookatquestions31to40(pausefor40seconds).Nowlistencarefullytothetalkandanswerquestions31to40.Now,thetopicoftoday'stalkisnutrition-specifically,vitaminsandminerals.I'llbedealingfirstwithsomeofthemostcommonmisconceptionsaboutthem.ThenI'mgoingtotalkaboutwhatvitaminsthereare,wheretheycomefrom,andthequantitiesweneed.We'llhavesometimeattheendofthetalkforanyquestionsyoumayhave.OKWell,vitaminsareknowntothegeneralpublic-infact,thepublicknowsmoreaboutthemthanitdoesaboutcertainotherkeyaspectsofnutrition(Q31).Onereasonforthisisthatvitaminshavebeeninthepubliceyeforquiteawhile-atleastsincethemiddleofthe20thcentury,whentheirimportancefirstbecamewidelyrecognised.Thisawarenessdoesmeanthatthepublicknowshowimportantvitaminsare-evenifitdoesn'tmeanthatwealleatahealthydietallthetime(Q32).However,aproblemdoesarisethatisassociatedwiththis,whichisthenumberofoldwives'talesaboutvitamins.Usuallythesefallaciesarenotdangerous,buttheydoleadtoanunnecessarilyhighintakeofvitaminsupplements.Forexample,itiswidelyheldthathighdosesofvitaminCwillcurecoldsandflu(Q33).I'dliketohitthisoneonthehead-thereisnoevidencethatanyvitamincancureanything!No,I'mafraidyou'lljusthavetolettimesortoutyourcold.Andofcourse,thebodycan'tstorevitaminC,sothosetabletsyoutakearejustanexpensivewasteoftime.AnothercommonbeliefwithnoevidenceistheideathatvitaminAhelpsyouseeinthedark(Q34).Actually,thereissometruthinthisone,becausevitaminAisnecessaryforgoodvision.Butinthedark,inrealdarkness,nobodycansee.Andofcourse,takingtoomuchvitaminAcanactuallybebadforyou.Butperhapsthemostmisleadingidea,heavilypromotedbycertaincompanies,isthatvitaminswillmakeyouintelligent(Q35).Now,whileahealthydietisessentialifyouaretomakethemostofyourintelligence,thereisnoevidencewhatsoeverthatvitaminsupplementscanmaketheslightestbitofdifference(pausefor3seconds).Sowhatcanvitaminsdo?Or,perhapsmoreaccurately,whydoweneedthem?Well,theansweristhatweneedthemforallsortsofreasons.VitaminA,forexample,alsocalledretinol,isessentialforgoodeyesight,especiallyatnight,andtohelpusfightoff(Q36)infectionandillness.Wegetitfromliver,butter,eggyolksandmilk.VitaminD,asiswellknown,isusedtobuildstrongteeth(Q37)andbones,butitalsohelpsusabsorbcalcium.VitaminDismainlyformedintheskinthroughtheactionofsunlight.Howmuchyouneeddependsondifferentfactorssuchasageandhealth.VitaminE,tocopherol,islesswell-known,butisnecessaryinmaintainingahealthybalanceoffatsinthebody.Weneed10-12mg(Q38)everyday,andalthoughsomepeopletakesupplements,youcannormallygetwhatyouneedfromabalanceddiet.TheBcomplexincludesvitaminsB1,thiamine,B2,riboflavine,B6,pyridoxineandB12,cyanocobalamin.Itperformsmanyfunctions,includingallowingourbodiestometabolisecarbohydrates,forminghealthytissue,andperhapsmostimportantly,formingredbloodcells(Q39)topreventperniciousanaemia.WeneedvaryingamountsoftheBcomplex,andwhilemostofuscangetenoughfromawell-balanceddiet,vegetariansmayfindthemselvesdeficientinB12,whichisonlyfoundinanynoticeablequantityinmeat,especiallyliver.Finally,vitaminCistheoneeveryoneknows.Ascorbicacid,asit'salsoknown,helpsfightinfection,whichperhapsaccountsforthemythaboutpreventingcolds.Italsohelpsprotectagainstscurvy.Weneed30mgaday,andcanonlyreallygetthisamountfromeatingplentyofcitrusfruit(Q40)andfreshvegetables.Now,inamomentI'llbemovingontotalkabouthowwecanplanadietwhichwillsupplyallourvitaminneeds.Butbeforethat,I'dliketolookatsomeoftherecentadvancesinourknowledgeofthewaysvitamindeficienciescanaffectus...(fade)ThatistheendofSection4.You