高级英语课件 Love is a Fallacy

LoveIsaFallacyMaxShulmanUnit4TeachingPlanTeachingObjectives Tohaveabasicknowledgeofthetermsinlogic Tounderstandwhatloveisinanaffluentsociety Toappreciatethehumorousandsatiricalwritingstyle ToappreciatethelanguageTeachingFocus Therulesoflogic:tounderstandalltheeightfallaciesreferredinthetext. Theparticularwritingstyleoftheauthor.Thelight,humorous,yetimpressingwayofdepictingthings.Subjective,personal,sensible.TeachingFocus Theself-boastingtoneof“I”.Differentadjectivesappliedtodescribe“I”andmy“rival”PeteyBurch. Thepositive,neutralandnegativesensesofthesimilaradjectives.TeachingMethods Teacher-orientedteachingmethod Student-orientedteachingmethod TheelicitedmethodTeachingProcedureⅠ.IntroductoryRemarksⅡ.BackgroundInformationⅢ.LearningFocusⅣ.KeywordsandExpressionsⅤ.ExplanationoftheTextⅥ.DivisionoftheTextⅦ.TheWritingStyleⅧ.ThePersonalityofDobieⅨ.ExercisesIntroductoryRemarksⅠ.IntroductoryRemarks Aboutthetitle “Thereisdeceptiveordelusivequalityaboutlove”. “Lovecannotbededucedfromasetofgivenpremises”. Abouttheauthor MaxSchulman anAmerican’sbest-knownhumorists aproductivewriterofmanytalents Hisworks BarefootboywithCheek TheFeathermerchant RallyRoundtheFlag,Boys TheManyLovesofDobieGillis Aboutthetext ThetextisexcerptedfromTheManylovesofDobbieGillisbyMaxShulman.Itisapieceofnarrativewriting. Thenarratorofthestory,DobieGillis,aself-conceitedfreshmaninaschoolstrugglesagainstPeteyBurch,hisstupidroommatewhosegirlfriendheplanstostealandPollyEspy,thebeautifuldumbgirlheintendstomarryaftersuitablereeducation.DetailedStudyoftheTextⅡ.BackgroundInformation ExplanationofthelogicalFallacies Alogicalargumentgivesevidencetosupportsomeconclusion. twonecessaryparts: aconclusionthethesisarguesfor certainpremisesorfactsonwhichtobasetheconclusion Theconclusionistobeinferredfromthepremises. Anargumentisdeductivelyvalidwhenitspremisesprovideconclusiveevidencefortheconclusion.Anargumentthatfailstobeconclusivelydeducedisinvalidandfallacious. Anargumentmaybefallaciousinthreeways: fallaciousinitsmaterialcontentbecauseoftheuseofamisstatementofthefacts; fallaciousinitswordingbecauseofanincorrectuseofterm; fallaciousinitsformbecauseoftheuseofanimproperprocessofinference. Fallaciesaredividedintothreegroups: a)material---fallaciesofpresumption b)verbal---fallaciesofambiguity c)formal---astructuralpatternofgenericallyincorrectreasoning Thefallaciesmentionedinthetextarematerialfallacies:1.DictoSimpliciter绝对判断（FallacyofAccident）Anargumentbasedonanunqualifiedgeneralization.Theargumentappliesageneralruletoaparticularcaseinwhichsomespecialcircumstancesmakestheruleinapplicable.2.HastyGeneralization（仓促推断）Theconversefallacyofaccidentariseswhenaspecialcaseisimproperlyappliedasageneralrule.Forinstance,acertainfoodisdelicioustosomepeople,butthefactdoesnotimplythatitisdelicioustoallpeople.3.TheFallacyofIrrelevantConclusionItoccurswhentheconclusionchangesthepointthatisunderconsiderationinthepremises.Specialcasesofirrelevantconclusionareproducedbytheso-calledfallaciesofirrelevance,whichinclude:1)PostHocergopropterhoc牵强附会/假性因果ThefallacyofFalseCauseThefallacymislocatesthecauseofonephenomenoninanotherthatisonlyseeminglyrelated.2)ContradictoryPremises循环论证BeggingtheQuestionItcomesintobeingwhenthepremisesopenlyorcovertlypresumetheveryconclusiontobedemonstrated.3）AdMisericordiam文不对 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 （appealtopity)Inalawcourt,atriallawyerdoesn’targueforhisclient’sinnocence,buthetriestomovethejurytosympathyforhim,justasapplicantforajobdoesn’tanswerthequestionraisedbytheboss.Insteadhetriestoappealtothebosssympathybysayingsomethingaboutthepoorsituationofhisfamily.4)FalseAnalogy“Itdoenotfollow”ariseswhenthereisnotevenadeceptivelyplausibleappearanceofvalidreasoning,becausethegivenpremiseshavevirtuallynothingtodowiththeconclusiondrawnfromthem.5）HypothesisContrarytoFactThefallacyofmanyquestionsconsistsinaskingfororgivingasingleanswertoaquestionwhenthisanswercouldeitherbeseparateorrefusedcompletely.6)PoisoningtheWell（井中投毒）Speaking“againsttheman”ratherthantoissue,orthefallacyofPoisoningtheWellinthetextwherethepremisesmayonlymakeapersonalattackonapersonholdingsomethesisratherthanoffergroundsshowingwhywhathesaysisfalse.Ⅲ.LearningFocus StructureoftheNarration 1.Theprotagonist: DobieGillis---aselfconceitedfreshman 2.Theantagonist: PeteyBurch---hisstupidroommate PollyEspy---thebeautifuldumbgirl 3.Thetime:duringtheperiodofbeingstudents 4.Theplace:onthecampusoftheuniversityofMinnesota 5.Themaintheme:loveisaFallacy 6.Theplot:FocusonaRaccoonCoatⅣ.KeywordsandExpressions1.unfetter:tofreefromfetters;tofreefromrestraintofanykind;liberate---freeandunfetteredtrade2.mumble:tospeakorsayindistinctlyandinalowvoice,mutter---Iwishyouwouldn’tmumble.---Ican’thearyouclearly.3.shed:castofforlosehair---Alltheleaveshaveshed.4.covet:wantardently;longforwithenvy---It’sasintocovet.5.veer:changedirection;shift;turnorswingaround---Thewindveeredroundtothewest.6.swivel:turnon---Heswiveledthecameraonthetripodtofollowtheriders.7.wax:togrowgraduallylarger;increaseinstrength,intensity,volume---Themoonwaxes.8.wince:toshrinkordrawbackslightly,usuallywithagrimace,asinpain,embarrassment,etc.---Hewincedattheinsult.9.chirp:speakinlivelyway10.blubber:weeploudly,likeachild11.fashion:shape;mold---Hefashionedtheclayintoajar.12.croak:tospeakinalow,roughvoiceasifyouhaveasorethroat---Thecrowcroakeddisaster.13.reel:togivewayorfallback;sway,waverorstaggerasfrombeingstruck---Hereeledfromthesharpblow.14.bellow:cryoutloudly,asinangerorpain15.enterprising:fullofenergyandinitiative;willingtoundertakenewprojects16.flaccid:hanginginloosefoldsorwrinkles;softandlimp17.pedantic:oforlikeapedant18.calculating:shrewdorcunning,esp.inaselfishway19.astute:havingorshowingacleverorshrewdmind;cunning;crafty20.unsightly:notslightly,notpleasanttolookat;ugly21.cerebral:appealingtotheintellectratherthantheemotions,intellectual22.pin-up:designatingagirlwhosesexualattractivenessmakesherasubjectforthekindofpicturesoftenpinneduponwalls23.greasy:smearedwithorcontaininggrease24.canny:carefulandshrewdinone’sactionanddealing;cleverandcautious25.glum:feelingorlookinggloomy26.fraught:filled,chargedorloaded27.yummy:verytasty;delicious28.grueling:extremelytiring;exhausting29.well-heeled:rich,prosperous---awell-heeleddandyⅤ.ExplanationoftheText1.CharlesLambCharlesLamb,anEnglishessayistandpoet,wasborninLondonin1775anddiedin1834.Hiswritingwasfullofgentlehumor.Hisdramaticessay“SpecimensofEnglishDramaticPoets”establishedhisreputationasacritic.2.ThomasCarlyle aBritishhistorianandessayist TheRevolution,Chartism:characterizedbyhistrenchantsocialandpoliticalcriticismandhiscomplexliterarystyle Carlyese:acompoundofbiblical,colloquialisms,andhisowncoinages,arrangedinunexpectedsequences.3.Ruskin---anEnglishwriter,artcriticandsocialtheorist---agreatpaintingtobeonethatconveysgreatideastotheviewer---thevirtualdictatorofartisticopinioninEnglandduringthemid-19thcenturyHisworksinclude:---ModernPainters(1843-1860),---ThesevenLampsofarchitecture(1849)---SesameandLilies(1856)---TheCrownofWildOlive(1866),---TimeandTide(1867).4.nothingupstairs:(AmE.slang)empty-headed,anitwit(BrE.slang)unfurnishedintheupperstorey5.surrenderoneselftosth.:tostoptryingtopreventyourselffromhavingafeeling,habit,etc.---Shesurrenderedherselftosleep.---Hefinallysurrenderedhimselftohiscravingfordrug.6.intheswim(ofthings):(informal)involvedinthingsthatarehappeninginsocietyorinaparticularsituation7.tear:makesb.feelveryunhappyorworried---Hisdistresstoremeapart.8.haveatonesfiguretips:tobecompletelyfamiliarwith9.batone’seyes/eyelashes:openandcloseone’seyesquickly,inawaythatissupposedtobeattractivenotbataneyelid:(BE)/notbataneye(AE):10.knocksb.out:tosurpriseandimpresssb.verymuch---Themoviejustknockedmeout.11.exasperate:toannoyorirritatesb.verymuch---Hermoodsexasperatedhim.Exasperation:n.Heshookhisheadinexasperation.12.knitone’sbrow(s):tomove/drawone’seyebrowstogether,toshowthatyouarethinkinghard,feelingangry13.hammeraway(at):keepemphasizingortalkingabout14.patronize:---Sometelevisionprogramstendtopatronizechildren.15.havebythethroat:attackbyseizingandsqueezingone’sthroat16.rat:mouse,ratpoison(informal)anunpleasantperson,esp.onewhoisnotloyalortricksb.Ⅵ.DivisionoftheTextPartIParas1-3Itservesasabriefintroductionto,andacomment,onthestory.PartIIParas4-59Ithumorouslydepictshowthepromiseofexchangingagirlfriendforaraccooncoatismadeandfulfilled.PartIIIParas60-125ItvividlydescribestheincrediblytoughprojectofmakingdumbPollysmart,andtheseemingsuccess.PartIVParas126-154ItironicallyrepresentstheseeminglyPygmalioneffect,whichturnsouttobeaFrankensteintragedyandformstheclimaxofthestory.SummaryⅦ.TheWritingStyle apieceofnarrationoflight,humoroussatire Itstheme: “LoveisaFallacy” “love”isanerror adeceptionandemotionthatdoesnotfollowtheprinciplesoflogicsummary Thepurposeofthestory todemonstratethatlogicisaliving,breathingthings,fullofbeauty,passionandtrauma,farfrombeingadry,pedanticsubject. Thelogicallinkofpassageideas “logic---alivingthing” “exchangeofaraccooncoatforaprettybutfoolishgirl” “teachinghertobelogicalandclever” “aPygmalionbecomesaFrankenstein” Affluencehasreplacedlove,thusthereisnoquestionoftakingbrilliance,talent,oreducationintoconsiderationwhenchoosingaboyfriendandahusband.IthasreducedthesearchtoamatterofseekingwealthandkeepingupwiththeJoneses.Indeed,thiskindofloveisafallacy. Theclimax:paras.147-150 PollyrefusestogosteadywithDobiebecauseshealreadypromisedtogosteadywithPeteyBurch. Theend: inaveryironicnote Dobieignoresthefactthatloveisthesincereattachmentwhicharisesnaturallyfrombothhearts,andhefailstowinPollybecausehehasbeentoocleverforhisgood. TheFeaturesofWritingStyle Americancolloquialismandslang alargelexicalspectrum theultralearnedterms theinfraclippedvulgarforms figurativelanguage inversionforspecialemphasis manyfiguresofspeech simile metaphor hyperbole metonymy antithesis shortsentence ellipticalsentences dashes topic-centeredparagraphⅧ.ThePersonalityofDobie asmug,self-conceitedfreshman,smuglyboastingandsingingpraisesofhimself,heapingonhimselfallthebeautifulwordsofpraise: cool,logical,keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astute,powerful,preciseandpenetrating. takingeveryopportunitytodowngradePeteyBurch&PollyEspy: Petey:dumb,nothingupstairs,unable,impressionableandfaddist Polly:sheis“abeautifuldumbgirl”,whowouldsmartenupunderhisguidance givingPollyacourseinlogic Dobiehasgotwhathedeserved Hehasbeentoocleverforhisowngood,soheendsupinlyingonthebedthathemakeshimself.ExercisesⅨ.Exercises OralPresentation Makeafive-minutepresentationinclassbasedonyourresearch. SuggestedTopics: 1.MaxShulman 2.CharlesLamb Discriminatebetweenthesesynonyms. 1.keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astute 2.intelligent,bright,brilliant,clever,smart 1.keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astute Thesewordsrefertounusualmentalagilityorperceptiveness. Keensuggestsboththeseattributes,addingtothemavigorousandforcefulabilitytograpplewithcomplexorobscureproblems. akeenmindforfinedistinctions Sometimesbyanalogywithgoodvision,thewordmaysuggestanabilitytoobservedetailsandseethemaspartofalargerpattern. akeenunderstandingoftheproblemsfacingtheconservationmovement Acutesuggestsafinelyhonedsensitivityorreceptivitytonuancesthatmightescapeothers;itmightalsoimplyahigh-keyedstateofnervousattentionthatisnotsustainableforlong. anacuteawarenessoftheslightestambiguityineachstatementmadebyhisopponent anacutealertness,heightenedbythestrangesilenceintheenemytrenches Astutesuggestsathoroughandprofoundunderstanding,stemmingfromascholarlyorexperiencedmindthatisinfullcommandofagivenfield. anastuteassessmentofthestrengthsandweaknessoftheplansforreorganizingthedepartment anastuteevaluationofthegapsinourknowledgeofhowlifeevolved Perspicaciousisthemostformalofthesewords;itstressesintensityofperception,withoutbeingveryrichinotherconnotations. aperspicaciousremarkthatilluminatedthewholeproblemforallofthem Calculatingmeansshrewdorcunning,especiallyinaselfishway 2.intelligent,bright,brilliant,clever,smart Intelligentimpliestheabilitytolearnorunderstandingfromexperienceortorespondsuccessfullytoanewexperience. Cleverimpliesquicknessinlearningorunderstanding,butsometimesconnotesalackofthoroughnessordepth. Alertemphasizesquicknessinsizingupasituation. Brightandsmartaresomewhatinformal,lesspreciseequivalentsforanyofthepreceding. Brilliantimpliesanunusuallyhighdegreeofintelligence. READ,THINKANDCOMMENT Readthefollowingpassageandrespondtothesequestions:Whatisthemainideaofeachparagraph?Whatmethodsareusedtodeveloptheseparagraphs? ThemainideaofParagraph1isthatwitandhumoraresimilarforbothareassociatedwiththelaughable.However,thedistinctionbetweenthemishardtodraw.ThemainideaofParagraph3isaboutthedifferencesbetweenwitandhumor. Themethodsofdefinition,comparisonandcontrastareusedindevelopingtheseparagraphs.