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电气专业英语课文翻译

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电气专业英语课文翻译Anelectriccircuit(ornetwork)isaninterconnectionofphysicalelectricaldevice.Thepurposeofelectriccircuitsistodistributeandconvertenergyintosomeotherforms.Accordingly,thebasiccircuitcomponentsareanenergysource(orsources),anenergyconverter(orconverters)andconductor...

电气专业英语课文翻译
Anelectriccircuit(ornetwork)isaninterconnectionofphysicalelectricaldevice.Thepurposeofelectriccircuitsistodistributeandconvertenergyintosomeotherforms.Accordingly,thebasiccircuitcomponentsareanenergysource(orsources),anenergyconverter(orconverters)andconductorsconnectingthem.电路(或者网络)是物理电气设备的一种互相连接。电路的目的是为了将能量分配和转换到另外一种形式中。因此,基本的电路元件包括电源、电能转换器以及连接它们的导体。Anenergysource(aprimaryorsecondarycell,ageneratorandthelike)convertschemical,mechanical,thermalorsomeotherformsofenergyintoelectricenergy.Anenergyconverter,alsocalledload(suchasalamp,heatingapplianceorelectricmotor),convertselectricenergyintolight,heat,mechanicalworkandsoon.电源(原生电池或者再生电池、发电机等类似装备)将化学能量、机械能量,热能或者其他形式的能量转换成电能。电能转换器(也称为负载,如灯泡、电热器或者电动机)将电能转换成光、热、机械运动等等。Eventsinacircuitcanbedefinedintermsofe.m.f.(orvoltage)andcurrent.Whenelectricenergyisgenerated,transmittedandconvertedunderconditionssuchthatthecurrentsandvoltagesinvolvedremainconstantwithtime,oneusuallyspeaksofdirect-current(D.C.)circuits.电路属性可以根据电动势和电流来定义。当电能在产生、传输和变换时,若电路中相关的电流和电压不随时间而变化,我们便称其为直流电路Withtime-invariantcurrentsandvoltages,themagneticandelectricfieldsoftheassociatedelectricplantarealsotime-invariant.Thisisthereasonwhynoe.m.f.sofself-(ormutual-)inductionappearinD.C.circuits,norarethereanydisplacementcurrentsinthedielectricsurroundingtheconductors.在电流和电压时不变的情况下,相关电气设备的电磁场也是时不变的。这就是为什么直流电路中没有自(互)感电动势、以及围绕在导体附近的电介质没有位移电流。Fig.1.1showsinsimplifiedformahypotheticalcircuitwithastoragebatteryasthesourceandalampastheload.Theterminalsofthesourceandloadareinterconnectedbyconductors(generallybutnotalwayswires).图1.1给出了一个假设电路的简单形式:一个蓄电池作为电源、以及一个灯泡作为负载。电源和负载的终端用导体互相连接,通常这种导体是导线,但少数情况下也有例外。Asisseen,thesource,loadandconductorsformaclosedconductingpath.Thee.m.f.ofthesourcecausesacontinuousandunidirectionalcurrenttocirculateroundthisclosedpath.如图所示,电源、负载和导体构成了一个闭合导电回路。电源的电动势产生一个连续的单方向电流在闭合回路中流通。Thesimplecircuitmadeupofasource,aloadandtwowiresisseldom,ifever,metwithinpractice.Practicalcircuitsmaycontainalargenumberofsourcesandloadsinterconnectedinavarietyofways.这种由一个电源、一个负载和两根导线组成的简单电路在实践中即使有时能遇到,也是很少见的。实际的电路包括很多用不同方法连接起来的电源和负载。Tosimplifyanalysisofactualcircuits,itisusualtoshowthemsymbolicallyinadiagramcalledacircuitdiagram,whichisinfactafictitiousor,rather,idealizedmodelofanactualcircuitofnetwork.Suchadiagramconsistsofinterconnectedsymbolscalledcircuitelementsorcircuitparameters.为了简化分析,通常用电路图来象征性地表示实际的电路。实际上,电路图是实际电路的一个假设模型,或相当于一个理想模型。这样的电路图包括电路元件或者电路参数等互联符号。TwoelementsarenecessarytorepresentprocessesinaD.C.circuit.Theseareasourceofe.m.f.Eandofinternal(or“source”)resistanceRS,andtheloadresistance(whichincludestheresistanceoftheconductors)R(Fig.1.2).在直流电路中,有两个元件是有必要描绘出来处理的。这就是电源的电动势E、内阻RS,以及负载电阻R(其中包含了导体电阻)。Whateveritsorigin(thermal,contact,etc.),thesourcee.m.f.E(Fig.1.2(a))isnumericallyequaltothepotentialdifferencebetweenterminals1and2withtheexternalcircuitopen,thatis,whenthereisnocurrentflowingthroughthesource.无论图1.2(a)中的电动势E的原动力是什么(即不论是热的、机械的还是其它什么形式),其大小就等于1、2两端之间的开路电压,也就是电源没有电流通过的情况。Thesourcee.m.f.isdirectedfromtheterminalatalowerpotentialtothatatahigherone.Ondiagram,thisisshownbyarrows.电动势从较低电压端指向较高电压端,这在图表中用箭头表示。Whenaloadisconnectedtothesourceterminals(thecircuitisthensaidtobeloaded)andthecircuitisclosed,acurrentbeginstoflowroundit.Nowthevoltagebetweensourceterminals1and2(calledtheterminalvoltage)isnotequaltoitse.m.f.becauseofthevoltagedropVSinsidethesource,thatacrossthesourceresistanceRS.当一个负载加在电源两端(也就是说电路被加上负载),同时电路闭合,就有电流开始流通。这时在电源1、2两端之间的电压(称为端电压)不等同于电源的电动势,因为这时电源内阻RS两端将产生电压降VS。Fig.1.3showsatypicalso-calledexternalcharacteristicofaloadedsource(henceanothernameistheloadcharacteristicofasource).Asisseen,increaseofcurrentfromzerotoI~I1causestheterminalvoltageofthesourcetodecreaselinearly图1.3表示带负载电源的一个典型的外特性(由于电源带负载,所以也称为电源的负载特性)。如图所示,当电流从0增加到I1时,引起电源端电压的线性减小。Inotherwords,thevoltagedropVSacrossthesourceresistancerisesinproportiontothecurrent.Thisgoesonuntilacertainlimitisreached.Thenasthecurrentkeepsrising,theproportionalitybetweenitsvalueandthevoltagedropacrossthesourceisupset,andtheexternalcharacteristicceasestobelinear.换句话说,横跨电源内阻的电压降与电流成比例的增长,这种增长趋势一直持续到一个特定的限值。然后当电流继续增加时,电流值与横过电源的电压降之间的比例关系被扰乱,使得外特性终止线性关系。Thisdecreaseinvoltagemaybecausedbyareductioninthesourcevoltage,byanincreaseintheinternalresistance,orboth.ThepowerdeliveredbyasourceisgivenbytheequalityPS=EI,wherePSisthepowerofthesource.电源1、2两端电压的减小可能是由于电源电压的减小或电源内阻的增加引起的,也可能是两种情况共同引起的。电源提供的功率由等式PS=EI表示,其中PS是电源的功率。Itseemsrelevantatthispointtodispelacommonmisconceptionaboutpower.Thusonemayhearthatpowerisgenerated,delivered,consumed,transmitted,lost,etc.Inpointoffact,however,itisenergythatcanbegenerated,delivered,consumed,transmittedorlost.这个公式恰当地消除了对功率的一个普遍的误解。例如有人可能听过功率被产生、释放、消耗、传输、损耗等等。然而,实际上是能量才能够被产生、释放、消耗、传输或损耗。Powerisjusttherateofenergyinputorconversion,thatis,thequantityofenergygenerated,delivered,transmittedetcperunittime.So,itwouldbemorecorrecttousethetermenergyinsteadofpowerintheabovecontext.Yet,wewouldratherfallinwiththetradition.功率只是能量输入或者转换的比率,也就是说,单位时间内产生能量、释放能量、传输能量的数量。因此,在上文中用能量这个术语代替功率会更准确些。但是,我们一般采用传统的说法。TheloadresistanceR(Fig.1.2(b)),asageneralizedcircuitelement,givesanideaabouttheconsumptionofenergy,thatis,theconversionofelectricenergyintoheat,andisdefinedasP=I2R.Inthegeneralcase,theloadresistancedependssolelyonthecurrentthroughtheload,whichinfactissymbolizedbythefunctionR(I).负载电阻R作为一个普遍的电路元件,给出了能量消耗的概念,也就是电能转化成热能,定义为P=I2R。一般情况下,负载电阻只由流过负载的电流决定,用方程R(I)表示。ByOhm‘slaw,thevoltageacrossaresistanceisV=RI.Incircuitanalysis,useisoftenmadeofthereciprocaloftheresistance,termedtheconductance,whichisdefinedasg=1/R.从欧姆定律可知,电阻两端的电压表示为V=RI。在电路分析中,经常使用电阻的倒数,称为电导,定义为g=1/R.Inpracticalproblems,oneoftenspecifiesthevoltageacrossaresistanceasafunctionofcurrentV(I),ortheinverserelationI(V)havecometobeknownasvolt-amperecharacteristics.在实际问题中,通常规定横跨电阻的电压为关于电流的方程V(I),或者是反比关系I(V),这就是众所周知的伏安特性。Fig.1.4showsvolt-amperecurvesforametal-filamentlampV1(I),andforacarbon-filamentlampV2(I).Asisseen,therelationbetweenthevoltageandthecurrentineachlampisotherthanlinear(nonlinear).Theresistanceofthemetal-filamentlampincreases(withincreaseofcurrent),andthatofthecarbon-filamentlampdecreaseswithincreaseofcurrent.图1.4给出了金属丝灯泡和碳丝灯泡的伏安曲线。如图所示,每个灯泡的电压和电流关系并不是线性的,当电流升高时,金属丝灯泡的电阻增大,碳丝灯泡的内阻减小。Electriccircuitscontainingcomponentswithnon-linearcharacteristicarecallednon-linear.Ifthee.m.fandinternalresistancesofsourcesandassociatedloadresistancesareassumedtobeindependentofthecurrentandvoltage,respectively,theexternalcharacteristicV(I)ofthesourcesandthevolt-amperecharacteristicV1(I)oftheloadswillbelinear(Fig.1.5).包含非线性特性元件的电路称为非线性电路。如果假定电源的电动势和内阻以及相连的负载电阻分别与电流和电压无关,那么电源的外特性V(I)和负载的伏安特性V1(I)将是线性的(如图1.5所示)。Electriccircuitscontainingonlyelementswithlinearcharacteristicarecalledlinear.Mostpracticalcircuitsmaybeclassedaslinear.Therefore,astudyintothepropertiesandanalysisoflinearcircuitsisofboththeoreticalandappliedinterest.只包含具有线性特性的元件的电路称为线性电路。很多应用电路都归类为线性电路,因此,对线性电路的特性和分析的学习具有理论和实际应用的双重意义。Anoperationalamplifiermaybetreatedasasingleelectroniccomponentwithinputandoutputterminals,ratherastransistoris.Theamplifieritselfconsistsofanumberoftransistorstagessuchasthosedescribedinotherlesson,fabricatedandinterconnectedonasinglesubstrate,andtheuserhasaccesstoalimitednumberofterminalpoints.Thus,ofmostinterestfromtheapplicationspointofviewaretheterminalcharacteristics.运算放大器可以看做一个具有输入端口和输出端口的单个电子元件,就像晶体管那样。放大其本身由多级晶体管组成,这样的多极晶体管在前述课程中已经介绍,他们制作和连接在一块基板上,有几个引出端可供客户使用。从使用的角度看,人们感兴趣的是端口特性。Thenameoperationalamplifiercameaboutfromtheusetowhichearlyversionsoftheamplifierswereput,whichwastoprovideelectronicanalogsofmathematicaloperationssuchasaddition,Subtraction,Multiplication,Integrationetc.Present-dayusageisverymuchwiderscopebutthepopularname“op-amp”persists.运算放大器这个名字起源于早期放大器的用途,他被用来进行一些电子模拟数学运算,例如,加减乘积分等,如今它的使用范围已大大扩展,但运算放大器这个通用名字却流传下来。Theoperationalvoltageamplifierisrepresentedschematicallybythetriangularsymbol.A0isthevoltagegainfromdifferentialinputtosingle-endedoutputandisalwaysapositivenumber.Phasereversalsaretakenintoaccountattheinputterminals,whichisthereasonwhythesearelabeled+and-.Thevoltageateachterminal,includingtheoutput,maybereferredtocommonreference,usuallyground,andunlessotherwisestated,thiscommonreferencewillbeassumed.Thus,lettingV(+)representthevoltageofthepositiveinputterminal,wemaydefinethedifferentialinputvoltageasVid=V(+)-V(-),andtheoutputvoltageisV0=A0Vid.If,however,thedifferentialinputvoltageisdefinedasVid=V(-)-V(+),theoutputvoltageisV0=-A0Vid.电压运算放大器可用三角形符号来表示。A0表示从差动输入端到单一输出端的电压增益,并恒为正值,考虑到在输入端可能会有反向输入的情况,所以要标上+号与-号。每个端口包括输出端口的电压,都可以选一个共同的参考点,通常选大地。除非另有说明,否则所假定的参考点就是地。这样用V+代表正相输入端对参考点的电压,而V—则代表负相输入点对参考点的电压,我们可以将差动电压定义为Vid=V(+)+V(-),输出电压V0=A0Vid。然而,如果差动输入电压定为Vid=V(-)-V(+);则输出电压V0=-A0Vid。Becausenophasereversaltakesplaceinthecircuit,thepositiveinputterminalistermedthenoninvertingterminal,andbecauseaphasereversaldosetakeplaceinthecircuit,thenegativeinputterminalistermedtheinvertingterminal.Theseterminalswillalwaysbespecifiedinthemanufacturer’sdatasheetforanamplifier.Oneorotheroftheinputterminalsmaybeconnectedtothecommonline,andthephaserelationshipsstillholdasshown.Notethattheinvertingterminalconventiondoesnotmeanthatthepositiveinputmustbeconnectedtothenoninvertingandthenegativeinputtotheinverting;theamplifiermaybeusedeitherwayup,sotospeak.因为当信号从正输入端输入时电路不发生反相,所以称之为同相端,而从负输入端输入时,电路发生反相,因此称之为反相端。这些端口在放大器的铭牌上已注明。输入端口的一端或其他的端都可连到参考点,可以看出其他相位关系仍保持不变。注意,称反相端和同相端的惯例,并不意味着正信号输入一定要与同相端相连,而负信号输入一定要与反相端相连,可以说放大器可以采取其中任何一种使用方式。Thebasicequivalentcircuitfortheoperationalvoltageamplifierisshowninfig.Riisthedifferentialinputresistance,andwillalwaysbehigh,usuallyinthemegohmrange.HighinputresistancemaybeachievedthroughtheuseofDarlingtonconnectedpairsintheinputstage,orbyusinganFETdifferentialinputpair,asdescribedinotherlesson.R0istheoutputresistance,andalwaysbelow,usuallylessthen100,fortheoperationalvoltageamplifier.A0isthevoltagegainasdefinedintheprevioussection,andthiswillalwaysbelarge,oftheorderof10^6:1.Formanyapplications,theamplifiermayberepresentedbyanvoltageamplifier,forwhich……电压放大器的基本等值电路如图所示。Ri为差动输入电阻,切总是很大,经常在兆欧级范围内。高输入电阻可以通过在输入端使用达林顿连接对来实现,或如前所述,通过使用一个FET差动输入对来实现。R0为输出电阻,并且总是很小。对电压运算放大器来说,通常不到100欧。A0为前几节所定义的电压放大倍数,他总是很大。大约属于10^6:1的数量级。在许多实际应用中,放大器可用一理想放大器来代表,这时:Theconceptofinfinitevoltagegain,or,forthatmatter,averyhighbutfinitevoltagegain,requiressomeexplanation,.Avoltagegainof10^6:1doesnotmeanthataone-voltinputsignalwouldbeamplifieduptoonemillionvoltsattheoutput!Infact,themaximumoutputvoltageislimitedbythebiassupplyvoltage,typically±15V.However,aninputsignalofonemicrovoltwillbeamplifieduptoonevoltattheoutput,and,becausetheamplifierisalwaysusedincircuitsinwhichalargefractionoftheoutputvoltageisfedbacktotheinput,thedifferentialinputvoltagemaybeassumednegligibleincomparisonwiththefeedbackcomponent,orinotherwords,Vidisassumedzero.Thisgivesrisetotheoddsituationinwhichazeroinputvoltage,multipliedbyaninfinitevoltagegain,resultsinafiniteandveryordinaryleveloutput.Thetechniqueforanalyzingthissituationisillustratedinthenextsection.对无穷大电压增益(此处即指非常大却有限的电压增益的概念)在此需要一些解释。10^6:1的电压增益并不代表将1V的电压输入信号放大成10^6V的输出信号,实际上最大输出信号电压由偏置电源电压所限制,典型值为正负15V。然而,一个微伏级输入信号在输出端将放大到1V,同时因为放大器一般用于输出电压有一大部分反馈到输入端的电路中,所以差动输入电压与反馈部分比可忽略不计,或者换句话说,Vid假定为0。这样就产生一个奇特的现象,输入电压为0,乘以一个无穷大的电压增益,得到一个有限的常规输出电压,这种情况的分析技巧将在下一节中阐述。Thebasicinvertingamplifiercircuitisshowninfig,inwhichidealoperationalvoltageamplifierisassumed.TheinputvoltageViisfedtotheinvertingterminalthrougharesistorR1,andthenoninvertingterminalisconnectedtoground(orthecommonreferenceline).FeedbackfromoutputtoinputoccursthroughresistorR2.Now,becauseVid=0fortheidealamplifier,theinvertingterminalisatthesamepotentialasthenoninvertingterminal,andistermedavirtualground.Becauseofthevirtualground,theinputloopvoltageequationmaybewrittenasVid=i1R1.Forthesamereason,theoutputvoltageloopequationmaybewrittenasV0=i2R2.BecauseRiisassumedinfinite,theinputcurrentiiiszero,and,thereforei1=-i2.Collectingandrearranginggivesfortheterminalvoltagegain:……基本反向放大器的电路如图所示,其中假设了一个理想的电压运算放大器,输入电压Vi通过一电阻R1输到反相端,并且同相端直接接地(或者接到公共参考线上)。输出端到输入端的反馈电压出现在电阻R2上。因为对理想放大器来说,Vid=0,因此其反相端与同相端电势相等,并称为虚地。因为是虚地,输入回路电压方程便可写成……同样输出电压方程可写成。。。因为已经令r1无限大输入电流为0,所以整理后得端口电压增益Thesignificanceofthisresultisthattheterminalvoltagegain,whichistheusablevoltagegain,isindependentoftheparametersoftheamplifier,anddependsonlyontheexternalcomponentsR1andR2.HadA0beenassumedlargebutfinite,theterminalgainwouldbereducedapproximatelybyafactor(1-1/A0),anditcanbeseenthatwithA0oftheorderof10^6:1thisfactorisveryclosetounity.Itisalsoassumedintheidealamplifierthattheoutputresistanceiszerosothatzerovoltagedropresults,internaltotheamplifier.A0isknownastheopenloopgainbecauseitisthevoltagegainwhichwouldresultwiththefeedbackloopopen;theresultsoffeedbackwithamplifiersoffiniteA0aredescribedinotherlesson.这个结论的意义在于端电压增益(这是很有用的电压增益)与放大器的参数无关,而只取决于外部元件R1和R2.若A0真的假定为很大但有限,端口电压增益就会大致下降一个系数(1-1/A0)。可以看出,由于A0属于10^6:1数量级,因此这个系数非常接近于1.在理想放大器中,假定输出电阻为0,这样在放大器内部电压将为0.因为A0是在反馈回路开路时得出的电压增益,所以他定义为开环增益。对于A0为有限的放大器反馈结果将在其他课中讲述。PracticalcomstraintslimittherationofR2/R1toabout10^6:1maximum.Offsetproblems,discussedinsection2.15,placeanupperlimitonR2andR1mustbelargeenoughcomparedwiththesignalsourceresistanceforthelattertobeignored.Inpracticalcircuits,R1usuallyrangesbetween1.0kand10.0k.IncarryingoutthesignalanalysisitisnotnecessarytoshowtheDCbiassupply,butofcoursethismustbeprovided.实际条件限制了R2/R1的值最大只能约为1000:1.2.15节中讨论的偏置问题限制了R2的上限,而R1与信号源的电阻相比要足够大,以便后者可以忽略不计。在实际电路中,R1通常在1.0-10.0k范围内。在进行信号分析时,没有必要画出直流偏置电压,但这个电压当然是必须的。Theintegratorcircuitproducesanoutputvoltagewhichisproportionaltotheintegraloftheinputvoltage.Thisistheinversemathematicaloperationtothatofdifferentiation.Thelowerlimitontheintegrationistakenaszerotime,whichofcourseisarbitrary,andtheinitialvoltageonthecapacitor,Vc(0),takesintoaccountallthechargeaccumulatedpriortothechosentimeorigin.Sincethecapacitormaybeallowedtochargeforanyarbitrarytimet,theupperlimitontheintegralisthetimevariabletsothatVcitselfisafunctionoftime.Thisisoftenshownbyuseofa“dummyvariable”forthetimeintheintegrand.Denotingthedummyvariablebythesymbolt’,wefindthatEq.(2.5)maybewrittenas……积分器电路产生一个与输入电压的积分成正比例的输出电压,他是微分运算的逆运算。式中积分下限为0,当然这不是强求的。电容的初始电压计及了起始时间之前的所有充电结果。由于电容允许充电到任意时刻t,因此积分上限为时间变量t,这样Vc便为时间t的函数。这一点可以从积分时间中常用哑变量表示看出来。若用符号t’表示哑变量,可以写成……However,wherethereisnoriskofconfusion,thesimplernotationofEq.(2.5)willbeused.Figure(omitted)showshowtheoperationalvoltageamplifiermaybearrangedasanintegratorcircuit.Applicationofthevirtualgroundconceptgives…and….然而在不发生混淆的情况下,可以使用比较简单的式子。图显示了电压运算放大器怎样被组成积分电路的,由虚地概念可得出。以及与方程联立可得Thus,theoutputvoltageisproportionaltotheintegraloftheinputvoltage,theconstantofproportionalitybeing1/(-RC).Thisisalsothegainoftheintegrator,andaswiththedifferentiator,itkeepstheequationdimensionallycorrect.因此,输出电压与输入电压的积分成正比,比例系数为。这也就是积分器增益,对于微分器其量纲也是相同的。Amicrocomputerinterfaceconvertsinformationbetweentwoforms.Outsidethemicrocomputertheinformationhandledbyanelectronicsystemexistsasaphysicalsignals,butwithintheprogram,itisrepresentednumerically.Thefunctionofanyinterfacecanbebrokendownintoanumberofoperationswhichmodifythedatainsomeway,sothantheprocessofconversionbetweentheexternalandinternalformsiscarriedoutinanumberorsteps.微机接口实现两种信息形式的交换。在计算机之外,由电子系统所处理的信息以一种物理信号形式存在,但实际程序中,它是用数字表示的。任一接口的功能都可分为以某种形式进行数据变换的一些操作,所以外部和内部形式的转换是由许多步骤完成的。ThiscanbeillustratedbymeansofanexamplesuchasthanorFig1,whichshowsaninterfacebetweenamicrocomputerandatransducerproducingacontinuouslyvariableanalogsignal.transducersoftenproduceverysmalloutrequiringamplyfrication,ortheymaygeneratesignals.inaformthatneedstobeconvertedagainbeforebeinghandledbytherestofthesystem.Forexample,manytransducersthesevariableresistancewhichmustbeconvertedtoavoltagebyaspecialcircuit.Thisprocessofconvertingthetransduceroutputintoavoltage4signalwhichcanbeconnectedtotherestofthesystemiscalledsignalconditioning.IntheexampleofFigure18.1,thesigmaconditioningsectiontranslatestherangelfvoltageorcurrentsignalsfromthetransducertoonewhichcanbeconvertedtodigitalforumbyananalog-to-digitalconverter.   用图一所示的情况为例加以说明,图中展示了微型计算机和产生连续变化信号的传感器之间的接口。但传感器产生的信号非常小,需要放大,或者产生的信号形式被系统的其他部分处理之前需要再次转换。举例来说,许多传感器具有电阻变化,这必须由一专门电路转化为电压。这种将传感器输出转化成电压信号,并与系统的其他部分相连接的过程,称为信号调理。如图所示例子中,信号调理部分将源自传感器的电压或电流信号范围转换成可以用模拟数字转换器变成数字形式的信号范围。Analog-to-digital–digitalconverter(ADC)isusedtoconvertacontinuouslyvariablesignaltoacorrespondingdigitalforumwhichcantakeanyoneofafixednumberofpossiblebinaryvalues.Iftheoutputlfthetransducerdoesnotvarycontinuously,noADCisnecessary.Inthiscasethesignalconditioningsectionmustconverttheincomingsignaltoaformwhichcanbeconnecteddirectlytothenextpartoftheinterface,theinput/outputsectionlfthemicrocomputeritself.模拟数字转换器(ADC)用来将连续变化的信号变成相应的数字量,这数字量可是可能的二进制数值中的一固定值。如果传感器输出不是连续变化的,就不需要模拟数字转换。这种情况下,信号调理单元必须将输入信号变换成为另一信号。也可直接与接口的下一部分,即微型计算机本身的输入输出单元相连接。TheI/Osectionconvertsdigital“on/off”voltagesignalstoaformwhichcanbepresentedtotheprocessorviatheviathesystembuses.Herethestateofeachinputlinewhetheritis“on”or“off”,isindicatedbyacorresponding“1”or“0”.Inthelineinputswhichhavebeenconvertedtodigitalform,thepatternsofonesandzerosintheinternalrepresentationwillformbinarynumberscorrespondingtothequantitybeingconverted. 输入输出单员将数字开,关电压信号转换成能通过系统总线传送到计算机的信号形式。这里每一根线的状态,无论是开或关,用相应的1或0表示。对于已经转换成数字形式的模拟输入量,内部表示中用1和0组成的排列形式形成与被转换量相对应的二进制数。The“raw”numbersfromtheinterfacearelimitedbythedesignoftheinterfacecircuitryandtheyoftenrequirelinearizationandscalingtoproducevaluessuitableforuseinthemainprogram.Forexample,theinterfacenightberisetoconverttemperaturesintherange–20to–+50dress,buythenumbersproducedbyan 8-bitconverterwilllieintherange0to255.Obviouslyitiseasier,theprogrammer‘spointofviewtodealdirectlywithtemperatureratherthantoworkouttheequivalentofanygiventemperatureintermsofthenumbersproducedbytheADC.Everytimetheinterfaceisusedtoreadatransducer,thesameoperationsmustbecarriedouttoconverttheinputnumberintoamoreconvenientform.Addtionarly,theoperationofsomeinterfacesrequirescontrolsignalstobepassedbetweenthemicrocomputerandcomponentsoftheinterface,Forthesereasonsitisnormaltouseasubroutinetolootafterthedetailedoperationoftheinterfaceandcarryoutanyscalingand/orlinearizationwhichmightbeneeded.从接口得到的原数值会受到接口电路 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 的限制而且经常需要线性化和量程调整才能形成适合于在主程序中使用的数值。举例来说,接口可用于转换范围在-20度到50度的温度,而八位转换器所产生的数值则在0-255之间。显然,从程序员的观点,对温度进行直接的处理要比使用由ADC产生的与一给定温度相一致的值要容易。接口总是用于读取传感器的值,同时还要将输入数值转换成更便易的形式。而且,接口操作需要将控制信号在微机和接口元件之间进行传送。根据这些理由,通常使用子程序来监督接口的具体操作,并完成任何所需的量程调整和/或线性变化。 Outputinterfacestakeasimilarform(Fig.18.2),thebiopicdifferencebeingthatheretheflowofinformationisintheoppositedirection;itispassedfromtheprogramtotheoutsideworld.Inthiscasetheprogrammaycallanoutputsubroutinewhichsupervisestheoperationoftheinterfaceandperformsthescalingnumberswhichmaybeneededforadigital-to-analogconverter(DAC).ThissubroutinepassesinformationintermtoanoutanalogformusingaDAC.Finallythesignalisconditioned(usuallyamplified)toaformsuitableforoperatinganactuator.  输出接口采用相似的形式,明显的差别在于信息流的方向相反;是从程序到外部世界。这种情况下,程序可称为输出程序,它监督接口的操作并完成数字模拟转换器所需数字的标定。该子程序依次送出信息给输出器件,产生相应的电信号,由DAC转换成模拟形式。最后,信号经调理(通常是放大)以形成适应于执行器操作的形式。Thesignalsusedwithinmicrocomputer circuitsarealmostalwaystoosmalltobeconnecteddirectlytothe“outsideworld”andsomekingofinterfacemustbeusedtotranslatethemtoamoreappropriateform.Thedesignofsectionofinterfacecircuitsisoneofthemostimportanttasksfacingtheengineerwishingtoapplymicrocomputers.Wehaveseenthatinmicrocomputersinformationisrepresentedasdiscretepatternsofbits;thisdigitalformismostusefulwhenthemicrocomputeristobeconnectedtoequipmentwhichcanonlybeswitchedonoroff,whereeachbitmightrepresentthestateofaswitchoractuator.在微机电路中使用的信号几乎总是太小而不能直接连接到外部世界,因而必须用某种形式将其转换成更适宜的形式。接口电路部分的设计是使用微机的工程师所面临最重要的任务之一。我们已经了解到微机中,信息以离散的位形式表示。当微机要与只有打开或关闭操作的设备相连接时,这种数字形式是最有用的,这里每一位都可以表示一开关或一执行器的状态。 Caremustbetakenwhenconnectinglogiccircuitstoensurethattheirlogiclevelsandcurrentratingsarecompatible.Theoutputvoltagesproducedbyalogiccircuitarenormallyspecifiedintermsofworstcasevalueswhensourcingorsinkingthemaximumratedcurrents.ThusVOHistheguaranteedminimum“high”voltagewhensourcingthemaximumrate“high”outputcurrentIOH,whileVOL istheguaranteed“low”outputvoltagewhensinkingthemaximumrated“low”outputcurrentIOL.Therearecorrespondingspecificationsforlogicinputswhichspecifytheminimuminputvoltagewhichwillberecognizedasalogic
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