大学英语重点语法

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 大学英语重点语法 第一讲　虚拟语气 虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）是英语考试常考甚至必考的语法项目之一。它是一种特殊的动词形式，用来 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测等。它常用于以下几个方面。 1．常用于包含非真实条件句的复合句中 1.1构成： 句子类别 　动词形式 时态 If条件句 主 句 虚拟现在时 动词用过去式 (be一般都用were) Should(would, could, might)+动词原形 虚拟过去时 Had+过去分词 Should(would, could, might)+have+过去分词 虚拟将来时 Should(were to)+动词原形 Should(would, could, might)+动词原形 注：在主句中，第一人称用should(美国英语常用would)，第二、三人称常用would。 1.2用法 1.2.1表示与现在事实相反的假设 1) If there were no water and air, nothing could live. 假如没有水和空气，什么也不能活。 2) If I knew English, I should be able to read these English books.如果我懂英语，我就能读这些英语书了。 3) If Premier Zhou were alive today, how happy he would be!　如果周总理还活着，他会多么高兴啊！ 1.2.2表示与过去事实相反的假设 1) If you had come yesterday, you would have seen him.如果你昨天来，你就会看到他了。 2) If I had taken your advice, I wouldn’t have made this mistake.我若是听了你的劝告，就不会犯这个错误了。 3) If you had got his help that day, you might have succeeded in doing your experiment. 如果你那天得到他的帮助，你或许就会实验成功了。 1.2.3表示与将来实现可能性很小或不确定的假设 1) If I were to do the test, I would do it in a different way.如果我来做这个实验，我会用另一种 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 去做。 2) If you were to come tomorrow, I might have time to see you .你如果明天能来，我或许有时间见你。 3) If it should rain tomorrow, what would we do? 万一明天下雨，我们怎么办？ 注：假设条件句中如有had, were, 或should时，可以把had, were或should提到句首，同时省略if。如果从句中没有were, had或should，则不能这样做。 例如：1) Had he had time yesterday, he would have helped us. 假设他昨天有时间，他会帮助我们的。 2) Were I you, I would choose to study Japanese. 如果我是你，我就选择学日语。 3) Should the teacher come this evening, I should ask him some questions. 要是老师今天晚上来，我就问他几个问题。 1.2.4错综条件句 条件句和主句所表示的动作有时在时间上产生交错，在这种情况下，动词形式要根据情况进行调整。 1) If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now. 他当时若是听了医生的话，现在就会痊愈了。 2) If we had controlled our population in the 1950’s, the population problem wouldn’t be so serious today. 如果我们在50年代就控制我国的人口，今天，人口问题就不会那么严重。 1.2.5有时用介词短语来代替虚拟条件句 1) Without electricity, there would be no modern industry.如果没有电，就不会有现代化的工业。 2) But for your help, I wouldn’t have finished my job in time.要不是你的帮助，我不会按照完成工作。 3) Under another social system, such floods would have caused terrible disasters. 在另一个社会制度下，这样的洪水是会造成可怕灾难的。 注：假设的情况有时还可以通过上下文来表示。 1) He would have given you more help, but he was so busy. 他本来要多给你一些帮助的，只是他太忙了。 2) I would have written before, but I have been ill. 本来早该给你写信了，但我生病了。 3) I was ill that day, otherwise I would have gone to see you. 那天我生病了，要不然我会去看你的。 2.用在以下宾语从句中 用在一些表示要求、建议、命令等动词的宾主从句中。这时谓语要用虚拟形式来表示，即用“should+动词原形”或省略should，只用动词原形来表示。这些动词有：suggest, propose, prefer, order, insist, command, advise, move(提议), recommend, require, intend, decide, request, deserve, demand, determine, arrange, beg, ask, pray(祈求，祈祷), urge(鼓励,极力主张)order, etc. 1) They suggest that we (should) hold a meeting to discuss the matter. 他们建议我们召开一个会议来讨论这个问题。 2) I propose that the matter(should) be put to vote at once.我提议对这个问题立即投票表决。 3) Most of the students insist that they(should) have more English classes.大多数学生坚持要多上英语课。 3.用在以下主语从句中 用在一些与表示要求、建议、命令等动词意义相类似的一些形容词所带的主语从句中。这时谓语也要用“should+动词原形”或省略should只用动词原形表表示。这些形容词有：advisable, desirable, essential, imperative(强制的, 紧急的, 必要的),important, impossible, necessary, possible, strange, urgent(急迫的), incredible(难以置信的), natural, insistent(坚持不懈的), preferable, crucial(关键的), vital(至关重要的)及desired, decided, required, requested, proposed, ordered, demanded, insisted, recommended, suggested, deserved, etc. 1) It is necessary that the machines (should) be oiled every day.机器必须每天上油。 2) It is important that the students (should) take part in the social practice.学生参加社会实践是重要的。 3) It is desired that all the students (should) pass the Band Two Test.希望每个同学都通过二级考试。 4) It is required that all the committee members (should) be present.要求积分全体成员出席。 5) It has been decided that the meeting (should) be postponed till next Monday. 已决定会议延期到下星期一召开。 4.用在某些名词后的表语从句中或同位语从句中 这时谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或省略should,只用动词原形。这些名词有：suggestion, advice, decision, order, proposal, motion(动议，提议),recommendation, request, requirement, resolution, etc. 1) Our suggestion was that such device (should) be designed and produced without delay. 我们的建议是立即设计和生产这种装置。 2) We all agree to his proposal that we (should) go to see our teacher. 我们都同意他的去看我们教师的建议。 3) His desire is that he (should) visit the Great Wall of china someday.他的愿望是有一天能参观中国的长城。 4) We made the suggestion that such device (should) be designed and produced without delay. 我们建议立即设计和生产这种装置。 5.用在动词wish后面的宾语从句中 这时，表示一种与实际情况相反的愿望。 5.1与现在事实相反，wish后用动词的过去式 1) I wish I knew how to operate the computer.我要是会操作这台计算机就好了。 2) I wish you were more careful. 但愿你更细心些。 5.2与过去事实相反，wish后用过去完成式，或用“could+现在完成时” 1) We wish you had come to our party.我们真希望你们能来参加我们的联欢会。 2) He wishes that he could have been there yesterday.他真希望自己昨天去过那儿。 5.3与将来事实相反，wish后用“would/should+动词原形” 1) We wish that you could come and join us.我们真希望你能来参加我们的活动。 2) I wish it would stop raining tonight. 我真希望晚上雨能停下来。 6.用在由as if或as though引导的状语从句中 谓语形式与wish后的宾语从句的谓语形式相同。 1) They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们谈起话来就像是多年的老朋友似的。 2) She looked after the orphan as if he were her own child.他照料这个孤儿就像自己的孩子一样。 7.用在if only引起的从句及感叹句中 通常后面用过去时或过去完成时，与wish后面的谓语动词用法相同。常译成“要是…就好了”，“但愿…”，通常表达强烈的愿望或遗憾。 1) If only I could help you!(省略主句) 要是我能帮助你，那该多好啊！ 2) If only I were ten years younger!(省略主句) 我能年轻10岁！ 3) If only he had not left!(省略主句) 但愿人还没走！ 8.用在以lest, for fear that 引导的从句中 这时谓语动词多用“should+动词原形”，也可省略should. 1) He took his raincoat with him lest it (should) rain. 他带了雨衣，怕下雨。 2) She put the coat over the child for fear that he (should) catch cold. 他把大衣盖在孩子身上怕他着凉。 9．用在“It’s(high/about) time (that)…”句型中 从句的谓语动词用过去时态。 1) It’s time (that) we left. 我们该走了。 2) It’s high time (that) we went to bed.我们该睡觉了。 3) It’s about time (that) we summed up our results.该 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 一下我成绩了。 10.在would rather, would sooner和would just as soon后面也要用虚拟语气结构 10.1接不带to的不定式，表示选择，可以指现在，也可以指将来。 1) He would rather live in the country than in the city.他宁愿住在农村而不愿住在城市。 2) The underground worker would rather die than yield.这位地下工作者宁死不屈。 3) He’d rather not go dancing tonight.他宁愿今晚不去跳舞了。 10.2接不定式的完成式，表示过去的某种选择不恰当 1) I’d rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip.我宁愿没告诉她这个消息，她是一个饶舌者。 2) I’d rather have stayed at home than we went to the dull film.我宁愿呆在家里也不去看乏味的电影。 10.3接从句 10.3.1动词用过去式，表示与现在的事实相反 1) He would rather (that) it were winter now.他宁愿现在是冬天。 2) I would just as soon you posted the letter right away.我宁愿你立即把信邮走。 3) I would rather you didn’t tell him about it.我宁愿你没告诉他这件事。 10.3.2动词用过去完成式，表示与过去的事实相反 1) I would rather I hadn’t told you about it.我宁愿没跟你说过这件事。 2) He would rather he had attended the meeting yesterday.他宁愿昨天去参加了这次会议。 第二讲　形容词的常用常考结构 1. 形容词比较等级需要注意的几个问题 1.1在比较级中，可以用one代替单数可数名词，用ones代替复数可数名词。 This factory is larger than that one.这个工厂比那个工厂大。 These flowers are more beautiful than those ones.这些花比那些花漂亮。 1.2当被比较的名词有后置定语时，须用that代替不可数名词或单数可数名词，用those代替复数可数名词。 1) The speed of a jetplane is much faster than that of a train.喷气式飞机的速度比火车（的速度）快得多。 2) The workers of their factory are much more than those of our factory. 他们工厂的工人比我们工厂（的工人）多得多。 3) The machines made by our factory are better than those made by their factory. 我们工厂制造的机器比他们工厂制造的（机器）（质量）好。 4) The style of the new building is different from that of the old building. 新楼的建筑风格与旧楼的（建筑风格）不同。 1.3在最高级中，用in 引出介词短语，表示在一定范围内相比较；用of引出介词短语，表示同类事物相比较。但要注意只有三个或三个以上的人或物相比时，才能用最高级。 1) Tom studies hardest in our class.在我们班里汤姆学习最努力。 2) She is the youngest of all the students.在所有学生中，她最年轻。 1.4形容词比较级（或副词比较级）可用much, far, hardly, no, a little, still, even, a lot, twice, three times等修饰。 1) This book is a little more difficult than that one.这本书比那本书稍难。 2) Your bike is far better than mine.你的自行车比我的好多了。 1.5有些形容词本身就具有比较含义，所以不再用比较级和最高级。因此，后面要接to, 不能用连词than。 1) Your knowledge is inferior to his. 你的知识不如他。 2) My arrival in Beijing is posterior to that of others.我是在其他人之后到达北京的。 这类形容词有： anterior早于… posterior后于… inferior低于… superior优于… junior年幼于… senior…年长于… prior先于… 在这七个形容词中，只有superior和inferior前面可加much或far来加强语气。 1) We are much/far inferior to others in many respects.我们在许多方面远远不如人家。 2) This engine is much/far superior to that one.这台发动机（质量）远远优于那一台。 1.6“as+原级+as”表示肯定意义，意为“和…一样”。当表示否定意义时，前面的as可以换成so，变成“not as/so+原级+as”结构，意为“不如…” 1) The tree is as tall as the building.这棵树和那幢楼一样高。 2) This classroom is not so/as large as that one.这个教室不如那个（教室）大。 第三讲　几种常用常考句型 以下这几种常用句型也是过级考试常考的语法内容之一。掌握这些句型不仅能提高应试能力，而且对写作也会有一定的帮助。 1. be busy doing sth.忙于做某事 1) He is busy writing his term paper.他正忙于写期末 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 。 2) She was busy doing his homework when the teacher visited her yesterday. 昨天老师来访时，她正忙于写作业。 2. have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth. 有麻烦（困难）做某事。 1) The new student is having trouble in learning grammars.这个新生在学习语法方面正遇到麻烦。 2) The young man has difficulty in explaining Einstein’s theory. 那个年青人解释爱因斯坦的理论有困难。 3. spend time/money/energy (in) doing sth. 花时间（钱、精力）做某事 1) She spent a lot of money (in) buying new clothes.　她花了很多钱买新衣服。 2) He spent some time (in) reading English every day.他每天都花点时间读英语。 3) Don’t spend so much energy (in) working out the difficult mathematical problem. 别花那么大精力去解那道数学难题了。。 4. It is no point (in) doing sth. 做某事无意义 It is no use (in) doing sth. 做某事没有用 It is no sense (in) doing sth, 做某事没道理（没意义） It is no harm (in) doing sth. 做某事无害外 It is no good (in ) doing sth. 做某事无益 1) It is no use asking him for help.求他帮助没有用。 2) It is no point in worrying about your son. He has grown up.没必要担心你的儿子，他已经长大了。 3) It is no harm in staying up late occasionally.偶尔熬夜没什么害处。 注：这种结构中的“it is”还可以用“there is”代替。 1) There is no good in playing cards for your health.打牌对你的健康无益。 2) There is no point (in) arguing with him.和他急论没有意义。 3) There is no sense in trying to dissuade him.试图他没意义。 5.“can’t help/couldn’t help+动名词”表示“不得不…，禁不住…” 1) I couldn’t help laughing at his folly. 6. be worth与be worthy of ①be worth+名词（通常表示钱数或价值的名词）表示“值…” 1) The book is worth 10 yuan.这本书值10元。 2) This TV set is worth the price.这台电视值这个价。 ②“be worth+动名词”表示“值得…”。 1) The book is worth reading.这本书值得读一读。 2) Now that it is so soiled, it is not worth looking at. 它既已弄污，就不值得一看了。 ③“be worthy of+名词”表示“值得…” 1) This story is hardly worthy of belief.这故事几乎不值得相信。 ④“be worthy of+动名词的被动式或be worthy+不定式的被动式”表示“值得…” It is worthy of being remembered. It is worthy to be remembered.这事值得记忆。 7.“be used to doing或be accustomed to doing”表示“习惯于…” 1) He is used to eating poor food.他习惯于吃粗茶淡饭。 2) He is accustomed to eating fast food.他习惯于吃快餐。 8.下面的一些情态习语后接动词原形 be able to能……； be bound to必定，一定；　　be about to将要…；　used to过去常常； be supposed to应该，理应； can not (help) but/could not (help) but不得不… 1) She used to write home every month.她过去每月写一次家信。 2) I can not but think that he is a thief.我只能认为他是个贼。 9. only与不定式连用时，表示未预料到的结果 1) He went to swim only to be drowned.他去游泳，结果却被淹死了。 2) I went to see him only to find him out.我去看他，不料他却外出了。 10.“may (might) as well+动词原形”意为“还是…的好” 1) We may (might) as well begin at once.我们还是立即开始为好。 2) It is very late, so you may (might ) as well go to bed.夜深了，你还是去睡吧。 第四讲　倒　装 句子的正常语序为“主珸+谓语”。倒装是相对于句子的正常语序而言，即将谓语或谓语一部分提到主语前，这样就形成了倒装句。常考的倒装句形式主要有以下几种： 1.省略了连接词if的虚拟条件句，且助动词或系动词为should, had, were时，将should, had, were提到主语之前。 1) Were it not for your help, I couldn’t have got such a high score.要不是您帮助我，我不会考这么高的分数。 2) Had he studied more, he would have been able to pass the exam. 如果他学习更努力一些，应该是能够通过考试的。 2.用于as或though引出的让步状语从句和比较状语从句及“The more…,the more…”结构 1) High as the mountain is, it can’t stop our advance.这座山虽然高，但是挡不住我们前进。 2) Old though he is, the retired worker is still working hard in the factory. 尽管这位工人年龄很大了，他仍然在工厂里忙碌着。 3) The harder you work, the better results you will get.你越努力，成绩越好。 3. 用于“so+形容词/副词+(that)或such+(名词)+(that)”引出的结果状语从句中，以加强语气。 1) So little did I know about mathematics that the lecture was totally beyond me. 我的数学知识太少，根本听不懂这个讲座。 2) So fast is he walking that none of us can catch up with him.他走得太快，没人能赶上他。 3) Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.爆炸力这么大，窗户全震碎了。 4. 当(and)so, (and)either（表示与上述情况同样）, (and )neither, (and)nor（表示与上述情况同样不）位于句首时，需将系动词、助动词或情态动词提前，构成倒装句。特别要注意的是要与所有的系动词、助动词或情态动词在形式和时态上保持一致。 1) John will go to London next week, and so shall I.约翰下周要去伦敦，我也去。 2) You can’t do it, nor can I. 你不能做这件事，我也不能。 3) Neither is he wrong, nor are you.他没错，你也没错。 注：如果不是表示与上述情况同样或同样不，而是表示句子内容的同意或肯定，则不能用倒装句。 1) He is a good student, so he is. 他是个好学生，的确是。 2) “Did Tom tell you what to do?” “He did, and so I did.” “汤姆告诉你做什么了吗？”“告诉了，我也做了。” 5．当下列表示否定意义的副词或短语位于句首时，句子要倒装，以加强语气或强调：no, hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely, rarely, no longer, not until, no sooner…(than), hardly (scarcely, barely)…when, not only…but also或only+状语。 1) Seldom has he written to her recently.他近来很少给她写信了。 2) Never had I seen such a marvelous place as the Great Wall before I got there. 没去长城以前，我从没见过如此美妙的地方。 3) No sooner had he gone to sleep than the telephone rang once more. 他刚去睡觉，电话铃又响了。 4) Nowhere will you find the answer to the question.无论哪里你也找不到这个问题的答案。 5) Only in this way can we learn English well.只有这样才能学好英语。 6) Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.丘吉尔不仅是政治家，还是诗人。 6.当下列表示否定意义的介词短语位于句首时，句子要倒装：at no time在任何时候也不；in no case在任何情况下也不；by no means完全不是，一点也不； in no way怎样也不，一点也不；on no consideration在任何情况下都不；in no wise绝不 1) On no consideration can we lose our confidence.我们无论如何都不可失去信心。 2) In no way could I persuade her to see the foolishness of her plan. 我怎么也不能使她认识到她的 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 的愚蠢之处。 3) At no time will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.中国任何时候都不会首先使用核武器。 7.当句首为here, there, now, then, hence而谓语为be, go, come等动词，且主语是名词（词组）而非代词时，句子要倒装。注意用完全倒装语序。 Now is your turn.现在轮到你了。 Here is the book you want.你要的书在这。 第五讲　某些动词的固定用法 在学习中，我们经常见到有些动词要求不定式作其宾语，而另一些动词要求动名词作其宾语，此类情况在测试中常见，因此要牢记一些动词的固定用法。 1.接动词不定式作宾语的动词及短语很多，常见的有：afford, agree, appear, arranger, ask, assent(同意), attempt, beg, care, claim, consent(同意), decide, ,determine, endeavor, expect, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage(设法), mean, neglect, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, proceed, promise, refuse, seek, strive(努力), tend, try, undertake, volunteer(自愿), want, wish, do one’s best, make an effort, make up one’s mind, take the trouble(不辞劳苦), etc. 1) He made up his mind to study hard.他下定决心努力学习。 2) The president attempted to reduce inflation during his term.总统试图在任期内削减通货膨胀。 3) He took the trouble to gather the materials for us. 他不辞劳苦地为我们收集资料。 2.只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语，常见的有：admit, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, dislike, discuss, encourage, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, favor, forgive, forbid, imagine, involve, keep, mind, miss, overlook, permit, postpone, practise, prevent, prohibit, quit, recommend, regret, require, resist, resent, recall, resume, risk, suggest, tolerate, feel like, give up, put off, can’t help, look forward to ，object to, etc. 1) We must avoid making such mistakes again.我们必须避免再犯这样的错误。 2) He admitted taking the watch.他承认拿了手表。 3) I am looking forward to seeing you.我盼望见到你。 4) He denied knowing anything about their plan.他否认了解他们的计划。 3.动词不定式作宾语补足语 3.1在“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补”的结构中，一些动词要求带to的不定式作宾语补足语，常见的动词有： advise, ask, allow, beg, cause, expect, encourage, forbid, force, get, instruct, invite, need, order, persuade, permit, remind, require, request, teach, tell, want, warn, etc. 1) She asked me to stay there.她要我留在那里。 2) I persuaded him to give up the attempt.我劝他放弃这种尝试。 3) They invited me to prepare a pocket dictionary.他们邀请我编一本袖珍字典。 3.2在“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补”的结构中，有些动词要求不带to的不定式作宾语补足语 这类动词有：make, have, let, see, smell, hear, feel, notice, observe, watch等。但是，当句子被变成被动语态后，变为主补的不定式要带to. 1) The manager made his secretary work overtime.经理迫使他的秘书加班加点。（主动） 2) The secretary was made to work overtime. 这个秘书被迫加班加点。（被动） 3) Electricity makes machines run.电使机器运转。（主动） 4) Machines are made to run by electricity.机器是由电带动运转的。（被动） 4.要求用分词作宾主补足语的动词 某些及物动词要求分词作宾语补足语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词有：have, get, make, keep, see, hear, find, feel, leave, watch, want, notice, observe等。 1) Can you get the work finished on time?　你能使工作按时结束吗？ 2) I couldn’t make myself heard above the noise.我的声音被喧闹声淹没了。 3) We saw a satellite sweeping across the sky.我们看见一个卫星正掠过天空。 5.used to与be used to的用法 used to后面接动词原形，表达过去的某种习惯、动作或状态，意为“过去常常”，没有人称和时态的变化，否定式为used not to或didn’t use to或didn’t used to；而be used to后面接名词或动名词，表示“习惯于”，有时态和人称的变化。 1) She used to dance every night, but now she studies. 她过去每天晚上都去跳舞，可现在她不去了，而去学习。 2) He is used to drinking coffee.他习惯于喝咖啡。 6.几个要求动名词主动形式作宾语的动词，其主动形式表示被动的意思 在动词need, want, require, deserve后面常用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思，也可以用不定式的被动形式。 1) The damaged building needs repairing(to be repaired). 这幢损坏的大楼需要维修。 2) These young seedlings will require looking after carefully(to be looked after carefully). 这些小树苗需要细心照顾。 7.要求不带to的动词不定式作宾语的（动词）短语 在had better, would rather, would sooner, do nothing but, can not help but, can not but等用不带to的动词不定式作宾语。 1) I couldn’t help but wait for the next bus to come.我不得不等下一趟车。 2) Last night I did nothing but watch TV. 昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没干。 第六讲　动词的时态和语态 1.动词的时态 在英语中，不同的时间所发生的动作要用不同的动词形式来表示，这种不同的动词形式称为时态。过级考试常考的时态有以下几个： ①在由when, if, after, before, although, as soon as, because, as, even if, in case, though, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, wherever等引导的状语从句中，用一般现在时态代替一般将来时态。 1) When you come tomorrow, I will tell you the news.你明天来的时候，我将告诉你那个消息。 2) Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.无论发生什么事，你都要保持冷静。 3) If you do not go away at once, I will send for a policeman.如果你不立即走开，我要去叫警察了。 4) Wherever you go, I will follow you.你到哪里去，我也到哪里去（你走到哪里，我跟到哪里）。 ②进行时态表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作或即将开始的动作。常用的动词有：go, leave, arrive, come, meet, return, start, stay, stop, do, dine(吃饭), give, have, pay, join, punish, spend, sleep, take, die, publish等。 1) Call a doctor quickly. The old man is dying.快找个医生，这位老人生命垂危。 2) I’m publishing a book this year.我计划今年出一本书。 3) The National Day is coming. Let’s give our classroom a thorough clean! 国庆节要到了，我们把教室彻底打扫一下吧！ 4) He is leaving for London tomorrow.他明天要去伦敦。 ③过去完成时常用在有hardly/scarcely/barely…when…; no sooner… than…等句子中，意思为“刚一…就”。句子要用倒装语序。 1) No sooner had he seen me than he left the room.他一看见我就离开了房间。 2) Hardly had the helicopter landed when the waiting crowd ran toward it. 直升飞机一着陆，等候的人群就朝它跑过去。 ④现在完成时主要有两在用途：表示动作的结束和过去的动作对现在的影响。常用状语有：just, already, yet ,ever, never, several times, recently, these days, these years和for, since, ever since引导的时间状语。 1) The engineer has only studied English for a very short time.这位工程师只学过很短一段时间的英语。 2) Our country has changed a lot since 1979.自从1979年以来我们的国家发生了巨大的变化。 3) They have not measured the volume yet.他们还没有测量体积。 ⑤过去完成时一定要与一个确切的过去时间或一个过去动作并用，进行比较，表示“过去的过去”。 1) We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.当老人来到门口时，我们刚吃完早饭。 2) The president had died before his wife reached the hospital.总统在他妻子到医院之前就死了。 2.动词的语态 英语动词除了有时态外，还有语态。英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态的构成是“be+过去分词”，各种时态的被动语态都体现在be的变化上。下面只讲过级常考的、特别需要注意并加以掌握的几个问题。 ①有些系动词如：get, become, grow, prove, turn out, 等，可以用来代替动词be, 构成被动语态。通常是为了强调行为的瞬间而不是结果的状态。 1) She became frightened.她给吓坏了。 2) The girl got dressed by her mother.这位女孩的母亲给她穿好衣服。 ②某些感官系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义，如：look, smell, feel, prove, wear, sound, taste等。 1) The dish tastes delicious.这盘菜尝起来很香。 2) The apple smells sweet.这个苹果闻起来香甜。 第七讲　分词（短语）作定语和状语 分词是非限定性动词的一种，即它不能单独作用句子的谓语，而是充当句子的辅助成分。 分词可以分为一般时现在分词、完成时现在分词和过去分词，它的规则变化是由动词加-ing或-ed变化而来，因此分词的一个显著特点是具有动作性，在句子中它可以带自己支配的主语、状语、宾语等一起充当句子成分，如定语、状语、主语、宾语和表语等。本讲重点分析分词作定语、状语的用法。 主动语态和被动语态分词表现形式如下： 分　　词 及物动词 不及物动词 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态 现在分词 一般式 asking being asked going 完成式 having asked having been asked having gone 过去分词 无 asked gone 注：及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成意义，故没有主动语态。 1.分词定语 1.1根据时态、语态不同 ①现在分词的一般式表示分词动作正在进行或保持的一种状态。 1) a flying plane一架正在飞行的飞机 2) a room facing the south朝南的房间 3) The question being discussed is very important.正在讨论的问题是很重要的。 ②过去分词用来表示已经完成的动作或被动的意思。不及物动词的过去分词用来表示时间性，说明该动作已完成或处于某种状态。 1) a story written by Mark Twain马克·吐温写的小说 2) a bridge built in 1930　　1930年修建的桥 3) a girl dressed in white穿白衣服的女孩 4) fallen leaves落叶 1.2分词与动名词作定语的比较 分　词　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　动　名　词 a sleeping boy 睡着