TPO26-R-3解析

www.sharewithu.com 本文章由尚友原创或整理 1 TPO 26-R-3解析 特别鸣谢：stanwang, hahakuku Q1: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a disadvantage of the Mesopotamian plain? A. There was not very much rainfall for most of the year. B. Melting snow caused flooding every year. C. The silt deposited by rivers damaged crops. D. Timber, stone and metals were not readily available. Q2: According to paragraph 1, which of the following made it possible for an elite to emerge? A. New crops were developed that were better suited to conditions on the Mesopotamian plain. B. The richest individuals managed to gain control of the most valuable cropland. C. Control over the few available natural resources made some people four to five times richer than everyone else. D. The building of canals to increase agricultural output required organization. Q3: The word “sustain" in the passage is closest in meaning to A. defend B. promote C. maintain D. transform Q4: According to paragraph 2, Eridu and Uruk are examples of urban settlements that A. lacked the features usually found in other early urban settlements B. developed around religious buildings C. grew much more rapidly than most of the urban settlements found in Sumer D. were mysteriously destroyed and abandoned Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East The earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East appeared at the southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. It was here that the civilization known as Sumer emerged in its earliest form in the fifth millennium. At first sight, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization. There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals. Rainfall was limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization of irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve the water, essential. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times what rain-fed earth would produce. It was these conditions that allowed an elite to emerge, probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the control of surplus crops. It is difficult to isolate the factors that led to the next development—the emergence of urban settlements. The earliest, that of Eridu, about 4500 B.C.E., and Uruk, a thousand years later, center on impressive temple complexes built of mud brick. In some way, the elite had associated themselves with the power of the gods. Uruk, for instance, had two patron gods—Anu, the god of the sky and sovereign of 批注 [x1]: EXCEPT题，属于分散列 举。A选项：Rainfall was limited；B 选项： the annual flood of melted snow；D选项：There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals。C选项：Once this was done and the silt carried down by the rivers was planted,，明显的说反了！为正确 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 。Tips：规律呀！EXCEPT题，假 如是分散列举，一般文章中的 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现形 式为 A，B，C，D，这样的，答案一 般是在 A和 D来找，即在 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 的开始 或者结尾来找，因为意群的连贯性。 节约时间，而且可以避免 ETS设下的 陷阱。一般分散列举，选项那个错误 的内容，往往是原文提的，但是说错 了，所以位置一般在最开头，或者最 后面。 批注 [x2]: 细节题，关键词为 an elite， 定位句为 It was these conditions that allowed … the control of surplus crops. 这句首先 and后面提供了部分答案， 在 crops上面。另一方面，本句里面 的 these代词说明答案在前面，往前 找，有优点，可以发现 irrigation， building of canals，这些都是农业方面 的。所以正确答案为 D。A选项：增 加了一层逻辑，就是那个 suit看不出 来，并且那个 better也没说；B选项： 最高级没提；C选项：比较级没题。 Tips：代词题已经被 ETS融入到细节 题简化题，以及插入题里面了，所以 这些题遇见指代，一定要往前找。 批注 [x3]: 单词题，支撑的意思，答 案为 C 批注 [x4]: 细节题，定位词，Eridu and Uruk，定位句：The earliest, that of Eridu, about 4500 B.C.E., and Uruk, a thousand years later, center on impressive temple complexes built of mud brick。核心词就是 temple，built。 为选项 B的改写。 A选项，lack没提 C选项，比较级没题 D选项，abandoned没提 www.sharewithu.com 本文章由尚友原创或整理 2 Q5: The word “sovereign" in the passage is closest in meaning to A. counselor B. master C. defender D. creator Q6: According to paragraph 3, which of the following led to the appearance of writing? A. An increasingly sophisticated administrative system B. Coordination between secular and religious leaders C. The large volume of trade, particularly imports D. A rapidly expanding and changing population Q7: In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that the number of signs in use had dropped from 2,000 to 600 by 2300 B.C.E.? A. To argue that the development of writing involved periods of growth followed by periods of decline B. To demonstrate that earlier written texts used a larger vocabulary than later texts, which were aimed at a broader audience C. To support the claim that the range of words expressed by logograms varied widely depending on time period and type of text D. To provide evidence for the increased efficiency of using signs to express syllables rather than whole words Q8: According to paragraph 3, ancient texts most commonly dealt with A. theology B. literature C. economics D. law all other gods, and Inanna, a goddess of love and war—and there were others, patrons of different cities. Human beings were at their mercy. The biblical story of the Flood may originate in Sumer. In the earliest version, the gods destroy the human race because its clamor had been so disturbing to them. It used to be believed that before 3000 B.C.E. the political and economic life of the cities was centered on their temples, but it now seems probable that the cities had secular rulers from earliest times. ■ Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants. (Trading was important, as so many raw materials, the semiprecious stones for the decoration of the temples, timbers for roofs, and all metals, had to be imported.) ■ An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing. ■The earliest script was based on logograms, with a symbol being used to express a whole word. ■ The logograms were incised on damp clay tablets with a stylus with a wedge shape at its end. (The Romans called the shape cuneus and this gives the script its name of cuneiform.) Two thousand logograms have been recorded from these early centuries of writing. A more economical approach was to use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable. (To take an example: the Sumerian word for " head” was “sag.” Whenever a word including a syllable in which the sound “sag” was to be written, the sign for “sag" could be used to express that syllable with the remaining syllables of the word expressed by other signs.) By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600, and the range of words that could be expressed had widened. Texts dealing with economic matters predominated, as they always had done; but at this point works of theology, literature, history, and law also appeared. 批注 [x5]: 单词题，君主的意思，答 案为 B 批注 [x6]: 细节题：这个题也太简单 了吧。用 the appearance of writing 定 位，定位句为：An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing.答案连改写都 没有，选择 A。估计是送分题。 批注 [x7]: 修饰题：感觉那个时间点， 先定位到 By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600,，发现本句没有观点，往前找观 点。不用看（）里面的，这都是解释 部分，发现前面的观点为 A more economical approach was to use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable.这句是D答案的同义改 写。注意学习 not but和 rather than 的相互替换句型。这个来回考。 A选项，说争论这个下降，只说明了 本句，没说观点句。 B 选项，增加比较级错误 C选项，on time period and type of text没题。 Tips：修饰题，注意答案绝对不是划 线句的改写，一定是对观点的重述。 批注 [x8]: 细节题：有一个送分题， 定位词，ancient texts，定位句： Texts dealing with economic matters predominated。选择答案 C。 www.sharewithu.com 本文章由尚友原创或整理 3 Q9: According to paragraph 4, the earliest wheels probably A. were first developed in areas outside Mesopotamia B. were used to make pottery C. appeared on boxlike sledges D. were used to transport goods between cities Q10: The word “engraved” in the passage is closest in meaning to E. carved A. produced B. dated C. discovered Q11: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. Also around 3000 B.C.E., it was discovered that mixing copper, known from about 3500 B.C.E., with tin would create a much harder metal known as bronze. B. Although copper had been known since 3500 B.C.E in Mesopotamia, the discovery of bronze did not occur until around 3000 B.C.E. C. Another major development around 3000 B.C.E. was the discovery that copper could be mixed with a much harder metal known as tin. D. The development of bronze by mixing copper and tin probably occurred around 3000 B.C.E. but may have happened as early as 3500 B.C.E. Q12: The word “widespread” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. obvious B. significant C. necessary D. common Q13: Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Other innovations of the late fourth millennium include the wheel, probably developed first as a more efficient way of making pottery and then transferred to transport. A tablet engraved about 3000 B.C.E. provides the earliest known example from Sumer, a roofed boxlike sledge mounted on four solid wheels. A major development was the discovery, again about 3000 B.C.E., that if copper, which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E., was mixed with tin, a much harder metal, bronze, would result. Although copper and stone tools continued to be used, bronze was far more successful in creating sharp edges that could be used as anything from saws and scythes to weapons. The period from 3000 to 1000 B.C.E., when the use of bronze became widespread, is normally referred to as the Bronze Age. It used to be believed that before 3000 B.C.E. the political and economic life of the cities was centered on their temples, but it now seems probable that the cities had secular rulers from 批注 [x9]: 细节题，定位词为 the earliest wheels，定位句为 the wheel, probably developed first as a more efficient way of making pottery，答案 为B。A选项，outside Mesopotamia 没 题；C选项张冠李戴；D干扰项，错 误在于增加新信息 between cities没 题，并且 and then transferred to transport.，说明不是最早。是后来， 所以最高级定位很重要。Tips：ETS 改写手段 earliest=first，这个考点在 句子简化题里面多次被考到。现在又 来考细节题了。 批注 [x10]: 单词题，雕刻，答案选择 第一个。 批注 [x11]: 句子简化题： 首先读逻辑，然后读主句，进行核对。 原句去掉插入，保持逻辑和主句，变 为这个。 A major development was the discover that if copper was mixed with tin, a much harder metal, bronze, would result.A选项：包含了逻辑关系比较 级，主句的核心意思。为正确答案。 B选项：出现了让步，这个逻辑错误。 C选项：缺少主句核心 bronze。D选 项：增加逻辑 but。Tips：简化题： 首先逻辑要对，其次重要信息不能省 略，然后进行核对，有时候副词的程 度不能改变。另外请注意 and句的改 写，and后面的内容非常重要，一般 是改写的方向，不能忽略。And前面 可以忽略。 批注 [x12]: 单词题：普遍的，答案为 D 批注 [x13]: 插入题：核心词是 the population，和 a variety of occupations，这个抽象写法。插入之 后一般都是具体的。发现答案 A，之 后是各类人，符合这个思路。 Tips: 注意 ETS插入顺序，先观点， 后例子，先总说，或细说。 还有对列举的，抽象概括。 还有 the，以及代词的指代。 www.sharewithu.com 本文章由尚友原创或整理 4 City life was diverse, and the population was engaged in a variety of occupations. Where would the sentence best fit? Q14: Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Irrigation made it possible for the civilization known as Sumer to arise on the Mesopotamian plain in the fifth millennium B.C.E. Answer Choices A. The scarcity of natural resources on the plain made it necessary for a powerful elite to emerge and take charge of trade and imports. B. The economy of each city was based on a craft such as pottery or metal working, and the city of Eridu was known for its saws, scythes and weapons. C. Writing appeared in the form of logograms and later developed into a system using signs to represent syllables rather than whole words. D. Priests were powerful figures in the ancient civilization and controlled the political and economic life of the cities. E. The earliest city states had one or more patron earliest times. ■ Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants. (Trading was important, as so many raw materials, the semiprecious stones for the decoration of the temples, timbers for roofs, and all metals, had to be imported.) ■ An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing. ■The earliest script was based on logograms, with a symbol being used to express a whole word. ■ The logograms were incised on damp clay tablets with a stylus with a wedge shape at its end. (The Romans called the shape cuneus and this gives the script its name of cuneiform.) 批注 [x14]: 总结题：一般用排除法 A选项：这个选项逻辑错误，前面那 个细节题，考了说是农业增加导致精 英的出现。 B选项：属于细节。错误。 C选项：第三段核心的概括，而且前 面细节题考了，正确。 D选项：没提 E选项：第二段的核心概括，正确。 F选项：最后一段，两个核心概念的 概括，正确。 www.sharewithu.com 本文章由尚友原创或整理 5 gods and were built around central temple complexes. F. The development of the wheel and the creation of bronze were important innovations in Sumer 答案： 1. C 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. A 11. A 12. D 13. A 14. CEF