美国文学史试题库

.---可修编.Fillintheblanks.Americanachievementsintheshortstoryhavedemandedinternationalrespectandadmirationformorethanacenturyandahalf.ThefirstsuccessfulAmericanshortstoriescamefromWashingtonIrvingintheearly19thcentury.EdgarAllanPoeisgenerallythoughtofasthetruebeginneroftheshortstoriesbecausehewasthefirstwriterwhoformulatedapoeticsoftheshortstories.Inthe20thcentury,therehavebeenmanywhohavewonfameabroadaswellasintheUSfortheirshortstories:SherwoodAnderson,HemingwayFaulkner,AnnaPorter,anddozensofothers.Asyoureadfromwritertowriter,fromWashingtonIrving’s‘RipVanWinkle’toO’Connner’s‘AGoodManisHardtoFind’,youwillseetheingofashortstoryage,growingfromanentertainingtaleintoastorywhichprobesdeepintohumansouls.Modernliteraryfictionhasbeendominatedbytwoforms:theshortstoryandthenovel.WashingtonIrving,theFatherofAmericanLiterature,developedtheshortstoryasagenreinAmericanliterature.AllanPoeisusuallyacknowledgedastheoriginatorofdetectivestories.Heisalsocreditedwithdevelopingmanyofthestandardfeaturesofdetectivefiction.MultiplechoiceEdgarAllanPoewrotepoemswhicharemarvelsofbeautyandcraftsmanship,suchas____.A.IHearAmericaSingingB.TheRavenC.ToawaterfowlD.ThefalloftheHouseofUsherThemonthreadthroughoutAmericanliteraturehasbeentheemphasisonthe___.A.revolutionismB.reasonC.individualismD.rationalismInAmericanliterature,the18thcenturywastheAgeoftheEnlightenment,___wasthedominantspirit.A.humanismB.rationalismC.revolutionD.evolutionWhowasconsideredthe“PoetofAmericanRevolution”?A.MichaelWigglesworthB.EdwardTaylorC.AnneBradstreetD.PhilipFreneauThomasJefferson’sattitude,thatis,afirmbeliefinprogress,andthepursuitofhappiness,istypicaloftheperiodwenowcall___.A.AgeofEvolutionB.AgeofReasonC.AgeofRomanticismD.AgeofRegionalismMarkTwaincreated,in_____,amasterpieceofAmericanrealismthatisalsooneofthegreatbooksofworldliterature.A.HuckleberryFinnB.TomSawyerC.TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburyD.TheGildedAgeThepessimismanddeterministicideasofnaturalismpervadedtheworksofsuchAmericanwritersas___.A.MarkTwainB.ScottFitzgeraldC.WaltWhitmanD.StephenCraneAlthoughrealismandnaturalismwereproductsofthe19thcentury,theirfinaltriumphcameinthe20thcentury,withthepopularandcriticalsuccessesofsuchwritersasEdwinArlington,WilliamCather,RobertFrost,WilliamFaulknerand_____.A.EdgarAllanPoeB.SherwoodAndersonC.WashingtonIrvingD.RalphEllisonAmericanliteratureproducedonlyonefemalepoetduringthe19thcentury.Shewas___.A.AnneBradstreetB.JaneAustenC.EmilyDickinsonD.HarriedBeecherWithHowells,JamesandMarkTwainactiveonthescene,____becamethemajortrendintheseventiesandeightiesofthe19thcentury.A.sentimentalismB.romanticismC.realismD.naturalismChoosefromthefollowingwritersastaunchadvocateofthe19thcenturyAmericanrealism.A.MarkTwainB.WashingtonIrvingC.StephenCraneD.JackLondonWhichwriterhasnaturalisttendency?A.FrankNorrisB.WilliamDeanHowellsC.TheodoreDreiserD.BothAandCEarlyinthe20thcentury,____publishedworksthatwouldchangethenatureofAmericanpoetry.A.EzraPoundB.T.S.EliotC.RobertFrostD.BothAandBTheImagistwritersfollowedthreeprinciples.Theyrespectivelyaredirecttreatment,economyofexpressionand____.A.localcolorB.ironyC.clearrhythmD.blankverse____,oneoftheessaysinTheSacredWood,istheearlieststatementofT.S.Eliot’saesthetics,whichprovidedausefulinstrumentformoderncriticism.A.‘SweenyAgonistes’B.‘TraditionandIndividualTalent’C.‘APrimerofModernHeresy’D.‘Gerention’T.SEliotusedaform,thatis,theorchestrationofrelatedthemesinsuccessivemovements,insuchworksas____.A.TheWasteLandB.‘ARoseforEmily’C.TheScarletLetterD.TheEggT.S.Eliot’sfirstmajorpoem(1917)____,hasbeencalledthefirstmasterpiecesofmodernisminEnglish.A.‘TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock’B.‘TheWasteLand’C.‘FourQuartets’D.PreludeThethreepoetsEzraPound,T.S.Eliotand____openedthewaytomodernpoetry.A.O.HenryB.HenryDavidThoreauC.E.E.CummingsD.RobertFrostIn1954,___wasawardedtheNobelprizeforliteraturefrohis“masteryoftheartofmodernnarration”.A.T.SEliotB.EarnestHemingwayC.JohnSteinbeckD.WilliamFaulknerWilliamFaulknerisoneofthemostimportantsouthernwritersintheUnitedStates.____,AsILayDying,LightinAugust,andAbsalom,Absalom!areworksthatambitiouscriticstendtoadmire.A.TheSoundandtheFuryB.TheInvisibleManC.AGoodManisHardtoFindD.TheWrathoftheGrapesIV.Questionsandanswers.HowdoyouunderstandMarktwain’suseoflocalcolorinhiswriting?MarkTwain’snarrativesaredistinguishedforhisuseoflocalcolor.Thismaybedefinedasthecarefulattentiontodetailsofthephysicalsceneandtothosemannerismsinspeech,dress,orbehaviorpeculiartoageographicallocality.Heinsistedthatthejobofthenativenovelistswastodepicteachofthecountry’sregionsandpeopleaccurately.OnlyinthiswaycouldthepeculiarityofAmericanexperience,thepolyglottonguesofitspeople,andthevastnessofthecontinentbecaptured.HemainlyexploitedthepossibilitiesofthelocalcolorintheMississippiregion.Discusstheconceptofwastelandinrelationtotheworksofthosewritersinthe20thcenturyAmericanliterature.‘TheWasteLand’isapoemwrittenbyT.S.Eliotonthethemeofthesterilityandchaosofth3contemporaryworld.Thismostwidelyknownexpressionofthedespairinthepostwarerahasappearedoverandoveragainintheworksofthosewritersinthe2othcenturyAmericanliterature.FaulknerexemplifiedT.S.Eliot’sconceptofmodernsocietyasawastelandisadramaticway,hecondemnedthemechanized,industrializedsocietythathasdehumanizedmanbyforcinghimtocultivatefalsevaluesanddecreasethoseessentialhumanvaluessuchascourage,fortitude,honestyandgoodness.Fitzgeraldsoughttoportrayaspiritualwastelandofthejazzage.Beneaththemasksofrelaxationandjoviality,therewasonlysterility,meaninglessandfutilityamidthegrandeurandextravagance,therewasahintofdecadenceandmoraldecay.Hemingway,theleadingspokesmanoftheLostGeneration,thoughdisillusionedinthepostwarperiod,strovetobringaboutman’s“graceunderpressure”.Hetriedtobringouttheideathanmancanbephysicallydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspiritually.AnalyzeWaltWhitman’s‘OCaptain!MyCaptain’intermsoffreeverse.Inthepoem,WhitmancelebratestheheroicstruggleoftheAmericanpeoplefordemocracy,freedomandjusticeandexpresseshisseethinghatredofslavery.Freeverseisakindofpoetrythatlacksregularmeterorpatternandmaynotrhyme.Dependingonnaturalspeechrhythms,itslinesmaybeofdifferentlengthsandmayswitchabruptlyfromonerhythmtoanother.WhitmanwasthefirstAmericanpoettousefreeverseextensively,becauseitisanappropriateformforhisliberatingviewoflifeandforhispoetrythatwouldalloweveryaspectoflifetospeakwithoutrestraint.Hetriedtoapproximatethenaturalcadencesofspeechinhispoetry,carefullyvaryingthelengthofhislinesaccordingtohisintendedemphasis.LiteratureofColonialAmericaLiteraryTerms1.Separatists:Inthecolonialperiod,thePuritanswhohadgonetoextremewereknownas“separatists”.UnlikethemajorityofPuritans,theysawnohopeofreformingtheChurchofEnglandfromwithin.Theyfeltthattheinfluencesofpoliticsandcourthadledtocorruptionswithinthechurch.TheywishedtobreakfreefromtheChurchofEngland.AmongthemwasthePlymouthplantationgroup.TheywishedtofollowCalvin’smodel,andtosetup“particular”churches.2.PilgrimsandPuritans:AsmallgroupofEuropeanssailedfromEnglandontheMayflowerin1620.Thepassengerswerereligiousreformers---PuritanswhowerecriticaloftheChurchofEngland.Havinggivenuphopeof“purifying”theChurchfromwithin,theychoseinsteadtowithdrawfromtheChurch.ThisactionearnedthemthenameSeparatists.Weknowthemasthepilgrims.FillintheblanksTheterm“Puritan”wasappliedtothosesettlerswhooriginallyweredevoutmembersoftheChurchofEngland.HarvardCollegewasestablishedin1636,withaprintingpresssetupnearlyin1639.Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobriety,thesewerethepuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearlyAmericanwriting.TheAmericanpoetswhoemergedintheseventeenthcenturyadaptedthestyleofestablishedEuropeanpoetstothesubjectmatterconfrontedinastrange,newenvironment.AnneBradstreetwasoneofsuchpoets.Bradstreetusedaword“pilgrim”todescribethemunityofbelieverswhosailedfromSouthamptonEngland,ontheMayflowerandsettledinPlymouth,Massachusetts,in1620.ThewriterwhobestexpressedthePuritanfaithinthecolonialperiodwasJohnWinthrop.ThePuritanphilosophyknownasPuritanismwasimportantinNewEnglandduringcolonialtime,andhadaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmindforseveralgenerations.MultiplechoiceEarlyinthe17thcentury,theEnglishsettlementsin___beganthemainstreamofwhatwerecognizeastheAmericannationalhistory.A.VirginiaandPennsylvaniaB.MassachusettsandNewYorkC.VirginiaandMassachusettsD.NewYorkandPennsylvaniaThefirstwritingsthatwecallAmericanwerethenarrativesand___oftheearlysettlements.A.journalsB.poetryC.dramaD.folkloresAmongtheearliestsettlersinNorthAmericawereFrenchmenwhosettledintheNorthernColoniesandalongthe____River.A.St.LouisB.St.LawrenceC.MississippiD.HudsonIn1620anumberofPuritanscametosettlein___.A.VirginiaB.GeorgiaC.MarylandD.MassachusettsWhosereportsofexploration,publishedintheearly1600s,havebeenregardedasthefirstdistinctAmericanliteraturewritteninEnglish?A.JohnWinthrop’sB.JohnSmith’sC.WilliamBradford’sD.ChristopherColumbus’sWhatstyledidtheseventeenthcenturyAmericanpoetsadapttothesubjectmatterconfrontedinastrangelynewenvironment?Thestyleoftheirown.ThestylemixedwithEnglishandAmericanelements.Thestylemixedwithnative-AmericanandBritishtradition.ThestyleofestablishedEuropeanpoets.____wasacivilcovenantdesignedtoallowthetemporalstatetoservethegodlycitizen.TheearlyhistoryofPlymouthColony.TheMagnaliaChristiAmerica.Mayflowerpact.FreedomoftheWillWhoamongthefollowingtranslatedtheBibleintotheIndiantongue?A.RogerWilliamsB.JohnEliotC.CottonMatherD.JohnSmithThebestofPuritanpoetswas____,whosepleteeditionofpoetsappearedin1960,morethantwohundredyearsafterhisdeath.A.AnneBradstreetB.MichaelWigglesworthC.ThomasHookerD.EdwardTaylorEnglishliteratureinAmericaisonlyaboutmorethan___yearsold.A.500B.600C.200D.100Theearlyhistoryof___ColonywasthehistoryofBradford’sleadership.A.PlymouthB.JamestownC.NewEnglandD.MayflowerThemonthreadthroughoutAmericanliteraturehasbeentheemphasisonthe___.A.revolutionismB.reasonC.individualismD.rationalismAnneBradstreetwasaPuritanpoet.HerpoemsmadesuchastirinEnglandthatshebecameknownasthe“___”whoappearedinAmerica.A.NinthMuseB.TenthMuseC.bestMuseD.FirstMuseTheship“___”carriedaboutonehundredPilgrimsandtook66daystobeatitswayacrosstheAtlantic.InDecemberof1620,itputthePilgrimsashoreatPlymouth,Massachusetts.A.SunflowerB.ArmadaC.MayflowerD.TitanicWhichwriterbestexpressedthePuritansenseoftheself?A.JonathanEdwardsB.CottonMatherC.JohnSmithD.ThomasHookerBefore_____theAmericannewspaperswereculturalandliterarynature,butafterthistime,theybecamemorepolitical.A.1620B.1700C.1775D.1750Questionandanswer.WhowasAnneBradstreet?Whatwereherliteraryachievements?AnneBradstreet(1612-1672)isoneofthemostimportantfiguresinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.SheisconsideredbymanytobethefirstAmericanpoetandherfirstcollectionofpoems,TheTenthMuseLatelySprungupinAmerica,byaGentlewomanofThoseParts,wasthefirstbookwrittenbyawomantobepublishedintheUnitedStates.Mrs.Bradstreet’sworkalsoservesasdocumentofthestrugglesofaPuritanwifeagainstthehardshipsofnewEnglandcoloniallife.LiteratureofReasonandRevolutionLiteraryterms.Autobiography:Anautobiographyisaperson’saccountofhisorherlife.Generallywritteninthefirstperson,withtheauthorspeakingas“I”.Autobiographiespresentlifeeventsasthewriterviewsthem.Inadditiontoprovidinginsidedetailsaboutthewriter’slife,autobiographiesofferinsightsintothebeliefsandperceptionsoftheauthor.Theyalsoofferglimpseofwhatitwasliketoliveintheauthor’stimeperiod.Theyoftenprovideaviewofhistoricaleventsthatyouwon’tfindinhistorybooks.BenjaminFranklin’sAutobiographysetthestandardforwhatwasthenanewgenre.Persuasion:Persuasioniswritingmeanttoconvincereaderstothinkoractinacertainway.Apersuasivewriterappealstoemotionsorreason,offeropinionsandurgesaction.Aphorism:Anaphorismisashort,concisestatementexpressingawiseorcleverobservationorageneraltruth.Avarietyofdevicesmakeaphorismseasytoremember.Somecontainrhymesorrepeatedwordsorsounds.Othersuseparallelstructuretopresentcontrastingideas.Theaphorism“nopainsnogains”usesrhyme,repetitionandparallelstructure.Fillintheblanks.AttheinitialperiodthespreadofideasoftheAmericanEnlightenmentwaslargelyduetojournalism.Franklineditedthefirstcolonialmagazine,whichhecalledtheGreatMagazine.Franklin’sbeatwritingisfoundinhismasterpieceAutobiography.ThomasPaine,withhisnaturalgiftforpamphleteeringandrebellion,wasappropriatelybornintoanageofrevolution.OnJanuary10,1776,Paine’sfamouspamphletmonSenseappeared.Paine’ssecondmostimportantworkTheRightsofManwasanimpassionedpleaagainsthereditarymonarchy.ThemostoutstandingpoetinAmericaofthe18thcenturywasPhilipFreneau.PhilipFreneau’sfamouspoem“TheBritishPrisonShip”waswrittenabouthisimprisonedexperience.PhilipFreneauwasaclosefriendandpoliticalassociateofPresidentThomasJefferson.PhilipFreneauwasconsideredasthe“poetoftheAmericanRevolution”,becausehewroteimpassionedverseinsupportoftheAmericanrevolution.PhilipFreneauwasnoteworthyfirstbecauseofthenatureofhispoems.TheyweretrulyAmericanandverypatriotic.Inthisrespect,hereflectedthespiritofhisage.Therefore,hehasbeencalledthe“fatherofAmericanpoetry”.InAmericanliterature,theeighteenthcenturywasanAgeofReasonandRevolution.MultiplechoiceInAmericanliterature,theeighteenthcenturywastheageoftheEnlightenment.___wasthedominantspirit.A.HumanismB.rationalismC.RevolutionD.EvolutionInAmericanliterature,theEnlightenerswerenotopposedto___.A.thecolonialorderB.religiousobscurantismC.thePuritantraditionD.thesecularliteratureTheEnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericaroseinarmsagainsttheirparentcountryandtheContinentalCongressadopted___in1776.A.theDeclarationofIndependenceB.theSugarActC.theStampActD.theMayflowerpactWhichstatementaboutFranklinisnottrue?Heinstructedhiscountrymenasaprinter.Hewasamasterofdiplomacy.HewasaPuritan.Hewasascientist.ThesecularidealsoftheAmericanEnlightenmentwereexemplifiedinthelifeandcareerof___.A.ThomasHoodB.BenjaminFranklinC.ThomasJeffersonD.GeorgeWashingtonWhichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtothisliteraryperiod?A.TheAmericanCrisisB.TheFederalistC.DeclarationofIndependenceD.TheWasteLandBenjaminFranklinwastheepitomeofthe___.A.AmericanEnlightenmentB.SugarActC.ChartistmovementD.RomanticistFrom1732to1758,BenjaminFranklinwroteandpublishedhisfamous___,anannualcollectionofproverbs.A.TheAutobiographyB.PoorRichard’sAlmanacC.monSenseD.TheGeneralMagazineThefirstpamphletpublishedinAmericatourgeimmediateindependencefromBritainis___.A.TheRightsofManB.monSenseC.TheAmericanCrisisD.DeclarationofIndependence“Thesearethetimesthattrymen’ssouls”,thesewordswereoncereadtoWashington’stroopsanddidmuchtoshoreupthespiritsoftherevolutionarysoldiers.Whoistheauthorofthesewords?A.BenjaminFranklinB.ThomasJeffersonC.ThomasPaineD.GeorgeWashingtonWhichstatementaboutPhilipFreneau?A.HewasasatiristB.Hewasapamphleteer.C.Hewasasinger.D.Hewasabitterpolemicist.Whowasconsideredasthe“poetofAmericanRevolution”?A.MichaelWigglesworthB.EdwardTaylorC.AnneBradstreetD.PhilipFreneauAttheReasonandRevolutionPeriod,AmericanswereinfluencedbytheEuropeanmovementcalledthe___.A.ChartistMovementB.RomanticistMovementC.EnlightenmentMovementD.ModernistMovementThomasJefferson’sattitude,thatis,afirmbeliefinprogress,andthepursuitofhappiness,istypicaloftheperiodwenowcall____.A.AgeofEvolutionB.AgeofReasonC.AgeofRomanticismD.AgeofRegionalismQuestionsandAnswers.WhatarethecharacteristicsofBenjaminFranklin’sliterarywork?ThemainqualityinallBenjaminFranklin’swritingisitsgenuinehumanness.Hisliteraryworkwastypicalofhimself.Honest,plain,democratic,clear-headed,shrewd,worldly-wise,hewasinterestedinthepracticalsideoflife.Theabsenceofidealityisobviousinallhispositions.Heneverreachedthehighlevelsofimaginativeart.Butonthislowerplaneofmaterialinterestandevery-daylifehewas,theworkspossessauniversalcharmGiveabriefaccountofAmericanliteratureofthisperiod.MuchworkduringtheRevolutionaryperiodwaspublicwriting.BythetimeoftheWarforIndependence,nearlyfiftynewspapershadbeenestablishedinthecoastalcities.AtthetimeofWashington’sinauguration,therewerenearlyfortymagazines.AlmanacswerepopularfromMassachusettstoGeorgia.Themindofthenationwasonpolitics.Journalistsandprintersprovidedaforumfortheexpressionofideas.Thewritingofpermanentimportanceismostlypoliticalwriting.Thebest-knownwritingoftheperiodoutsidethefieldofpoliticswasdonebyBenjaminFranklin.WriteananalysisofTheDeclarationofIndependence.TheDeclarationofIndependence,adoptedonJuly4,1776,notonlyannouncedthebirthofanewnation,italsosetforthaphilosophyofhumanfreedomwhichservedasanimportantforceinthewesternworld.ItsideasinspiredmassfervorfortheAmericancause,foritinstilledamongthemonpeopleasenseoftheirownimportance,andinspiredstruggleforpersonalfreedom,self-government,andadignifiedplaceinsociety.RomanticPeriodofAmericanLiteratureLiteraryTerms.Romanticism:Theliteraturetermwasfirstappliedtothewritersofthe18thcenturyinEuropewhobrokeawayfromtheformalrulesofclassicalwriting.WhenitwasusedinAmericanliteratureitreferredtothewritersofthemiddleofthe19thcenturywhostimulatedthesentimentalemotionsoftheirreaders.Theywrotethemysteriesoflife,love,birthanddeath.Theromanticwritersexpressedthemselvesfreelyandwithoutrestraint.Theywroteallkindsofmaterials:poetry,essays,plays,fiction,history,worksoftravel,andbiography.Firesidepoets:WilliamGullenBryant,HenryWadsworthLongfellow,JamesRusselLowell,OliverWendellHolmes,andJohnGreenleafWhittierconstitutedagroupcalledtheFiresidePoets.Theyearnedthisnicknamebecausetheyfrequentlyusedthehearthasanimageoffortandunity,aplacewherefamiliesgatheredtolearnandtellstories.Theywerewidelyreadaroundthehearthsidesof19th-centuryAmericanfamilies.Transcendentalism:InNewEngland,anintellectualmovementknownastranscendentalismdevelopedasanAmericanversionofRomanticism.ThemovementbeganamonganinfluentialsetofauthorsbasedinConcord,MassachusettsandwasledbyRalphWaldoEmerson.LikeRomanticism,transcendentalismrejectedboth18thcenturyrationalismandestablishedreligion,whichforthetranscendentalistsmeantthePuritantraditioninparticular.Thetranscendentalistscelebratedthepowerofthehumanimaginationtomunewiththeuniverseandtranscendthelimitationsofthematerialworld.Theyfoundtheirchiefsourceofinspirationinnature.Emerson’sessaynaturewasthemajordocumentofthetranscendentalschoolandstatedtheideasthatweretoremaincentraltoit.Symbolism:ItisamovementinliteratureandthevisualartsthatoriginatedinFranceinthepoetryofCharlesBaudelaireinthelate19thcentury.Inliterature,symbolismwasanaestheticmovementthatencouragedwriterstoexpresstheirideas,feelings,andvaluesbymeansofsymbolsorsuggestionsratherthanbydirectstatements.HawthorneandMelvillearemastersofsymbolisminAmericainthe19thcentury.Freeverse:freeverseistherhymedorunrhymedpoetryposedwithoutattentiontoconventionalrulesofmeter.FreeversewasfirstwrittenandlabeledbyagroupofFrenchpoetsofthelate19thcentury.Theirpurposewastodeliverpoetryfromtherestrictionsofformalmetricalpatternsandtorecreatethefreerhythmsofnaturalspeech.WaltWhitmanwastheprecursorwhowrotelinesofvaryinglengthandcadence,usuallynotrhymed.Theemotionalcontentormeaningoftheworkwasexpressedthroughitsrhythm.FreeversehasbeencharacteristicoftheworkofmanymodernAmericanpoets,includingEzraPoundandCarlSandburg.Puritanism:ThewordisoriginallyusedtorefertothetheoryadvocatedbyapartywithintheChurchofEngland.ItisalsousedtorefertoattitudesandvaluesconsideredcharacteristicsofthePuritans.Itdenotesarigidmoral,orthecondemnationofinnocentpleasure,orreligiousnarrownessadheredbytheearlyNewEnglandPuritans.ItexertedgreatinfluenceoverAmericanRomanticism.ThepreoccupationwiththeCalvinistviewoforiginalsinandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksbysuchfamouswritersasHawthorneandMelville.FillintheblanksIntheearly19thcenturyRipVanWinkleestablishedWashingtonIrving’sreputationathomeandabroad,anddesignedthebeginningofAmericanRomanticism.RalphWaldoEmerson’sfirstbookin1836NaturebroughtAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.Intheearly19thcentury,WashingtonIrvingwroteTheSketchBookwhichbecamethefirstworkbyanAmericanwritertowinfinancialsuccessonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.AllanPoe’spoemshavethemusicalqualityandromanticbeauty.TheRavenishisbest-knownpoem.TheCivilWarof1861-1865endedinthedefeatoftheSouthernersandtheabolitionofslavery.LeavesofGrass,eitherincontentorform,isanepoch-makingworkinAmericanliterature;itsdemocraticcontentmarkedtheshiftfromRomanticismtoRealism,anditsfreeverseformbrokefromoldpoeticconventionstoopenanewroadforAmericanpo