2021年度考研英语二真题及答案完整版

研究生入学考试英语二真 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 与解析英语二完型　　SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoney，youmightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.___1___，atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeed，predictionsofsuchasocietyhavebeen___2___fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample，BusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpayment“wouldsoonrevolutionizethevery___3___ofmoneyitself,”onlyto___4___itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso___5___incoming?Althoughe-moneymightbemoreconvenientandmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaper，severalfactorswork__6___thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.First，itisvery___7___tosetupthecomputer，cardreader，andtelecommunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe___8___formofpayment.Second，papercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey___9___receipts，somethingthatmanyconsumersareunwillingto___10___.Third，theuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays___11___acheckiscashedandfundsare___12___fromtheissuer'saccount，whichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcanearninterestonthefundsinthemeantime.___13___electronicpaymentsareimmediate，theyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourth，electronicmeansofpayment___14___securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation___15___there.Becausethisisnotan___16___occurrence，unscrupulouspersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand___17___fundsbymovingthemfromsomeoneelse’saccountsintotheirown.The___18___ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytask，andawholenewfieldofcomputersciencehasdevelopedto___19___securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic___20___thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldataonbuyinghabits.Thereareworriesthatgovernment，employers，andmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedata，therebyencroachingonourprivacy.1.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise2.[A]off[B]back[C]over[D]around3.[A]power[B]concept[C]history[D]role4.[A]reward[B]resist[C]resume[D]reverse5.[A]silent[B]sudden[C]slow[D]steady6.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]on7.[A]imaginative[B]expensive[C]sensitive[D]productive8.[A]similar[B]original[C]temporary[D]dominant9.[A]collect[B]provide[C]copy[D]print10.[A]giveup[B]takeover[C]bringback[D]passdown11.[A]before[B]after[C]since[D]when12.[A]kept[B]borrowed[C]released[D]withdrawn13.[A]Unless[B]Until[C]Because[D]Though14.[A]hide[B]express[C]raise[D]ease15.[A]analyzed[B]shared[C]stored[D]displayed16.[A]unsafe[B]unnatural[C]uncommon[D]unclear17.[A]steal[B]choose[C]benefit[D]return18.[A]consideration[B]prevention[C]manipulation[D]justification19.[A]copewith[B]fightagainst[C]adaptto[D]callfor20.[A]chunk[B]chip[C]path[D]trail　　英语二阅读原文及出处：　　Text1　　Inanessay，entitled“MakingItinAmerica,”inthelatestissueofTheAtlantic，theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated：Theaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday，“amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedog，andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines。”　　Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentandsaggingmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession，butitisalsobecauseofthequantumadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution，whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers。　　Inthepast，workerswithaverageskills，doinganaveragejob，couldearnanaveragelifestyle.But，today，averageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon’tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan’twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor，cheaprobotics，cheapsoftware，cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therefore，everyoneneedstofindtheirextra—theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.Averageisover。　　Yes，newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever，andalwayswill.Astheysay，ifhorsescouldhavevoted，thereneverwouldhavebeencars.Butthere’sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotes，“Inthe10yearsendingin，[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years；roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs—about6millionintotal—disappeared。”　　Andyouain’tseennothin’yet.LastApril，AnnieLowreyofSlatewroteaboutastart-upcalled“ElaCarte”thatisouttoshrinktheneedforwaitersandwaitresses：Thecompany“hasproducedakindofsouped-upiPadthatletsyouorderandpayrightatyourtable.ThebrainchildofabunchofM.I.T.engineers，theniftyinvention，knownasthePresto，mightbefoundatarestaurantnearyousoon....Youselectwhatyouwanttoeatandadditemstoacart.Dependingontherestaurant’spreferences，theconsolecouldshowyounutritionalinformation，ingredientslistsandphotographs.Youcanmakespecialrequests，like‘dressingontheside’or‘quintuplebacon.’Whenyou’redone，theorderzingsovertothekitchen，andthePrestotellsyouhowlongitwilltakeforyouritemstocomeout....Boredwithyourcompanions?Playgamesonthemachine.Whenyou’rethroughwithyourmeal，youpayontheconsole，splittingthebillitembyitemifyouwishandpayinghoweveryouwant.Andyoucanhaveyourreceipte-mailedtoyou....Eachconsolegoesfor$100permonth.Ifarestaurantservesmealseighthoursaday，sevendaysaweek，itworksoutto42centsperhourpertable—makingthePrestocheaperthaneventheverycheapestwaiter。”　　WhattheiPadwon’tdoinanaboveaveragewayaChineseworkerwill.ConsiderthisparagraphfromSunday’sterrificarticleinTheTimesbyCharlesDuhiggandKeithBradsheraboutwhyAppledoessomuchofitsmanufacturinginChina：“ApplehadredesignedtheiPhone’sscreenatthelastminute，forcinganassembly-lineoverhaul.Newscreensbeganarrivingatthe[Chinese]plantnearmidnight.Aforemanimmediatelyroused8,000workersinsidethecompany’sdormitories，accordingtotheexecutive.Eachemployeewasgivenabiscuitandacupoftea，guidedtoaworkstationandwithinhalfanhourstarteda12-hourshiftfittingglassscreensintobeveledframes.Within96hours，theplantwasproducingover10,000iPhonesaday.‘Thespeedandflexibilityisbreathtaking,’theexecutivesaid.‘There’snoAmericanplantthatcanmatchthat.’”　　Andautomationisnotjustcomingtomanufacturing，explainsCurtisCarlson，thechiefexecutiveofSRIInternational，aSiliconValleyidealabthatinventedtheAppleiPhoneprogramknownasSiri，thedigitalpersonalassistant.“Siriisthebeginningofahugetransformationinhowweinteractwithbanks，insurancecompanies，retailstores，healthcareproviders，informationretrievalservicesandproductservices。”　　Therewillalwaysbechange—newjobs，newproducts，newservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolution，thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.HerearethelatestunemploymentratesfromtheBureauofLaborStatisticsforAmericansover25yearsold：thosewithlessthanahighschooldegree，13.8percent；thosewithahighschooldegreeandnocollege，8.7percent；thosewithsomecollegeorassociatedegree，7.7percent；andthosewithbachelor’sdegreeorhigher，4.1percent。　　Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover，therearemanythingsweneedtodotobuttressemployment，butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopost-highschooleducation。亚当•戴维森(AdamDavidson)《在美国制造》一文中提到南部种棉地区一种笑话，内容涉及当代纺织厂自动化限度：如今普通工厂只有两个雇员，“一种人外加一条狗。人是负责喂狗，狗是让人不要接近机器。”　　咱们失业率为什么居高不下、中产阶级收入为什么下降，其实大某些是由于大衰退导致需求大幅下降。这其中也有全球化和信息科技革命巨大进步推动：机器或者外国工人取代劳力速度空前。近来有大量文章都在讨论这些，戴维森文章只是其中一篇而已。　　过去，只要有个普通手艺，做份普通工作，工人生活就过得还凑合。但如今，拥有普通水平不行了。不出众就没法像过去同样活着了。由于当前越来越多雇主有大把机会接触到不错外国便宜劳动力、便宜机器人、便宜软件、低廉自动化设备和要价低人才。因而，人人都需要有此外价值：异于常人独特价值可以让她们在各自雇佣市场上脱颖而出。靠平庸就能过日子时代结束了。　　是，新技术始终就在吞噬咱们工作，将来还会继续吞噬。并且吞噬速度在加快。俗话说，如果马会投票，那就永远不会有小轿车了。如戴维森所言，“之前十年内，美国工厂裁撤工人速度之快，基本上等于过去70年新增工人数量；大概每三个工作岗位就有一种岗位消失了，总共约有600万之多。”　　尚有好戏呢。去年四月，Slate杂志安妮•洛瑞(AnnieLowrey)写了一篇初创公司ElaCarte文章，其目的是减少对服务生需要：这家公司“已经生产出了一种增强版iPad，它可以让您在桌边点菜和买单。也许不久在身边餐馆里你就会见到这个麻省理工工程师们杰作、时髦创造Presto了。你可以选取你想吃，把它放进小推车里。依照餐馆选取，控制设备会显示营养信息、成分清单和图片等。你也可以有详细需求，例如说‘调料放在边上’或者‘五倍熏肉’。你都决定好之后，订单立马会传到厨房，Presto会告诉你所点东西花多长时间可以出来。...与同伴等得不耐烦了？那就再iPad上玩玩游戏吧。吃完饭之后，你可以在控制设备上付款，如果你乐意，你可以一种菜一种菜地分割账单付款，你也可以选取付款方式。你还可以规定将收据发邮件给你。...使用每个控制设备每月需要100美金。如果一家餐馆每天营业8小时，每周营业7天，那么每张餐桌每小时成本只有42美分：因而Presto比最便宜服务员都便宜。”　iPad不能以超常方式做，中华人民共和国工人都可以做。来看看查尔斯•杜赫(CharlesDuhigg)和基斯？布拉德舍(KeithBradsher)在周日在本报(《纽约时报》)上一篇美文吧，文中有一段讲述了苹果公司为什么将那么多生产环节放在中华人民共和国：“最后一刻，苹果公司重新设计了iPhone屏幕，因而装配线需要所有调节。半夜时分左右，新屏幕开始到达中华人民共和国工厂。依照这位执行官论述，一名领班及时叫醒了公司宿舍8000名工人。每人领了一份饼干和一杯茶后，就被带到一种车间，半小时内，她们就开始了12小时轮班，将玻璃屏幕装到斜面框架中。96小时之后，这家工厂每天就能生产1万台iPhone.‘这种速度和灵活性令人目瞪口呆。’这位执行官说，‘在美国找不到这样工厂。’”　　自动化也不但仅发生在生产领域，硅谷科技公司孵化器斯坦福国际研究院(SRIInternational)首席执行官柯蒂斯•卡尔森(CurtisCarlson)说。该公司创造了苹果iPhone个人数字助理服务Siri程序。“在变化咱们与银行、保险公司、零售商店、医疗保健提供商、信息检索服务公司和产品生产公司关系方面，Siri只是这个巨大转变开始。”　　变化总是会存在，新工作、新产品和新服务都会浮现。但咱们确信无疑是，全球化和科学技术每迈进一步，最佳工作都会规定工人接受过更多更优质教诲，这样她们才会超于常人。下面是美国劳工局对美国25岁以上人群最新失业率记录：高中学历都没有失业率为13.8%；有高中学历，但没大学学历为8.7%；有大学或大专学历为7.7%；有学士甚至更高学位只有4.1%。　　在一种平庸者已经无法生存时代，咱们需要做增进就业事情有诸多，但没有哪个比通过像《退役军人权利法案》之类法案来得重要。只有这样，才干保证21世纪每个美国都能接受高中之后教诲。　Text2　　Imagineanewimmigrationpolicy　　Acenturyago，theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincludedsettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay，andwhowouldmakesomemoneyandthengohome.Between1908and1915，about7millionpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants，forexample，eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname，"uccellidipassaggio,"birdsofpassage。　　Today，wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenewcomersintotwocategories：legalorillegal，goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking，orbrandthemasaliensfitfordeportation.Thatframeworkhascontributedmightilytoourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit。　　Wedon''tneedmorecategories，butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostart，wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage，thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges。　　Croppickers，violinists，constructionworkers，entrepreneurs，engineers，homehealth-careaidesandparticlephysicistsareamongtoday''sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork，moneyandideas.Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem.Theycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother。　　Withorwithoutpermission，theystraddlelaws，jurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably。　　Imaginelifewitharadicallydifferentimmigrationpolicy：TheJamaicanwomanwhocameasavisitorandwaslookingafteryourauntuntilshediedcouldtrylivinginCanadaforawhile.Youcouldeventuallyaskhertocomebacktocareforyourmother。　　TheIndiansoftwaredevelopercouldtakesomeofhisSiliconValleyearningshometojoinfriendsinalittlestart-up，knowingthathecouldalwaysworkinCaliforniaagain.OrtheMexicanlaborerwhobustshisbackonaWisconsindairyfarmforwagesthatkeepmilkcheapwouldcomeandgoasneededbecausehecoulddecidewhichdairytoworkfor，andabi-nationalbankprogramwashelpinghimsavemoneytobuildabetterlifeforhiskidsinMexico。　　Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes，includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem。　　Anewsystemthatencouragesbothsojournersandsettlerswouldnotonlyhelpensurethatoursocietyreceivesthehumanresourcesitwillneedinthefuture，italsocouldhaveanaddedbenefit：Changingtherigidframeworkmighthelpusresolvethestatusoftheestimated11millionunauthorizedmigrantswhoareoursharedlegacyofpolicyfailures。　Currently，wedonotdograyzoneswell.Hundredsofthousandsofpeopleslosharoundinindeterminatestatusbecausethey''recaughtinbureaucraticlimboorbecausetheyhavebeengrantedtemporarystaysthatarerepeatedlyextended.PresidentBarackObamacreatedapalershadeofgraythissummerbyexercisingprosecutorialdiscretionnottodeportsomeyoungpeoplewhowerebroughttothiscountryillegallyaschildren.Buttheseareexceptions，notrules。　　Thebasicmechanismforlegalimmigrationtoday，apartfromthespecialcategoryofrefugee，isthelegalpermanentresidentvisa，orgreencard.MostrecipientsarepeoplesponsoredbycloserelativeswholiveintheUnitedStates.Asthenameimplies，thismechanismisdesignedforimmigrantswhoaresettlingdown.Thevisacanberevokediftheholderdoesnotshow"intenttoremain"bynotmaintainingaU.S.address，goingabroadtoworkfulltimeorjusttravelingindefinitely.LegalresidentsareassumedtobeontheirwaytobecomingAmericans，physically，culturallyandlegally.Afterfiveyearsoflivinghere，theybecomeeligibleforcitizenshipandachancetogainvotingrightsandfullaccesstothesocialsafetynet。　　Thisisafinewaytodealwithpeoplewhoarrivewithdeepconnectionstothecountryandwhoresolvetostay.Thatcanandshouldbemostimmigrants.Butthismechanismhastwoproblems：Thenationisnotpreparedtooffercitizenshiptoeverymigrantwhoisofferedajob.Andnoteveryonewhocomesherewantstostayforever。　　Itmayhaveoncemadesensetothinkofimmigrantsassodbusterswhowerecomingtosettleemptyspaces.Butthatantiquereasoningdoesnotapplywhenthecountryislookingatalong，steepracetoremaincompetitiveintheworldeconomy，particularlynotwheninnovationandentrepreneurshiparesupposedtobeourcomparativeadvantage.Tosucceed，weneedmodernbirdsofpassage。　　Thechallengesdifferdependingonwhetheryouarelookingatthehighendoftheskillsspectrum，theinformationworkersoratlow-skilledlaborers。　　Afrequentproposalforhighlyskilledworkerscomeswiththeslogan，"Stapleagreencardtothediploma."ThatissupposedtoensurethatagreatershareofbrainyinternationalstudentsremainintheUnitedStatesafterearningdegreesinscienceandtechnology.Butwhatiftheyarenotreadyforalong-termcommitment?Noonewouldsuggestthatinvestmentcapitalordesignprocessesneedtoresidepermanentlyinonenation.Talenttodayyearnstobeequallymobile.Ratherthantrytoobligesmartyoungpeoplefromabroadtostayhere，weshouldallowthemtothinkoftheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanalwaysreturn，aplacewheretheywillspendpart，notall，oftheirlives，oneofseveralplaceswheretheycanliveandworkandinvest。　Temporary-workerprogramsareaconventionalapproachtomeetinglow-skilledlaborneedswithoutillegalimmigration.That''swhatPresidentGeorgeW.Bushproposedin，sayingthegovernmentshould"matchwillingforeignworkerswithwillingAmericanemployers."Animmigrantcomestodoaparticularjobforalimitedperiodoftimeandthengoeshome.Butsuchprogramsriskreplacingonekindofrigiditywithanother.Therelativelysmallprogramscurrentlyinplacedon''tmanagethematchmakingverywell。　　Competingdomesticworkersneedtobeprotected，asdothemigrantworkers，andtheprocessmustbenimbleenoughtomeetlabormarketdemand.Nobodyreallyhaspulledthatoff，andthereisnoreasontobelieveitcanbedoneonagrandscale.Ratherthantryingtolinkspecificmigrantstospecificjobs，differenttypesoftemporaryworkvisascouldbepeggedtoindustries，toplacesortotimeperiods.Youcouldgetanengineeringvisa，notonlyavisatoworkatIntel。　　Bothshort-termvisasandpermanentresidenceneedtobepartofthemix，buttheyarenotthewholeanswer.Anothervaluabletoolistheprovisionalvisa，whichAustraliausesasakindofintermediarystageinwhichtemporaryimmigrantsspendseveralyearsbeforebecomingeligibleforpermanentresidency.TheU.S.systempracticallyobligesvisitorstospendtimeherewithoutauthorizationwhenthey''vemarriedacitizen，gottenajobordonesomethingelsethatqualifiesthemtostaylegally。　　WealsocouldborrowfromEuropeandcreatelong-termpermissiontoresideforcertainmigrantsthatiscontingentonsimplybeingemployed，notonhavingaspecificjob.And，legislationcouldloosenthedefinitionsofpermanentresidencysothatmigrantscouldgainalifetimerighttoliveandworkintheUnitedStateswithouthavingtobehere(andpaytaxeshere)moreorlesscontinuously。　　Theideathatnewcomersareeithersaintsorsinnersisnotwrittenindeliblyeitherinourheartsorinourlaws.Asthesizeoftheunauthorizedpopulationhasgrownoverthepast20yearsorso，thepoliticalresponsehasdictatedseeingimmigrationpolicythroughthestarklensoflawenforcement:　　Whomdowelockup，kickout，fenceoff?Prominentpoliticiansofbothparties，includingbothpresidentialcandidates，haveengagedinmachoone-upmanshipwhenitcomestoimmigration.So，PresidentObamabrokerecordsfordeportations.MittRomney，meanwhile，vowstobreakrecordsforbordersecurity。Breakingoutoftheeither/ormentalityopensupmanyavenuesformanagingfutureimmigration.Itcouldalsohelpbreakthestalemateoverthecurrentpopulationofunauthorizedmigrants.NoelectionresultwillproduceaCongressthatoffersapathtocitizenshipforeverybody，butthereisnosupportfortotaldeportation，either。　　Ifweacceptthattherearespacesbetweenlegalandillegal，thenoptionsmultiply。　　Citizenshipcouldbeaneventualoutcomeformost，notall，peoplehereillegally，buteveryonewouldgetsomekindofpapers，andwecanengineerawayforpeopletoworktheirwayfromonestatustoanother.Thenewlyarrivedandleastattachedcouldbegrantedstatusforalimitedtimeandreceivehelpwithreturningtotheirhomecountries.Othersmightbeofferedlife-longprivilegestoliveandworkhere，butnotcitizenship.We''dgivethefullestwelcometothosewithhomes，childrenorlongtimejobs。　　ByinsistingthatimmigrantsareeitherAmericansoraliens，wemakeitharderforsomegoodfolkstocomeandweobligeotherstostayforthewrongreasons.Worse，weensurethattherewillalwaysbepeoplelivingamonguswhoareoutsidethelaw，andthatisnotgoodforthemorus。　Text3　　BeyondtheBlink　　WhentheSupremeCourtannounceditsdecisionontheAffordableCareActlastmonth，themediawentwild.Therushtojudgmenttookseconds.CNNandFoxNewsinitiallydescribedthedecisionincorrectly，sayingfivejusticeshadstruckdownthelaw.Evenaftercorrections，thesnapanalysisthatfollowedwasn’tveryhelpful.Themultipartdecisioniscomplex，anditsramificationswilltakemonthsorevenyearstounderstand。　　Theblinkresponsetothiscaseisonlythelatestexampleofatroublingincreaseinthespeedofourreactions.E-mail，socialmediaandthe24-hournewscycleareinformationalamphetamines，acocktailofpillsthatwepopatanincreasinglyfastpace—andthatleadustomakemistakensplit-seconddecisions.Economistslabeltheproblem“presentbias”：wearevulnerabletofast，salientstimulation。　　Fortunately，thereisanantidote：theconsciouspause.Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions，ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact，wecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick，hard-wiredresponses。　　Forexample，countlessstudieshaveshownthatphysicians’immediate，unconsciousreactionstoracialminoritiesleadthemtoundertreatblackpatients.InonestudypublishedintheJournalofGeneralInternalMedicinein，researchersaskedseveralhundreddoctorsaboutahypothetical50-year-oldmalepatientwhoshowedupwithchestpain.Theresearchersgavethedoctorsaphotographoftheman，randomlyvaryinghisrace.Halfsawhimaswhite；halfsawhimasblack。　　Sureenough，althoughthedoctorsinsistedtheywerenotraciallybiased，theyweremorelikelytoprescribethrombolysis，ananti-blood-clottingprocedure，forthewhitepatient，whilegivingtheblackpatientaless-aggressiveprescription.Thedoctorsdidn’tappearracist，yettheirunconscioussnapreactionsledthemtotreatblacksdifferently—theverydefinitionofracism。　　However，aboutoneinfourofthedoctorsguessedthatthestudywasdesignedtotestracialbias.Theystoppedforamomentandconsideredhowtheymightreactdifferentlydependingonrace.Theresearchersfoundthatthis“aware”subgroupdidnottreatpatientsdifferently.Oncetheypausedtoconsiderwhetherracewasanissue，racewasnolongeranissue。　　Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms；ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous，ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly，withinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociable，studiesshow，weneedatleastaminute，preferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonality，likeneuroticismoropen-mindedness.Ifweneedtounderstandhowninejusticesresolvedadifficultlegalissue，weneedevenmoretime。　Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapid，evensubliminalstimuliaren’texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.SanfordDeVoeandChen-BoZhong，psychologistsattheUniversityofToronto，foundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfaster，eventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconscio