跨文化交际unit1答案

...Unit1 CommunicationAcrossCultures WarmUp Questions 1.  Whyisitdifficulttoexplaintoablindpersonwhatcolorsare?2.  Doyousometimesfindithardtomakeyourselfproperlyunderstoodbyothers?Ifyoudo,whydoyouthinkitishard?  It is very difficult for people to understand one another if they do not share the sameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthatmakeupwhatiscalled―culture‖ inthesocialsciences －thehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuestowhichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmayintroducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.  ReadingI InterculturalCommunication：AnIntroduction  Comprehensionquestions1.Isitstilloftenthecasethat“everyone‟squicktoblamethealien”inthecontemporaryworld?Thisisstillpowerfulintoday‘ssocialandpoliticalrhetoric.Forinstance,itisnotuncommonintoday‘ssocietytohearpeoplesaythatmost,ifnotall,ofthesocialandeconomicproblemsarecausedbyminoritiesandimmigrants.  2.What‟sthedifferencebetweentoday‟sinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast?Today‘sinterculturalencountersarefarmorenumerousandofgreaterimportancethaninanytimeinhistory.  3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday?Newtechnology,intheformoftransportationandcommunicationsystems,hasacceleratedinterculturalcontact;innovativecommunicationsystemshaveencouragedandfacilitatedculturalinteraction; globalizationoftheeconomy has broughtpeopletogether; changes inimmigrationpatternshavealsocontributedtointerculturalencounter. 4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”?Culturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstoquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowweliveandcommunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehaveinourlifefromtheinstantofbirth.Itisomnipresent.  5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceperceptionandcommunicationareculturalvalues,worldview(religion),andsocialorganizations(familyandstate). 6.Whatdoesone‟sfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit?Thefamilyteachesthechildwhattheworldlookslikeandhisorherplaceinthatworld.  7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?Becauselanguageisnotonlyaformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture.Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresenttheexperienceswithinaculturalcommunity.  8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?Peoplecanattachmeaningtononverbalbehaviorssuchasgestures,postures,facialexpressions,eyecontactandgaze,touch,etc.  9.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?Afree,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithoutprejudiceanddiscrimination,bothofwhichharmallmembersofthesociety.  DiscoveringProblems:SlimIsBeautiful? QuestionsfordiscussionWhichdoyouthinkisthemarkofbeauty,thinorfat? Whyisitoftensaidthatbeautyisintheeyeofbeholder?  OnesociologistoncesaidthatwiththegreaterinfluenceofAmericancultureacrosstheworld,thestandardofabeautyisbecomingmoreandmoreHollywood-like,characterizedbyachiseledchinandatall,slimfigure.OnecanseesuchbeautifulimagesinalmostanyAmericanmovie.WeChinesealsosharethenotionthatthestandardideaofbeautyincludesbeingtall,thin,andlightskinned.Itseemsthatwiththeprocessofglobalization,easternandwesternbeautieslookmoreandmorealike.Butwehavetorememberthatthedefinitionofbeautydiffersfromculturetoculture.Forexample,Hispanicstandardsoffemalebeautyaretohavebighips,amoderatetan,andashortheight.Asisdescribedinthearticle,insoutheasternNigeria,Coca-Cola-bottlevoluptuousnessiscelebratedandamplebacksidesandbosomsareconsideredidealsoffemalebeauty.What‘s more,theidealstandardofbeautyvariesfromtimetotime.Forinstance,duringtimesoffamine,theidealstandardofbeautyforwomenisamuchlargerbodysize.Largersizeandmorebodyfatmayreflectone‘sstatus;foritsuggeststhatthepersoniswellfedandhealthy.Thinnessthenwouldreflectmalnutrition.However,duringtimesofplenty,plumpnessisnotareflectionofstatus. People may easily associate fatness with hypertension, heart disease or other potentialdiseases.Likewise,duringerasinwhichlower-classlaborshadtotoilpredominantlyoutsideforhoursaday,tannedskinwasanindicationoflowerstatus,andthereforetheidealstandardoffemalebeautywas very paleskin; women duringthosetimes actuallyused a lot of white powderedcosmeticstoexaggeratethepalenessoftheirskin.Now,however,tanisareflectionofhavingmoreleisuretimespentonseashoresinsteadofworkinginanofficeallthetime,andthereforeitmaysuggesthigherstatus,sowomenstrivefordarkerskintones.Itistruethatbeautyisintheeyeofthebeholderbecausepeopleofdifferentculturesandindifferentsituationsmayhavedifferentideasaboutwhatisbeautifulandwhatisnot.  GroupWork Firstsharewithyourgroupmemberwhateverexperiencesyouhavehadincommunicationeventsthatcanbeconsideredasintercultural.Thenworktogethertodecidewhethereachofthefollowingcasesofcommunicationispossiblyinterculturalornotand,ifitis,towhatextentitisintercultural.Trytoplaceallthecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalness,fromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural.  Allthecasesmayseemtobeinterculturalbuttheydifferinthe extenttowhichtheyareintercultural.Howeveritmaybeverydifficultforustoplaceallthesecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalnessfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural,formanyotherfactorshavetobetakenintoconsiderationifwehavetodecidewhichis moreinterculturalthananother.Forinstance,whethercommunicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretaryisinterculturalornotand,ifitis,howinterculturalitmaybe,maydependontheculturalandsocialbackgroundsofthetwopersons.Iftheyarefromdrasticallydifferentcultures,communicationbetweenthemissurelyinterculturalandmaybeveryintercultural.Iftheyarefromthesameculture,communicationbetweenthemmaybelittleintercultural.The followingis tentativelysuggested for measuringthe interculturalness ofthecases ofcommunication,andthecasesarepresentedfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural:CommunicationbetweenaChineseuniversitystudentandanAmericanprofessor;CommunicationbetweenaCanadiangirlandaSouthAfricanboy;Communicationbetweenafirst-generationChineseAmericanandthirdgenerationone;CommunicationbetweenabusinesspersonfromHongKongandanartistfromXian;CommunicationbetweenateenagerfromBeijingandateenagerfromTibet;Communicationbetweenafatherwhoisafarmerallhislifeandhissonwhoworksasanengineer;Communicationbetweenasoftwaretechnicianandafisherman;Communicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretary(supposingtheyareofthesimilarculturalandsocialbackgrounds).   Debate Theclassistobedividedintotwogroupsanddebateonthetwodifferentviewsmentionedinthefollowing on intercultural communication. State your point of view clearly and support yourargumentwithconvincingandsubstantiveevidence.  Pro: People are people; more interactions would lead to greater understanding of each other.（Commonalityprecedes）Con:Peopleareshapedbydifferentenvironmentstheyfindthemselvesin,therefore,thedifferenceoverrides.(Differencesprecedes)  PossibleArgumentsforPro:1.  Humanbeingstendtodrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature.Weallsharethecommonbasicneeds.2.  Rapidexpansionofworldwidetransportationandcommunicationnetworkshavemadeitfareasierthaneverbeforeforpeoplethroughouttheworldtocontactwithoneanother.3.  Theprocessofglobalizationmayreducetheregionaldifferencesbetweenpeopleallovertheworld.Weareallmembersofthe―globalvillage‖.4.  Economicinterdependenceintoday‘sworldrequirespeopleofdifferentcountriestointeractonanunprecedentedscale,andmoreinteractionwillresultinmoresimilarityamongpeople.5.  Moreandmorepeoplefromvariouscultureshavetoworkandlivetogetherandtheywilladapttoeachothertosuchanextentthatculturaldifferencesbetweenthemmaynolongermatter.  PossibleArgumentsforCon:1.  Peoplethroughouttheworldmaybesimilarinmanyaspects,butdifferencesinhabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.2.  Thoughthebasichumanneedsareuniversallythesame,peopleallovertheworldsatisfytheirbasiccommonhumanneedsindifferentways.3.  Asoursocietyisbecomingmoreandmorediversified,differencesbetweenpeopletendtogrowlargerinsomeaspects.4.  Itisdifferencesbetweenpeoplethatunderliethenecessityofcommunication,anditdoesnotfollowthatcommunicationwhichmayincreasethepossibilityofunderstandingbetweenpeoplewillalwaysreducedifferences.5.  Peoplenowadaysaremorelikelytotrytomaintaintheiruniqueculturalidentitieswhentheyfindthemselveslivingcloselywithpeopleofothercultures.Fromthetwoseeminglyoppositeviewpoints,wecanlearnsomethingthatweshouldkeepinmindwhenweareinvolvedininterculturalcommunication.First,allhumanbeingssharesomecommonheritagesthatlinkustooneanother.Tosomeextent,peoplethroughouttheworldareprettymuchalikeinmanyaspects,andthathasformedtheverybasisonwhichitispossibleforpeopleofvariousculturestocommunicate.However,whatwehavetorealizeisthattherearealsovastdifferences betweenpeoplefromvarious culturalgroups. Toreallyunderstanda personwhoseculturalbackgroundisdifferentfromyourscanbeverydifficult,forbothyouandthatpersonmaybesubconsciouslyinfluencedbyeachone‘sownculturalupbringing.Inasense,whatweshoulddoininterculturalcommunicationistotreatpeopleofotherculturesbothasthesamewithandasdifferentfromus.  ReadingII TheChallengeofGlobalization  Comprehensionquestions1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschanged?Manythings,suchaspoliticalchangesandtechnologicaladvances,havechangedtheworldveryrapidly.Inthepastmosthumanbeingswereborn,lived,anddiedwithinalimitedgeographicalarea,neverencounteringpeopleofotherculturalbackgrounds.Suchanexistence,however,nolongerprevailsintheworld.Thus,allpeoplearefacedwiththechallengeofunderstandingthischangedandstillfastchangingworldinwhichwelive. 2.Whata“globalvillage”islike?Asourworldshrinksanditsinhabitantsbecomeinterdependent,peoplefromremoteculturesincreasinglycomeintocontactonadailybasis.Ina―global village‖, membersofonceisolatedgroupsofpeoplehavetocommunicatewithmembersofotherculturalgroups.Thosepeoplemaylivethousandsofmilesawayorrightnextdoortoeachother.  3.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost-1945globalization?Technology,particularlytelecommunicationsandcomputersareconsideredtobethemajordrivingforce. 4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“the„global‟maybemorelocalthanthe„local‟”?Theincreasingglobalmobilityofpeopleandtheimpactofnewelectronicmediaonhumancommunicationsmaketheworldseemsmaller.Wemaycommunicatemorewithpeopleofothercountriesthanwithourneighbors,andwemaybemoreinformedoftheinternationaleventsthanofthelocalevents.Inthissense,―the‗global‘maybemorelocalthanthe‗local‘‖. 5.Whyisitimportantforbusinesspeopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworld?Effectivecommunicationmaybethemostimportantcompetitiveadvantagethatfirmshavetomeetdiversecustomerneedsonaglobalbasis.Succeedingintheglobalmarkettodayrequirestheabilitytocommunicatesensitivelywithpeoplefromothercultures,asensitivitythatisbasedonanunderstandingofcross-culturaldifferences.  6.Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?Countriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwithseriousproblemssuchasvolatileinternationaleconomy,shrinkingresources,mountingenvironmentalcontamination,andepidemicsthatknownoboundaries.  7.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?Thiscaseshowsthatinaworldofinternationalinterdependence,theabilitytounderstandandcommunicateeffectivelywithpeople fromother culturestakes onextreme urgency. Ifweareunawareofthesignificantrolecultureplaysincommunication,wemayplacetheblameforcommunicationfailureonpeopleofothercultures.  8.Whatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalization?Globalization,forbetterorforworse,haschangedtheworldgreatly.Whetherwelikeitornot,globalizationisallbutunstoppable.Itisalreadyheretostay.Itisbothafactandanopportunity.Thechallengesarenotinsurmountable.Solutionsexist,andarewaitingtobeidentifiedandimplemented.Fromaglobalisticpointofview,thereishopeandfaithinhumanity. Writing Readthefollowingandthentrytowriteashortessayonwhatonehastolearntogetpreparedforworkingandlivinginanewculturalenvironment.  Thereseemstobesomuchthatonecandotogetoneselfwellpreparedforworkingandlivinginanewculturalenvironment.Apartfromwhatismentionedinthepassage,thefollowingmaybewhatapersoninAnna‘ssituationshouldalsotrytodo:1.  Learningthelanguagethatisusedinthenewculturalenvironment.2.  Learningaboutthehistoryandpresentsocialsituationoftheareaorthecountry.3.  Learningaboutthedominantreligiousbeliefandsomeimportantsocialcustoms.4.        Learning about the cultural uses of nonverbal means including time and space forcommunication.5.        Learningtolookatthingsandpeopleinnewperspectivesthataredifferentfromwhatoneisaccustomedto.6.  Developingamoretolerantattitudetowardanyunfamiliarphenomena.7.        Becoming aware that problems and misunderstandings are inevitable in interculturalcommunication.8.  Learningabouthowforeignersareusuallyperceivedandtreatedbythelocalpeople.  IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOther QuestionsfordiscussionHowdoyouaddressafriendfromanEnglish-speakingcountry?AndhowshouldwedoitifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother?  UsuallywecanaddressafriendfromanEnglish-speakingcountrybyhis/herfirstnamewithoutmentioning his/her surname or title out of respect for his/her culture. Because people fromEnglish-speakingcountriesattachgreatimportancetocasualnessinaddressingeachotherinordertoformarelativelyintimateandequalrelationship.ButifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother,wecanaddresshim/herintheChineseway.Justastheoldsayinggoes,―When inRome,doastheRomansdo‖,it‘sbetterforourfriendtolearnmoreaboutandbecomebetteracquaintedwiththeChineseculture.Inthisway,whenaddressinghim/her,wecanadd―xiao‖(young)or―lao‖(aged)beforehis/herfamilynameaccordingtohis/heragesoastocreateanamicableatmosphere.Wecanalsoaddresshim/herbyusinghis/hertitleinahumorousway,orbyinventingsomenicknameforhimorherineitherEnglishorChinese,dependingonthedegreeofintimacy. Survey ConductasurveyamongsomeChinesestudentstofindhowmuchtheyknowaboutthepossibleculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish-speakingpeopleinthespeechbehaviorslistedbelow. SpeechbehaviorChinaEnglish-speakingcountriesGreetingWhengreetingeachother,theChineseoftenbeginwith   ―Haveyou eaten?‖,  ―Where  are yougoing?‖,―Whatareyoudoing?‖,―Longtimenosee.‖ andsoon.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesusuallysay―Hello.‖―Goodmorning/afternoon /evening‖―Nicetomeetyou./Gladtoseeyou.‖or―Howdoyoudo?‖ApologizingChinesepeopleseemtoapologizelessoftenthanEnglish-speakingpeople.TheChineseapologizeonlywhentheythinkitisaboutsomethingthatreallymatters.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesoftenapologizeintheir daily life even for themosttrivialthings. MakingrequestsChinesepeopletendtomakerequests    in    indirect   ways,especially   when  the    peopleinvolved  are  not  on  intimatetermswithoneanother.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountries    tend    to    makerequestsdirectlyandopenly.ExpressinggratitudeChinese  people  often  expresstheirgratitudenotjustbywhattheysay,butalsobywhattheydoandwhattheygivetootherswhohavedonethemafavor.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriestendtoshowtheirgratitude  more  verbally  tootherswhohavehelpedthem.ExpressingdisapprovalChinesepeoplearereluctanttoexpresstheirdisprovalopenlyforfearofmakingothersloseface.Iftheyhavetoexpressdisapproval,theyoftenprefertodoitinaveryindirectway.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesaremorelikelytoexpress    their     disapprovalfreelyanddirectly.Leave-takingChinesepeopletendtoexcusethemselves byclaimingthattheothersmustbetiredorbusy,etc,usingtheexpressionsthatimputethe   motive   of   tiredness   orbusinesstotheotherpartywhenparting.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountrieswouldusuallyfindreasonstopartrelatedtothemselves   rather   than   toothers. InterculturalInsight ExplorationTrytodescribeandexplainthepossiblesimilarexperiencesinyouruseofEnglishasaforeignlanguageincommunicatingwithnativespeakers.  What a student tells us below can further illustrate the point that how we communicateappropriatelyininterculturalencountersmaynotbeassimpleaswetendtoassume:IrememberinthefirstclassoforalEnglishwhenIwasafreshmanatuniversity,westudentshabituallyaddressedouramiableforeignteacheras―teacher‖aswedidtotheotherChineseteachers.Butheaskedustocallhimbyhisfirstnameinstead.SinceheseemedmorethanfiftyyearsoldwewereembarrassedbutgraduallywelearnedthatwasthesuitablewaytoaddressateacherintheUnitedStates,forteachersintheUnitedStatesgenerallyprefertobeseenasequalandlikeafriendtotheirstudents.However,whenIwasalreadyajunior,toourgreatsurprise,oneofourforeignteacherswhotaughtusintensivereadingtoldusthathepreferredtobecalledbyusas―ProfessorWhite‖ or―DoctorWhite‖.ThereasonwassimplythathewantedtobeproperlyrespectedinChina. Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。如有侵权请联系告知删除，感谢你们的配合！精品精品精品