[文学]the trial that rocked the world

Lesson4TheTrialthatrockedtheworldTrial;Rock:tocausegreatshockandsurpriseFundemantalismVSEvolutionismSortoutLegaltermsandstructurePara.1thecounselformydefense…(Line3)LeadingcounselfortheprosecutionPara.2Iwasinvolvedinatrial(L.10)totestifyonmybehalf(L.11)Para.3-8Para.9whenIwasindictedonMay7.(L.40)Para.10thetrialbegan(L.50)Para.11Thepresidingjudge…(L.60)Bryan…wasassistedinhisprosecutionbyhissonandTennessee’sattorney-general(L.62)Para.12Thejudgeaskedthelocalministertoopenthesessionandthetrialgotunderway.(L.70)Para.13.afterthepreliminarysparringoverlegalities,Darrowgotuptomakehisopeningstatement(L.75)Para.16Thefollowingdaytheprosecutionbegancallingwitnessesagainstme.Twoofmypupilstestified…(L.89)Para.20.Aftertheevidencewascompleted,Bryanrosetoaddressthejury.Para.21.Malonepoppeduptoreply….HeappealedforintellectualfreedomandaccusedBryanofcallingforaduel(L.121)Para.25.thejudgeruledagainstpermittingthescientiststotestifyforthedefense(L.130)Para.26.whenthecourtadjourned…(L.132)Para.29.thetrialwasresumed(L.145)Para.30callingBryanasawitnessforthedefense.151Para.42Thejudge…adjournedthecourtPara.44.Thejurywereaskedtoconsidertheirverdict…thejurymenretired…theverdictwasguilty…IwasfinedIntroductiontothetrialtrialAfterthetrialTrialtestthelegalityofsth./todothejustInacourtJudgePanelofjury----jurorsDefendantProsecutorPoliceorthestateprosecuteLaw/counselWitness---totestifyonone’sbehalfThedefendantisindicted----tochargeformallyDefendinthecourtTestify/callthewitnessforthedefense/againstAdjournJuryretiredVerdict----guiltyorinnocentconviction.PartIPara.1thecounselformydefense…criminallawyer(Line3)LeadingcounselfortheprosecutionSilver-tonguedorator,nominee,leader,bringaboutInthepackedcourtSwelteringJulydayin1925Para.2Iwasinvolvedinatrial(L.10)totestifyonmybehalf(L.11)---distinguishedprofessorreporteronhandPara.3-8Para.9whenIwasindictedonMay7.(L.40)Thestorystarts:who,where,whenandwhatflashback---howcomethetrialAbuzzReportedtheworldoverThefirsttimeinhistoryAreassuringarmPara.3-8FlashbackThecasehaderuptedroundmyheadnotlongafter…(synecdoche)Erupt:burstforth/outAclashhadbeenbuiltupbetweenthefundamentalistsandthemodernists.Buildup:strengthen;accumulate;increasegraduallyfundamentalismevolutionismAdheretoliteralinterpretationTheoryadvancedbyDarwinEvolvefromStronginTennesseeProhibitedBeaimedatsquarelysynecdochePartofsomethingisusedtorefertothewholething提喻Aspecificclassofthingisusedtorefertoalarger,moregeneralclassAcontainerisusedtorefertoitscontents1.Outside,(thereis)aseaoffaces.2.Haveyouanycoppers?3.Theysharethesameroof.4.HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.WhenIwasindictedonMay7,noone,leastofallI,anticipatedthatmycasewouldsnowballintooneofthemostfamoustrialsinU.S.history.(metaphor)indict:sb.foracrime:tochargethemwithitofficiallye.g.Fivemenwerecaughtatthesceneandindicted.cf:accuse,charge,blameandindictOneaccusessb.ofcheating.Onechargessb.withcheating.Oneblamessb.forthefailuresnowball:toincreaseinscaleP.3--9adhereto:believein,followdevotedlyliteralinterpretation:wordforwordacceptanceofwhatissaidintheBiblelegality:inkeepingwithalaw,orarequirementoflawindict:tocharge(someone)formallywithanoffenceinlawleastofalll:I,lessthananyoneelseNooneneedstoworry,youleastofall.LeastofallwouldIlietoyouestablish:make(something)recognizedofficiallyPartII:TrialHowmanydaysPara.10thetrialbegan(L.50)Para.11Thepresidingjudge…(L.60)Bryan…wasassistedinhisprosecutionbyhissonandTennessee’sattorney-general(L.62)Para.12Thejudgeaskedthelocalministertoopenthesessionandthetrialgotunderway.(L.70)Para.13.afterthepreliminarysparringoverlegalities,Darrowgotuptomakehisopeningstatement(L.75)Para.16Thefollowingdaytheprosecutionbegancallingwitnessesagainstme.Twoofmypupilstestified…(L.89)Para.20.Aftertheevidencewascompleted,Bryanrosetoaddressthejury.Para.21.Malonepoppeduptoreply….HeappealedforintellectualfreedomandaccusedBryanofcallingforaduel(L.121)Para.25.thejudgeruledagainstpermittingthescientiststotestifyforthedefense(L.130)Para.26.whenthecourtadjourned…(L.132)Para.29.thetrialwasresumed(L.145)Para.30callingBryanasawitnessforthedefense.151Para.42Thejudge…adjournedthecourtPara.44.Thejurywereaskedtoconsidertheirverdict…thejurymenretired…theverdictwasguilty…IwasfinedBythetimethetrialbeganonJuly10,ourtownof1500peoplehadtakenonacircusatmosphere.Thebuildingsalongthemainstreetwerefestoonedwithbanners.Thestreetsaroundthethree-storeyredbricklawcourtsproutedwithricketystandssellinghotdogs,religiousbooksandwatermelons.Evangelistssetuptentstoexhortthepassersby,…arrivedtocheerBryanagainstthe“infideloutsiders.”AmongthemwasJohnButler,whohaddrawnuptheanti-evolutionlaw.Butlerwasa49-year-oldfarmerwhobeforehiselectionhadneverbeenoutofhisnativecounty.Whatcanyoutellfromtheatmosphere?sprout:togroworcomeout,appearandspreadrapidlye.g.Budssproutinspring.Leavesbeginsproutingfromtrees.Storeshavesproutedupnearthenewfactories.Beansproutsareveryhealthytoeat.rickety:weakinjointsandlikelytobreak,esp.structureorfurniturenotverystrongorwellmade.ricketyoldman/stairs/cartRickets:adiseasethatchildrencangetwhentheirfooddoesnotcontainenoughVitaminD.Itmakestheirbonessoft.evangelist:anyonewhopreachestheChristiangospel,esp.atravelingpreacherexhort:urgeearnestlybyadvice,warning,etc.规劝，劝诫e.g.Kennedyexhortedhislistenerstoturnawayfromviolence.exhortationsn.infidel:apersonwhodoesnotacceptaparticularfaithComparethetwopartiesofthetrialThecounselforJohnScopes’defence:Educationalbackground/Religiousbackground/Racialbackground:ClarenceDarrow:thefamouscriminallawyer,wellpreparedandquitesureofhimself(L.13);shrewd,68-year-old(L.58);anagnostic(L.67)DudleyFieldMalone:handsomeandmagnetic;aCatholic(L.61)ArthurGarfieldHays:quiet,scholarlyandsteepedinthelaw;aJewOthersAdozendistinguishedprofessorsandscientistsledbyProfessorKirtleyMatherofHarvardUniversityreadytotestifyonJohnScopes’behalf.Butthejudgeruledagainstpermittingthescientiststotestifyforthedefence.Para11-12Thecounselfortheprosecution:Educationalbackground/Religiousbackground/Racialbackground:WilliamJenningsBryan:thesilver-tonguedorator,threetimesDemocraticnomineeforPresidentoftheU.S.,leaderofthefundamentalistmovement;ageing,paunchyTomStewart:Bryan’sson,alawyer,Tennessee’sbrilliantyoungattorney-generalOthercharacters:JohnRaulston:thepresidingjudge,aflorid-facedmanwhoannounced:“I’mjistareg’larmountaineerjedge.”AskedalocalministertoopenthesessionwithaprayerButler:A49-year-oldfarmer,whohaddrawnuptheanti-evolutionlaw,beforehiselectionhadneverbeenoutofhisnativecounty.12Jurors:3hadneverreadanybookexcepttheBible.Onecouldn’tread.Para11-12Para13-15Darrow’sSpeech“Myfriendtheattorney-generalsaysHeisherebecauseignoranceandbigotryarerampant,anditisamightystrongcombination.”Todayitistheteachers,”hecontinued,”andtomorrowthemagazines,thebooks,thenewspapers.Afterawhile,itisthesettingofmanagainstmanandcreedagainstcreeduntilwearemarchingbackwardstothegloriousageofthesixteenthcenturywhenbigotslightedfagotstoburnthemenwhodaredtobringanyintelligenceandenlightenmentandculturetothehumanmind.”“Thatdamnedinfidel,”awomanwhisperedloudlyashefinishedhisaddress.bigot—personwhoholdsstrongbeliefsandopinions,andisintolerantofanyonewhodisagrees.Bigotry(behaviororattitudeofabigot)fagot—bundleofsticks,twigs,orbranches(esp.fortheuseoffuel)(irony;irony;irony;assonance;oxymoron)WhatwasDarrow’spoint?Whatwastheaudience’sresponse?Assonance:therepetitionofvowelsoundstocreateinternalrhymingwithinphrases半谐音，It’safairandsquareaffairfromthebeginningtotheendAlittlepotissoonhotAndmurmuringofinnumerablebees----AlfredLordTennyson,ThePrincessVII.203thesilkensaduncertainrustlingofeachpurplecurtain—EdgarAllanPoe,"TheRaven"Oxymoron：afigureofspeechthatcombinescontradictorytermsCrueltobekind/Gunsn’Roses/Abundantpoverty/oldnews"Hegelwasrightwhenhesaidthatwelearnfromhistorythatmancanneverlearnanythingfromhistory."-GeorgeBernardShaw."Icanresistanything,excepttemptation."-OscarWilde."Simplicityisnotasimplething."-CharlesChaplin."Alwaysandneveraretwowordsyoushouldalwaysremembernevertouse."-WendellJohnson.Para13-15Para18-20Bryan’sSpeech“TheChristianbelievesthatmancamefromabove.Theevolutionistbelievesthathemusthavecomefrombelow.”ThespectatorschuckledandBryanwarmedtohiswork.InonehandhebrandishedabiologytextashedenouncedthescientistswhohadcometoDaytontotestifyforthedefence.“TheBible,”hethunderedinhissonorousorgantones,“isnotgoingtobedrivenoutofthiscourtbyexpertswhocomehundredsofmilestotestifythattheycanreconcileevolutionwithitsancestorsinthejungle,withmanmadebyGodinHisimageandputhereforHispurposeaspartofadivineplan.Para21-23Ashefinished,jawout-thrust,eyesflashing,theaudienceburstintoapplauseandshoutsof“Amen”.Yetsomethingwaslacking.GonewasthefiercefervourofthedayswhenBryanhadsweptthepoliticalarenalikeaprairiefire.Thecrowdseemedtofeelthattheirchampionhadnotscorchedtheinfidelswiththehotbreathofhisoratoryasheshouldhave.Whatisthespectators’response?DudleyFieldMalone’sspeech“Mr.Bryanisnottheonlyonewhohastherighttospeakforthebible,”heobserved.“ThereareotherpeopleinthiscountrywhohavegivenuptheirwholelivestoGodandreligion.Mr.Bryan,withpassionatespiritandenthusiasm,hasgivenmostofhislifetopolitics.”---whatishispoint?Heappealedforintellectualfreedom,andaccusedBryanofcallingforadueltothedeathbetweenscienceandreligion.“Thereisneveraduelwiththetruth,”heroared.“Thetruthalwayswins–andwearenotafraidofit.ThetruthdoesnotneedMr.Bryan.Thetruthiseternal,immortalandneedsnohumanagencytosupportit!”Responseoftheaudience:Momentaryhush,stormofapplause,surpassWontheduelrampant:widespreadandimpossibletocontrolAcityoframpantviolence暴力活动失去控制的城市Richsoilmakessomeplantstoorampant.Mosquitoesarerampantinthedormitory.enlighten:causetounderstand,freefromignoranceorfalsebeliefs,givemoreknowledge.启蒙，启发e.g.theageofEnlightenmentinthe18thcentury启蒙时代PeterthoughtthattheworldwasflatuntilIenlightenedhim.在我开导他之前，Peter认为地球是平的。enlightenedopinions开明的观点reconcile…with:1)settle(aquarrel),becomefriendlyagainafteraquarrelordisagreement使和解,e.g.HeneverbelievedthatheandSusanwouldbereconciled.MyattempttoreconcilehimwithTobyfailed.2)reconcileoneselftoanunpleasantsituation:toacceptitalthoughitdoesnotmakeyouhappytodoso.使甘心于,使能适应e.g.Shehadreconciledherselftoneverseeinghimagain.Hecouldn’teasilybereconciledtotheprospectofafallingincome.3)toreconciletwobeliefs,facts,ordemands:trytofindawayinwhichbothcanbetrueorfulfilled.e.g.It’sdifficulttoreconcilethedemandsofmyjobandthedesiretobeagoodfather.4)tomakecompatiblewith使一致Thetwosetsoffigurescan’tbereconciled.Itisdifficulttoreconcilepeople’sstatementswiththeiractions.Thefriendsmanagedtobringaboutareconciliationbetweenthecouples.Heinformedhisrivalthathewishedreconciliation.Gonewasthefiercefervour…童年时期那无忧无虑的日子一去不复返了.Gonearethecare-freedaysofourchildhood.他一呼百应的美好时光一去不复返了.Goneisthegoodtimewheneverybodywasathiscommand.fervour:passion,zeal,enthusiasm,intenseheatspeakwithgreatfervourfervent:showingstrongandwarmfeelings,hot,passionateaferventlove/hatredaferventlover/admirer(痴心的倾慕者）scorch:toburn,discolor,damagethesurfaceofsthbysuperficialburning(烧焦).Thehotironscorchedthetablecloth.Themeatwasblackandscorchedontheoutsidebutstillrawinside.Thehotweatherscorchedthegrass.(使枯萎)Scorchingheat;Scorchinghot;OutsidethecourtwhileadjourningDayton’sstreetsswarmingwithstrangers:DARWINISRIGHT–INSIDE.(ThiswasJ.R.Darwin’sEverythingtoWearStore.)Oneentrepreneurrentedashopwindowtodisplayanape.Spectatorspaidtogazeatitandponderwhethertheymightberelated.“Thepoorbrutecoweredinacornerwithhishandsoverhiseyes,”areporternoted,“afraiditmightbetrue.”H.L.Menckenwrotesulphurousdispatchestherewastalk….Para26-28Paras29-44:theclimaxandverdictofthetrialPara.29:playtrumpcard(para31)suspiciously…Resolutelyhestrodetothestand,carryingapalmfanlikeaswardtorepelhisenemies.(para32)UnderDarrow’squietquestioningheacknowledgedbelievingtheBibleliterally,andthecrowdpunctuatedhisdefiantreplieswithfervent“Amens”….(para35)Bryanmoppedhisbalddomeinsilence.Thereweresniggersfromthecrowd,evenamongthefaithful.Darrowtwirledhisspectaclesashepursuedthequestioning….(para39)Thecrowdlaughed,andBryanturnedlivid.Hisvoiceroseandthefaninhishandshookinanger.(para40)“Yourhonour,”hesaid.“IwillanswerallMr.Darrow’squestionsatonce.IwanttheworldtoknowthatthismanwhodoesnotbelieveinGodisusingaTennesseecourttocastslursonHim…”……(para42)Thejudgeusedhisgaveltoquellthehubbubandadjournedcourtuntilnextday.(para43)Bryanstoodforlornlyalone.MyheartwentouttotheoldwarriorasspectatorspushedbyhimtoshakeDarrow’shand.stride:quick,longsteps,v.,n.,e.g.Heturnedabruptlyandstrodeoffthecorridor.Hewalkedwithlongstrides.Thecountryhasmadeenormousstridespoliticallybutnoteconomically.punctuate:tointerruptatintervalse.g.Thesilenceofthenightwaspunctuatedbythedistantrumbleoftraffic.Hepunctuatedhissolemnremarkswithafewwell-chosenjokes.Hedidnotbothertopunctuatethetelegraphmessage.repel:todriveback;repulse;feelsickabout…e.g.torepelanattackYoushouldtrytorepelthethoughtofcommittingsuicide.Heruntidyappearancerepelledme.Hislong,roughbeardrepelschildren.Slur:Anyremarkoractionthatharmsorismeanttoharmsomeone’sreputation;reproach,stigma,etc.诽谤，诋毁，破坏名誉，e.g.Don’tslurmybrother’sreputation.Theneighborstalkedabouteachotherwithuglyslurs.Therumorscastasluruponmygoodname.PartIII(45-48)ThePost-TrialHappeningsWhathappenedtotheprotagonistsinthestory?Para.44theverdictwasguiltyPara.45myconviction‘victoriousdefeat’TheoratoricalstormthatClarenceDarrowandDudleyFieldMaloneblewupinthelittlecourtinDaytonsweptlikeafreshwindthroughtheschoolsandlegislativeofficesoftheUnitedStates,bringinginitswakeanewclimateofintellectualandacademicfreedomthathasgrownwiththepassingyears.hail:a.tosalute,greetwithenthusiasticapprovalThecrowdhailedthevictor.Thepeoplelinedthestreetstohailthereturningheroes.b.TopraisepubliclyMarkTwainwashailedasthegreatestAmericanhumoristofhisday.Inthewakeof…:tofollowSeagullsfollowedinthewakeoftheship.Wesawawhalefollowinginthewakeoftheship.Thecarbringsinitswakeablacksmoke.PresidentNixonresignedinthewakeoftheWatergatescandal.Manytroublesfollowinthewakeofwar.Diseasesoftenfollowinthewakeofflood./ThefloodbringsinitswakediseasesTwoquestionsIsevolutionanabsolutetruth?Isfundamentalismaridiculousfakethesis?Doesthetrialconcludethefundamentalismforever?Issciencenecessarilyanopponenttoreligion?Unreconcilableconflictbetweenthem?ScienceandReligionThescientificmethodcanteachusnothingelsebeyondhowfactsarerelatedtoandconditionedby,eachother.…knowledgeofwhatisdoesnotopenthedoordirectlytowhatshouldbeObjectiveknowledgeprovidesuswithpowerfulinstrumentsfortheachievementsofcertainends,buttheultimategoalitselfandthelongingtoreachitmustcomefromanothersource.ScienceandReligionMerethinkingcannotgiveusasenseoftheultimateandfundamentalends.Tomakeclearthesefundamentalendsandvaluations,andtosetthemfastintheemotionallifeoftheindividual,seemstomepreciselythemostimportantfunctionwhichreligionhastoperforminthesociallifeofman.FreeandresponsibledevelopmentoftheindividualScienceandReligionSciencecanonlyascertainwhatis,butnotwhatshouldbe.Religion,ontheotherhand,dealsonlywithevaluationsofhumanthoughtandaction:itcannotjustifiablyspeakoffactsandrelationshipsbetweenfactsAconflictbetweenChurchandthedoctrinesofGalileoandDarwin----interventiononthepartofreligionintothesphereofscience