saej308v002

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SAETechnicalStandardsBoardRulesprovidethat:“ThisreportispublishedbySAEtoadvancethestateoftechnicalandengineeringsciences.Theuseofthisreportisentirelyvoluntary,anditsapplicabilityandsuitabilityforanyparticularuse,includinganypatentinfringementarisingtherefrom,isthesoleresponsibilityoftheuser.”SAEreviewseachtechnicalreportatleasteveryfiveyearsatwhichtimeitmaybereaffirmed,revised,orcancelled.SAEinvitesyourwrittencommentsandsuggestions.Copyright©2006SAEInternationalAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofSAE.TOPLACEADOCUMENTORDER:Tel:877-606-7323(insideUSAandCanada)Tel:724-776-4970(outsideUSA)Fax:724-776-0790Email:CustomerService@sae.orgSAEWEBADDRESS:http://www.sae.orgJ308REV.MAR2007SURFACEVEHICLEINFORMATIONREPORTIssued1924-02Revised2007-03SupersedingJ308JAN1996(R)AxleandManualTransmissionLubricantsRATIONALEVehiclemanufacturers,lubricantsuppliers,additivecompanies,andusersallreferencespecificationstodefinethelubricantforagivenaxleormanualtransmission.Thisdocumentcatalogsthesespecificationsandprovidesvaluableinformationabouttheselubricants.FOREWORDIn1943,theU.S.ArmyOrdnanceDepartment(currentlytheFuelsandLubricantsTechnologyTeam,underPetroleumandWaterBusinessAreaofUSArmyTank,Automotive,Research,DevelopmentandEngineeringCenter-TARDEC)beganqualifyinggearlubricantsagainstU.S.ArmySpecification2–105.Thisspecificationhasgonethroughseveralrevisions,themostrecentbeingMIL-PRF-2105ETheAmericanPetroleumInstituterecognizesgearlubricantsmeetingthislatterspecificationasAPIServiceGL-5(APIGL-5).In1977,theU.S.ArmyterminateddirectsponsorshipofthequalificationprocessandcontractedwithSAEto:(a)performthereviewingactivity,and(b)makerecommendationsrelativetotheacceptanceofcandidateproductsunderthemilitarygearlubricantspecification.InaccordancewithitscontractwithSAE,theU.S.Armyretainssoleresponsibilityforapprovingandqualifyingproductstoitsspecification.FollowingterminationoftheU.S.Armysponsorship,theSAEBoardofDirectorsestablishedaLubricantsReviewInstitute(LRI),whichinturnhasestablishedanLRIGearLubricantReviewCommittee.Thiscommitteedevelopedproceduresforsubmittingcandidatelubricantsforreviewaswellasproceduresforreviewingsuchlubricants.TheLRIactivitiesarereviewedbySAELegalCounseltoensurecompliancewithapplicablefederalandstatelaws.TheLRIGearLubricantReviewProcedurescanbeobtainedfromSAEHeadquartersinWarrendale,PA.In1991theU.S.DepartmentofDefense(DoD)issuedadirectivetoadopt,whereverpractical,commercialstandardsinpreferencetofederalandmilitaryspecifications.Thiswasdonetocurtailthegovernmentalactivitiesrequiredtomaintainthesespecifications.Inresponsetothisdirectivethemilitaryspecificationwasrewrittenasaperformancespecification,MIL-PRF-2105E,andSAEestablishedSAEJ2360in1998.SAEJ2360isidenticaltoMIL-PRF-2105Ewiththeexceptionthatitprovidesaprocedureforanymarketerwhomeetsalltheperformancerequirementstobeaddedtoaqualifiedproductslist.In2005,DoDadoptedtheSAEJ2360documentforprocurementofallgearoilsusedintactical/combatvehiclesusedbythemilitaryservices.Overtheyears,specificationsforpassengercarandcommercialvehicleaxleandmanualtransmissionfluidshavedeviatedfromthebasicMILSpecrequirementsbyincorporatingadditionalrequirementsforspecificapplications.InsuchcasesOEM’susuallyuseMILspecsorportionsofMILSpecsasfoundationstowhichtheyaddadditionalrequirements.SAEJ308RevisedMAR2007-2-1.SCOPEThisSAEInformationReportwaspreparedbytheSAEFuelsandLubricantsTechnicalCommitteefortwopurposes:(a)toassisttheusersofautomotiveequipmentintheselectionofaxle1andmanualtransmissionlubricantsforfielduse,and(b)topromoteauniformpracticeforusebymarketersoflubricantsandbyequipmentbuildersinidentifyingandrecommendingtheselubricantsbyaservicedesignation.2.REFERENCES2.1ApplicablePublicationsThefollowingpublicationsformapartofthespecificationtotheextentspecifiedherein.UnlessotherwiseindicatedthelastestrevisionofSAEorASTMpublicationsshallapply.2.1.1SAEPublicationsAvailablefromSAEInternational,400CommonwealthDrive,Warrendale,PA15096-0001,Tel:877-606-7323(insideUSAandCanada)or724-776-4970(outsideUSA),www.sae.org.SAEJ306AutomotiveGearLubricantViscosityClassificationSAEJ2360LubricatingOil,GearMultipurpose(Metric)MilitaryUseLRIGearLubricantReviewProcedures2.1.2ASTMPublicationsAvailablefromASTM,100BarrHarborDrive,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,Tel:610-832-9585,www.astm.org.ASTMD92FlashandFirePointsbyClevelandOpenCupASTMD94SaponificationNumberofPetroleumProductsASTMD97PourPointASTMD129SulfurinPetroleumProductsbytheBombMethodASTMD130MethodforDetectionofCopperCorrosionfromPetroleumProductsbytheCopperStripTarnishTestASTMD287APIGravityofCrudePetroleumandPetroleumProducts(HydrometerMethod)ASTMD445TestMethodforKinematicViscosityofTransparentandOpaqueLiquids(andtheCalculationofDynamicViscosity)ASTMD471TestMethodforRubberProperty—EffectofLiquidsASTMD524RamsbottomCarbonResidueofPetroleumProductsASTMD664StandardTestMethodforAcidNumberofPetroleumProductsbyPotentiometricTitrationASTMD808ChlorineinNewandUsedPetroleumProducts(BombMethod)1Axleinthisdocumentisdefinedasadriveaxleincorporatingreductiongearingand/ordifferentialgears.SAEJ308RevisedMAR2007-3-ASTMD874SulfatedAshfromLubricatingOilsandAdditivesASTMD892TestMethodforFoamingCharacteristicsofLubricatingOilsASTMD893InsolublesinUsedLubricatingOilsASTMD1091PhosphorusinLubricatingOilsandAdditivesASTMD1500ASTMColorofPetroleumProducts(ASTMColorScale)ASTMD1552SulfurinPetroleumProducts(High-TemperatureMethod)ASTMD2270CalculatingViscosityIndexfromKinematicViscosityat40and100°CASTMD2622SulfurinPetroleumProducts(X-RaySpectrographicMethod)ASTMD2887BoilingRangeDistributionofPetroleumFractionsbyGasChromatographyASTMD2983TestMethodforLow-TemperatureViscosityofLubricantsMeasuredbyBrookfieldViscometerASTMD3228TotalNitrogeninLubricatingOilsandFuelOilsbyModifiedKjeldahlMethodASTMD4047PhosphorusinLubricatingOilsandAdditivesbyQuinolinePhosphomolybdateMethodASTMD4057ManualSamplingofPetroleumandPetroleumProductsASTMD4177AutomaticSamplingofPetroleumandPetroleumProductsASTMD4294SulfurinPetroleumProductsbyNon-DispersiveX-RayFluorescenceSpectrometryASTMD4628AnalysisofBarium,Calcium,MagnesiumandZincinUnusedLubricatingOilsbyAtomicAbsorptionSpectrometryASTMD4629TraceNitrogeninLiquidPetroleumHydrocarbonsbySyringe/InletOxidativeCombustionandChemiluminescenceDetectionASTMD4927ElementalAnalysisofLubricantsandAdditiveComponents—Barium,Calcium,Phosphorus,Sulfur,andZincbyWavelength-DispersiveX-RayFluorescenceSpectroscopyASTMD4951DeterminationofAdditiveElementsinLubricatingOilsbyInductively-CoupledPlasmaAtomicEmissionSpectrometryASTMD5182TestMethodforEvaluatingtheScuffing(Scoring)LoadCapacityofOilsASTMD5185DeterminationofAdditiveElements,WearMetalsandContaminantsinUsedLubricatingOilsbyInductively-CoupledPlasmaEmissionSpectrometryASTMD5579TestMethodforEvaluatingtheThermalStabilityofManualTransmissionLubricantsinaCyclicDurabilityTestASTMD5662TestMethodforDeterminingAutomotiveGearOilCompatibilitywithTypicalOilSealElastomersASTMD5704TestMethodforEvaluationoftheThermalandOxidativeStabilityofLubricatingOilsUsedforManualTransmissionsandFinalDriveAxlesSAEJ308RevisedMAR2007-4-ASTMD5760StandardSpecificationsforPerformanceofNormalTransmissionGearLubricantsASTMD6121L-37Test—PerformanceTestforEvaluatingtheLoadCarryingCapacityofAutomotiveGearLubricantsUnderConditionsofLowSpeedandHighTorqueASTMD7038L-33—PerformanceTestforEvaluatingtheMoistureCorrosionTendenciesofAutomotiveGearLubricantsL-42PerformanceTestforEvaluatingtheLoadCarryingCapacityofAutomotiveGearLubricantsunderConditionsofHighSpeedShockLoading2.1.3APIPublicationAvailablefromAmericanPetroleumInstitute,1220LStreet,NW,Washington,DC20005-4070,Tel:202-682-8000,http://api-ec.api.org.API1560(July,1995)LubricantServiceDesignationforAutomotiveManualTransmissionsandAxles2.1.4CRCPublicationsAvailablefromCoordinatingResearchCouncil,3650MansellRoad,Suite140,Alpharetta,GA30022,Tel:678-795-0506,www.crcao.com.CoordinatingResearchCouncilManual212.1.5MilitaryPublicationAvailablefromDODSSP,SubscriptionServicesDesk,Building4D,700RobbinsAvenue,Philadelphia,PA19111-5094.MIL-PRF-2105E3.PERFORMANCECHARACTERISTICSInaxlesandmanualtransmissions,gearsandbearingsofdifferentdesignsareemployedunderavarietyofserviceconditions.Therefore,theselectionofalubricantinvolvescarefulconsiderationoftheperformancecharacteristicsrequired.Thefollowingsectionsdescribeperformancecharacteristicsofaxleandmanualtransmissionlubricantswhichareimportantinfieldservice.Alubricantisablendofbasestocksandadditivesoptimizedforaparticularservice.Additivepackagesenhancebasestockperformanceforeachperformancecharacteristic.3.1Load-CarryingCapacityOneofthemostimportantperformancecharacteristicsisload-carryingcapacity.Theloadongearteethisafunctionofthecontactareaof,andtheforceappliedtothesurfacesincontact.Contactareaiscontrolledbygeardesign;appliedforceisdeterminedbythepowerneededtodrivetheequipment.Theload-carryingcapacityofagearlubricantisdefinedbythemaximumloadwhichcanbesustainedbythelubricantwithoutfailureofgearteethsurfaces.Iftheload-carryingcapacityisexceeded,thelubricantfailstoprotectthegearsandthegearteethbecomedamaged.Themostcommonformsofdamageareadhesivewear(scuffing)andscoring.Load-carryingcapacityisdeterminedbyafluid'sviscosityattheoperatingtemperature,andbyadditives.Gearlubricantscompoundedtoachieveincreasedload-carryingcapacitymaybereferredtoas"extremepressure"(EP)lubricants.However,whenthistermisappliedtoagearlubricant,itmeansonlythattheload-carryingcapacityofthelubricantisgreaterthanthatofuntreatedoil,2withnodistinctionastohowmuchgreateritmaybe.TheAmericanPetroleumInstitute(API)hasdevelopedaclassificationsystemwhichaddressesthisconcern(seeSection5).2Untreatedoilisdefinedaseitherrefinedpetroleumorsyntheticlubricantbaseoilcontainingnosupplementalperformanceadditives.SAEJ308RevisedMAR2007-5-3.2ViscosityViscosityspecificationsaregenerallydeterminedbyequipmentmanufacturers.RefertoSAEJ306foraxleandmanualtransmissionlubricantviscosityclassificationinformation.3.2.1ViscosityLoss—MultigradeLubricantsViscosityandfilmthicknessarecriticalinbothaxleandtransmissionapplications.Somemultigradegearlubricantsareformulatedwithviscositymodifiers.Cautionshouldbeexercisedwhenmultigradegearlubricantsareused,sincethesemayexperiencesignificantviscositylossduetoshearinfieldservice.Theshearstressesandshearratesencounteredingearapplicationscanbesignificantlygreaterthanthoseinmostotherlubricantapplications.3.3ThermalStabilityandOxidationResistanceFactorsaffectingthermalstability(cleanliness)andoxidation(thickening)characteristicswhilethelubricantisinserviceincludeambienttemperature,dutycycle,lengthofservice,andtheeffectsofcontamination.Poorlubricantperformancecanresultinoilthickeningand/ortheformationofdepositsonparts.Evenwhenlubricantsarestored(priortouse),careshouldbeexercisedtoensurethattheyarenotexposedtoextremetemperaturesandarekeptfreeofcontaminants.Theseprecautionsareintendedtoensureoptimumlubricantlife.Modernvehicledesignshaveresultedinsignificantlyhigheroperatingtemperaturesinaxlesandtransmissions.Oilswhichdonothaveahighdegreeofthermalstabilityandoxidationresistancecanformsignificantcarbonandvarnishdeposits,whichcancauseprematuresealfailureand/orinterferewithfrictionalsurfacesusedfortractioncontrol.Forautomotiveaxlesandtransmissionsinmildservice,thetemperatureofthelubricantmaynotbesufficientlyhightocausesignificantoxidation.Forvehiclesoperatinginmoderatetosevereconditionsofservicesuchaspassengercarspullingtrailers,orfortrucksorbusesinservicewherehighertemperaturesoccur,thermalstabilityandoxidationresistanceareimportantfactors.Accordingly,onlyoilswithahighdegreeofthermalstabilityandoxidationresistanceshouldbeusedintheseapplications.Thevehicleoperatorshouldconsultthemanufacturer'sserviceguidefordrainandrefillrecommendations.3.4FoamingandAirEntrainmentExcessivefoamingmayinterferewithproperlubricationofgearandbearingsurfacesand,consequently,shouldbeavoided.Further,foamingcancauseleakagevianormalventingpassages,therebyreducinglubricantsumpvolume.Foamcanappearasaheavyfrothonthesurfaceoftheoil.Airentrainmentoccurswhentinyairbubblesremainsuspendedinthebodyoftheoil.3.5CorrosionCorrosionisachemicalreactionofametalsurfacewithoiladditives,contaminantsoroildegradationby-productswhichproducesasurfacefilmand/orsolublemetalsalts.Corrosionofferrousorcopper-containingmetalscanresultinabuild-upofironandcopperintheoil,leadingtodecreasedoxidationresistance(see3.3).AsdefinedbytheCoordinatingResearchCouncil,corrosionis"ageneralalterationofthefinishedsurfacesaccompaniedbyroughingnotattributabletomechanicalaction."Excessivecorrosionofheavy-dutycomponentscanleadto:(a)thereductionofdesignedcontactareas,(b)anincreaseininsolubledebris,and(c)excessivemovement("play")ofcorrodedcomponents.SAEJ308RevisedMAR2007-6-3.5.1RustingRustingisaspecialcaseofcorrosionofferrousmetalsinthepresenceofwater.Rustdeterioratesoralterstheoriginalmetalsurface.Itisevidencedbyatleasttwoofthefollowingcharacteristics:a.Color(usuallyred,yellow,brown,orblack)b.Depth(build-upordepressionrelativetoadjacentareas)c.Texture(suchasetchingorscale)(SeeCoordinatingResearchCouncilManual21.)3.6SealCompatibilityWhiletheprimaryfunctionofagearlubricantistoprotectgearsandbearings,considerationmustbegiventotheeffectofalubricantonsealelastomersusedinthedesignofthecomponent.Factorsthatcanleadtoearlysealfailurearelossofelongationortheabilitytofollowtheshaft;changeinhardness,whichcanleadtocracking;andvolumechangeorswell,causingincreasedsealwear.Immersiontesting,atconditionsspecificforaxlesandtransmissions,maybeusedtoestablishtherelativecompatibilityofthelubricantandthesealmaterial.Dynamicsealtestswhichsimulatethemechanicalactionofasealandafluidmayalsoneedtoberun.Sealcompatibilitycanbeaffectedbychoiceofbasestocksandadditives.Sealeffectivenesscanalsobedegradedbyoildegradationproducts.3.7EnergyEfficiencyAsfederallybasedfueleconomyandemissionscontrolregulationsbecomeincreasinglysevere,energyefficiencyoftransmissionandaxlefluidsbecomesincreasingimportant.Energyefficiencycanbeimpactedbyboththeviscometriccharacteristicsoftheoilandthefrictionalpropertiesofadditivesusedintheformulation.Optimizingaformulationforfueleconomyrequiresathoroughunderstandingofthemechanicalandchemicalaspectsofthesystemsothatdurabilitywillnotbesacrificed.3.8LimitedSlipLimitedSlipaxleshavespecialfrictionrequirements.Axlemanufacturersoftenrecommendaparticularlimitedslipadditivethatshouldbeformulatedintolubricantsfortheseaxles.Oilsformulatedwiththeimpropertypeoramountoffrictionmodifiermaycausetheseaxlestodevelopnoiseand/orfailprematurely.4.USEANDHANDLINGOFGEARLUBRICANTS4.1MixingGearLubricantsAsageneralpractice,themixingoflubricanttypesshouldbeavoided.Specifically,mixinggearlubricantswithengineoilscanresultinincompatibilityduetoreactionsbetweentheadditivechemicals.Suchreactionsmayresultinasignificantlossofperformanceorgearprotection.ThemixingofSAEJ2360typeapprovedlubricantsasinatop-upsituationshouldnotimpairlubricantperformance.SAEJ2360typelubricantsarerequiredtodemonstratesatisfactorystoragestabilityandcompatibilitywhenmixedwithpreviouslyqualifiedgearlubricants.5.APIGEARLUBRICANTCLASSIFICATIONThefollowingdesignationshavebeenamendedwiththeobjectiveofimprovinguserunderstandingofintendedlubricantapplication.RefertoAPIPublication1560,July1995,forfurtherinformation.SAEJ308RevisedMAR2007-7-5.1ServiceDesignationsNotinCurrentUseThefollowingcategoriesweredeclaredinactivebySAETechnicalCommittee3onMarch1,1995.Oilswiththeseinactivecategoriesmaybefoundinthemarketplace.However,ASTMdoesnotplantomaintaintheperformancetestsassociatedwiththesecategories.Insomecasesthesetestscannolongerberunbecausepartsortestinstallationsarenotavailable.5.1.1APIGL-2designatesthetypeofservicecharacteristicofautomotivetypeworm-gearaxlesoperatingundersuchconditionsofload,temperature,andslidingvelocities,thatlubricantssatisfactoryforAPIGL-1servicewillnotsuffice.Productssuitedforthistypeofservicecontainantiwearorverymildextreme-pressureagentswhichprovideprotectionforwormgears.Oilscontainingoverlyactiveextremepressureagentsmaycausecorrosivewearofcopperbasedwormgearcomponents.Specialcareshouldbegiventoselectingtheproperlubricantforwormgearapplications.5.1.2APIGL-3designatesthetypeofservicecharacteristicofmanualtransmissionsandspiral-bevelaxlesoperatingundermildtomoderatetosevereconditionsofspeedandload.Theseserviceconditionsrequirealubricanthavingload-carryingcapacitiesgreaterthanthosethatwillsatisfyAPIGL-1service,butbelowtherequirementsoflubricantssatisfyingtheAPIGL-4service.GearlubricantsdesignatedforAPIGL-3servicearenotintendedforhypoidgearapplications.5.1.3APIGL-6designatesthetypeofservicecharacteristicofgearsdesignedwithaveryhighpinionoffset.Suchdesignstypicallyrequire(gear)scoreprotectioninexcessofthatprovidedbyAPIGL-5gearoils.TheoriginalAPIGL-6testequipmentisobsolete.5.2ServiceDesignationsinCurrentUse5.2.1APIGL-1designatesthetypeofservicecharacteristicofmanualtransmissionsoperatingundersuchmildconditionsoflowunitpressuresandminimumslidingvelocities,thatuntreatedoilmaybeusedsatisfactorily.Oxidationandrustinhibitors,defoamers,andpourdepressantsmaybeusedtoimprovethecharacteristicsoflubricantsintendedforthisservice.Frictionmodifiersandextremepressureadditivesshallnotbeused.Duetothespeedsandloadsinvolved,untreatedoilisgenerallynotasatisfactorylubricantformanypassengercarmanualtransmissions.3Forsometruckandtractormanualtransmissions,untreatedoilsmaybeusedsuccessfully.Inallcases,thetransmissionmanufacturers'specificlubricantrecommendationsshouldbefollowed.5.2.2APIGL-4designatesthetypeofservicecharacteristicofspiral-bevelandhypoid4gearsinautomotiveaxlesoperatedundermoderate-speedsandloads.Theseoilsmaybeusedinselectedmanualtransmissionandtransaxleapplications.(Usersshouldconsultaxle/transmissionmanufacturers'specificlubricantrecommendations.)Whilethisservicedesignationisstillusedcommerciallytodescribelubricants,sometestequipmentusedforperformanceverificationisnolongeravailable.SAEisreviewingtheperformancerequirementsofthiscategory.3Automaticorsemiautomatictransmissions,fluidcouplings,torqueconverters,andtractorhydraulicsystemsusuallyrequirespeciallubricants.Fortheproperlubricanttobeused,consulttheequipmentmanufacturerorlubricantsupplier.4Frictionrequirementsforaxlesequippedwithlimitedslipdifferentialsarenormallydefinedbytheaxlemanufacturer.SAEJ308RevisedMAR2007-8-5.2.3APIGL-5designatesthetypeofservicecharacteristicofgears,particularlyhypoidsinautomotiveaxlesoperatedunderhigh-speedand/orlow-speed,high-torqueconditions.LubricantsqualifiedunderSAEJ2360satisfytherequirementsoftheAPIGL-5servicedesignation.DetailsoftheAPIGL-5performancetestscanbefoundattheASTMTestMonitoringCenterwebsite:www.astmtmc.cmu.edu.5.2.4APIMT-1designateslubricantsintendedfornon-synchronizedmanualtransmissionsusedinbusesandheavy-dutytrucks.LubricantsmeetingAPIMT-1provideprotectionagainstthecombinationofthermaldegradation,componentwear,andoilsealdeteriorationwhichisnotprovidedbylubricantsmeetingonlytherequirementsofAPIGL-4andGL-5.APIMT-1doesnotaddresstheperformancerequirementsofsynchronizedtransmissionsandtransaxlesinpassengercarsandheavy-dutyapplications.APIMT-1lubricantsshouldnotbemixedwithengineoilsinthesametransmissionunit.Transmissionmanufacturers'specificlubricantqualityrecommendationsshouldbefollowed.5.3PerformanceTestsTable1listslubricanttestswhichareusedtoevaluatetheperformancecharacteristicsdiscussedinSection3.TestswhichareusedtodefinetheperformancelevelsofactiveAPICategoriesarenoted.Successfulperformanceonsuchtestsdoesnotautomaticallyensuresatisfactoryperformanceunderfieldserviceconditions.5.3.1ReferenceOilsMosttestsusedtodefineperformancefortheAPIgearoilcategoriesarecalibratedusingselectedreferenceoils.TheseoilsaremaintainedbytheASTMSurveillancePanelswhichareresponsibleforthetests.Thetestingandinv