EightFallacies宋彦娉刘艳丽任航琴黄泽DictoSimpliciter(绝对概括)HastyGeneralization(草率概括)PostHoc(牵强附会)ContradictoryPremises(矛盾前提)AdMisericordiam(文不对题)FalseAnalogy(错误类比)HypothesisContrarytoFact(虚假假设)PoisoningtheWell(井里下毒)DictoSimpliciter(绝对概括)Itmeansanargumentbasedonunqualifiedgeneralization.(太绝对的格言)E.g.Keepingonadietcanenablepeopletoloseweight.Therefore,ifyouwanttoloseweight,youshouldkeeponadiet.E.g.Exerciseisgood.Thereforeeverybodyshouldexercise.HastyGeneralization(草率概括)Thesizeofthesampleistoosmalltosupporttheconclusion.(orthepremise前提isobviouslynotadequate,thepersonjumpstotheconclusion.)E.g.Fred,theAustralian,stolemywallet.Thus,allAustraliansarethieves.(Ofcourse,weshouldn'tjudgeallAustraliansonthebasisofoneexample.)PostHoc(牵强附会) Thereisnoconnectionbetweenthecauseandthefact.E.g.Mostyoungcriminalswatchviolentmoviesbeforetheycommittheircrimes;obviously,violentmoviesleadtojuveniledelinquency青少年犯罪.(甲事情发生在乙事情之前，这并不代
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关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf
着先发生的甲事情就是后发生的乙事情的原因.)ContradictoryPremises(矛盾前提) Thepremiseandtheconclusioncontradicteachother,sotherecanbenoconclusion.E.g.IfGodcandoeverything,canhemakeastonesoheavythathecan'tcarry?(前提条件中就有相互矛盾的地方，结论当然是错误.)AdMisericordiam(文不对题)An argumentbasedonanappealtotheemotions;a logicalfallacy thatinvolvesanirrelevantorhighlyexaggeratedappealtopityorsympathy.Alsoknownas argumentumadmisericordiam or appealtopityormisery.E.g.Thinkofallthepoor,starvingAfricanchildren!Howcouldrichcountriesbesocruelasnottohelpthem?FalseAnalogy(错误类比)Thepremisescommitteduniversallyarefalselyusedintheconclusion,ortheconclusionandthepremiseshappennotinthesamesituation.E.g.Youngchildrenarelikeflowers——flowersshouldstayawayfromterribleweathertogrow,sochildrenneedtogetridofeverythingnegative.(孩子和花朵的区别太大。成长的过程也太复杂。最好不要用这两者来类比。)HypothesisContrarytoFact(虚假假设)Itisfalselybelievedthatthereisonlyonepossibilitytothestateofaffairs.E.g.IfTVwerenotinvented,todaypeoplewouldneverhavesuchwonderfulentertainmentbroughtbyTV.(因为电视已经被发明了,对于过去的否定假设后所得出的结论都是逻辑上的错误结论.)E.g.IfIhadstudiedharder,Iwoulddefinitelyhavepassedthetest.PoisoningtheWell(井里下毒)Alogical fallacyinwhichapersonattemptstoplaceanopponentinapositionfromwhichheorsheisunabletoreply.(Firstthelistenerisforcedtoaccepttheadverse不利的informationaboutsomeonetothatthetellercanbeeasilytrustedwhenheplanstosayanythingbadaboutthatperson.)E.g.YousayIshouldn’tdrink,butyouhaven’tbeensober清醒formorethanayear.ThankYou
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