英语四级英语阅读题库Word版

EndangeredPeoples　　A)Today,itisnotdistance,butculturethatseparatesthepeoplesoftheworld.Thecentralquestionofourtimemaybehowtodealwithculturaldifferences.Sobeginsthebook,EndangeredPeoples,byArtDavidson.Itisanattempttoprovideunderstandingoftheissuesaffectingtheworld'snativepeoples.Thisbooktellsthestoriesof21tribes,cultures,andculturalareasthatarestrugglingtosurvive.Ittellseachstorythroughthevoiceofamemberofthetribe.Mr.Davidsonrecordedtheirwords.ArtWolfeandJohnIsaactookpicturesofthem.TheorganizationcalledtheSierraClubpublishedthebook.　　B)ThenativegroupslivefarapartinNorthAmericaorSouthAmerica,AfricaorAsia.Yettheirsituationsaresimilar.Theyarefightingthemarchofprogressinanefforttokeepthemselvesandtheirculturesalive.Someofthemfollowancientwaysmostofthetime.Somefollowmodernwaysmostofthetime.Theyhaveonefootinancientworldandonefootinmodernworld.Theyhopetocontinuetobalancebetweenthesetwoworlds.Yetthepressurestoforgettheirtraditionsandjointhemodernworldmaybetoogreat.　　C)RigobertaMenchuofGuatemala,theNobelPeacePrizewinnerin1992,offersherthoughtsinthebeginningofthebookEndangeredPeoples.Shenotesthatmanypeopleclaimthatnativepeoplearelikestoriesfromthepast.Theyareruinsthathavedied.Shedisagreesstrongly.Shesaysnativecommunitiesarenotremainsofthepast.Theyhaveafuture,andtheyhavemuchwisdomandrichnesstooffertherestoftheworld.　　D)ArtDavidsontraveledthousandsofmilesaroundtheworldwhileworkingonthebook.Hetalkedtomanypeopletogathertheirthoughtsandfeelings.Mr.Davidsonnotesthattheirdesiresarethesame.Peoplewanttoremainthemselves~hesays.Theywanttoraisetheirchildrenthewaytheywereraised.Theywanttheirchildrentospeaktheirmothertongue,theirownlanguage.Theywantthemtohavetheirparents'valuesandcustoms.Mr.Davidsonsaysthepeople'scriesarethesame:"Doesourculturehavetodie?Dowehavetodisappearasapeople?"　　E)ArtDavidsonlivedformorethan25yearsamongnativepeopleintheAmericanstateofAlaska.Hesayshisinterestinnativepeoplesbeganhisboyhoodwhenhefoundanancientstonearrowhead.Thearrowheadwasusedasaweapontohuntfood.ThehunterwasanAmericanIndian,longdead.Mr.DavidsonrealizedthenthatIndianshadlivedinthestateofColorado,rightwherehewasstanding.Anditwasthen,hesays,thathefirstwondered:"Wherearethey?Wheredidtheygo?"Hefoundanswerstohisearlyquestion.Manyofthenativepeopleshaddisappeared.Theywereforcedofftheirlands.Ortheywerekilledinbattle.Ortheydiedfromdiseasesbroughtbynewsettlers.Othernativepeoplesremained,buttheyhadtofighttosurvivethepressuresofthemodernworld.　　F)TheGwich'inisanexampleofthesurvivors.TheyhavelivedinwhatisnowAlaskaandCanadafor10,000years.Nowabout5,000Gwich'inremain.Theyaremainlyhunters.Theyhuntthecaribou,alargedeerwithbighornsthattravelsacrossthehugespacesofthefarnorth.Forcenturies,theyhaveusedallpartsofthecaribou:themeatforfood,theskinsforclothes,thebonesfortools.HuntingcaribouisthewayoflifeoftheGwich'in.　　G)OneGwich'intoldArtDavidsonofmemoriesfromhischildhood.Itwasatimewhenthetribelivedquietlyinitsowncorneroftheworld.HespoketoMr.Davidsoninthesewords:"AslongasIcanremember,someonewouldsitbyafireonthehilltopeveryspringandautumn.Hisjobwastolookforcaribou.Ifhesawacaribou,hewouldwavehisarmsorhewouldmakehisfiretogiveoffmoresmoke.Thenthevillagewouldcometolife!Peopleranuptothehilltop.Thetribesseemedtobeatitsbestatthesegatherings.Wewereallfilledwithhappinessandsharing!"　　H)Abouttenyearsago,themodernworldinvadedthequietworldoftheGwich'in.OilcompanieswantedtodrillforoilintheArcticNationalWildlifePreserve.Thisareawastheplacewherethecaribougavebirthtotheiryoung.TheGwich'infearedthecaribouwoulddisappear.OneGwich'inwomandescribesthesituationinthesewords:"Oildevelopmentthreatensthecaribou.Ifthecaribouarethreatened,thenthepeoplearethreatened.OilcompanyofficialandAmericanlawmakersdonotseemtounderstand.Theydonotcomeintoourhomesandshareourfood.Theyhavenevertriedtounderstandthefeelingexpressedinoursongsandourprayers.Theyhavenotseentheoldpeoplecry.Oureldershaveseenpartsofourculturedestroyed.Theyworrythatourpeoplemaydisappearforever."　　I)AscientistwithaBritishoilcompanydismisses(驳回，打消)thefearsoftheGwich'in.Healsosaystheyhavenochoice.Theywillhavetochange.TheGwich'in,however,isresisting.Theytooklegalactiontostoptheoilcompanies.ButtheywononlyatemporarybanonoildevelopmentintheArcticNationalWildlifePreserve.Pressurescontinueonothernativepeople,asArtDavidsondescribesinhisbook.Thepressurescomefromexpandingpopulations,damprojectsthatfloodtriballands,andpoliticalandeconomicconflictsthreatentheculture,lands,andlivesofsuchgroupsastheQuechuaofPeru,theMalagasyofMadagascarandtheAinuofJapan.　　J)TheorganizationcalledCulturalSurvivalhasbeeninexistencefor22years.Ittriestoprotecttherightsandculturesofpeoplesthroughouttheworld.Ithasabout12,000members.Anditreceiveshelpfromalargenumberofstudentswhoworkwithoutpay.TheodoreMacDonaldisdirectoroftheCulturalSurvivalResearchCenter.Hesaystheorganizationhasthreemainjobs.Itdoesresearchandpublishesinformation.Itworkswithnativepeopledirectly.Anditcreatesmarketsforgoodsproducedbynativecommunities.　　K)Latelastyear,CulturalSurvivalpublishedabookcalledStateofthePeoples:aGlobalHumanRightsReportonSocietiesinDanger.ThebookcontainsreportsfromresearcherswhoworkforCulturalSurvival,fromexpertsonnativepeoples,andfromnativepeoplesthemselves.Thebookdescribestheconditionsofdifferentnativeandminoritygroups.Itincludeslongerreportsaboutseveralthreatenedsocieties,includingthePenanofMalaysiaandtheAnishinabeofNorthAmerican.AnditprovidesthenamesoforganizationssimilartoCulturalSurvivalforactivists,researchersandthepress.　　L)DavidMaybury-LewisstartedtheCulturalSurvivalorganization.Mr.Maybury-Lewisbelievespowerfulgroupsrobnativepeoplesoftheirlives,lands,orresources.About6,000groupsareleftintheworld.Anativegroupisonethathasitsownlangue.Ithasalong-termlinktoahomeland.Andithasgoverneditself.TheodoreMacDonaldsaysCulturalSurvivalworkstoprotecttherightsofgroups,notjustindividualpeople.Hesaystheorganizationwouldliketodevelopasystemofearlywarningswhentheserightsarethreatened.Mr.MacDonaldnotesthatconflictsbetweendifferentgroupswithinacountryhavebeengoingonforeverandwillcontinue.Suchconflicts,hesays,cannotbeprevented.Buttheydonothavetobecomeviolent.WhatCulturalSurvivalwantsistohelpsetupmethodsthatleadtopeacefulnegotiationsoftraditionaldifferences.Thesemethods,hesays,arealotlesscostlythanwar.　　根据以上内容，回答46-56题。　　46.RigobertaMenchu,theNobelPeacePrizewinnerin1992,writesprefaceforthebookEndangeredPeoples.　　47、ThebookEndangeredPeoplescontentsnotonlywords,butalsopictures.　　48、ArtDavidson'sinitialinterestinnativepeoplewasarousedbyanancientstonearrowheadhefoundinhischildhood,whichwasonceusedbyanAmericanIndianhunter.　　49、Thenativegroupsaretryingveryhardtobalancebetweentheancientworldandthemodernworld.　　50、Bytalkingwiththem,ArtDavidsonfindsthatthenativepeoplethroughouttheworlddesiretoremainthemselves.　　51、MostoftheGwich'inarehunters,wholiveonhuntingcaribou.　　52、CulturalSurvivalisanorganizationwhichaimsatprotectingtherightsandculturesofpeoplesthroughouttheworld.　　53、AccordingtoTheodoreMacDonald,theCulturalSurvivalorganization.wouldliketodevelopasystemofearlywarningswhenasociety'srightsaretobeviolated.　　54、ThebookStateofthePeoples:aGlobalHumanRightsReportonSocietiesinDangerdescribestheconditionsofdifferentnativeandminoritygroups.55、TheGwich'intriedtostopoilcompaniesfromdrillingforoilintheArcticNationalWildlifePreserveforfearthatitshoulddrivethecaribouaway.46-55CAEBDFJLKHPsychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetooldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsand,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Someotherresearcherswhostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthoserewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetaryrewardssparksingrade-schoolchildrensuggestingthatproperlypresentedinducementsindeedaidinventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalPersonalityandSocialPsychology.“Iftheyknowthey'reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEsenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit'seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Esenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefallinggrades.Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomics,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.1.Psychologistsaredividedwithregardtotheirattitudestoward____.　A)thechoicebetweenspiritualencouragementandmonetaryrewards　B)theappropriateamountofexternalrewards　C)thestudyofrelationshipbetweenactionsand　D)theeffectsofexternalrewardsonstudents'performance2.Whatistheviewheldbymanyeducatorsconcerningexternalrewardsforstudents?　A)Theyapproveofexternalrewards.　B)Theydon'tthinkexternalrewards.　C)Theyhavedoubtsaboutexternalrewards.　D)Theybelieveexternalrewardscanmotivatesmallchildren,butnotcollegestudents.3.Accordingtotheresultofthestudymentionedinthepassage,whatshouldeducatorsdotostimulatemotivationandcreativity?　A)Giverewardsforperformanceswhichdeservethem.　B)Alwayspromiserewards.　C)Assigntaskswhicharenotverychallenging.　D)Bemorelenienttostudentswhenmistakesaremade.4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmajoruniversitiesaretryingtotightentheirgradingstandardsbecausetheybelieve____.　A)rewardingpoorperformancemaykillthecreativityofstudents’　B)punishmentismoreeffectivethanrewarding　C)failinguninspiredstudentshelpsimprovetheiroverallacademicstandards　D)discouragingthestudentsanticipationforeasyrewardsismatterofurgency5．Whichofthefollowingfactsabout“tokeneconomics”isnotcorrect?　　A)Studentsareassignedchallengingtasks.　　B)Rewardsaregivenforgoodperformances.　　C)Studentsareevaluatedaccordingtotheefforttheyputintothetask.D)Withtokeneconomics,students’creativitycanbeenhanced.　　1.D　　2.C　　3.A　　4.B　　5.CWhenaconsumerfindsthatanitemsheorheboughtisfaultyorinsomeotherwaydoesnotliveuptothemanufacturer'sclaims,thefirststepistopresentthewarranty,oranyotherrecordswhichmighthelp,atthestoreofpurchase.Inmostcases,thisactionwillproduceresults.However,ifitdoesnot,therearevariousmeanstheconsumermayusetogainsatisfaction.Asimpleandcommonmethodusedbymanyconsumersistocomplaindirectlytothestoremanager.Ingeneral,the“higherup”hisorhercomplaint,thefasterheorshecanexpectittobesettled.Insuchacase,itisusuallysettledintheconsumer'sfavor,assumingheorshehasajustclaim.　　Consumersshouldcomplaininpersonwheneverpossible,butiftheycannotgettotheplaceofpurchase,itisacceptabletophoneorwritethecomplaintinaletter.　　Complainingisusuallymosteffectivewhenitisdonepolitelybutfirmly,andespeciallywhentheconsumercandemonstratewhatiswrongwiththeiteminquestion.Ifthiscannotbedone,theconsumerwillsucceedbestbypresentingspecificinformationastowhatiswrong,ratherthanbymakinggeneralstatements.Forexample,“Theleftspeakerdoesnotworkatallandthesoundcomingoutoftherightoneisunclear”isbetterthan“Thisstereodoesnotwork”.Thestoremanagermayadvicetheconsumertowritetothemanufacturer.Ifso,theconsumershoulddothis,statingthecomplaintaspolitelyandfirmlyaspossible.Ifapolitecomplaintdoesnotachievethedesiredresult,theconsumercangotoastepfurther.Sheorhecanthreatentotakethesellertocourtorreportthesellertoaprivateorpublicorganizationresponsibleforprotectingconsumer'srights.　　1.Whenaconsumerfindsthathisorherinit,thefirstthingheorsheshoulddoisto____.　　A)complainpersonallytothemanager　　B)threatentotakethemattertocourt　　C)writeafirmletterofcomplainttothestoreofpurchase　　D)showsomewrittenproofofthepurchasetothestore　　2.Howcanaconsumermakehisorhercomplaintmoreeffective,accordingtothepassage?　　A)Explainexactlywhatiswrongwiththeitem.　　B)Threatentotakethesellertocourt.　　C)Makepoliteandgeneralstatementsabouttheproblem.　　D)Avoidhavingdirectcontactwiththestoremanager.　　3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingissuggestedasthelastalternativethatconsumersmayturnto?　　A)Complaintothestoremanagerinperson.　　B)Complaintothemanufacturer.　　C)Writeacomplaintlettertothemanager.　　D)TurntotheConsumers’RightsProtectionOrganizationforhelp.　　4.Thephrase“liveupto”inthiscontextmeans____.　　A)meetthestandardof　　B)realizethepurposeof　　C)fulfillthedemandsof　　D)keepthepromiseof　　5．Thepassagetellsus____.　　A)howtosettleaconsumer’scomplaintaboutafaultyitem　　B)howtomakeaneffectivecomplaintaboutafaultyitem　　C)howtoavoidbuyingafaultyitem　　D)howtodealwithcomplaintsfromcustomers　　1.D　　2.A　　3.D　　4.A　　5.B　Cultureisoneofthemostchallengingelementsoftheinternationalmarketplace.Thissystemoflearnedbehaviorpatternscharacteristicofthemembersofagivensocietyisconstantlyshapedbyasetofdynamicvariables:language,religion,valuesandattitudes,mannersandcustoms,aesthetics,technology,education,andsocialinstitutions.Tocopewiththissystem,aninternationalmanagerneedsbothfactualandinterpretiveknowledgeofculture.Tosomeextent,thefactualknowledgecanbelearned;itsinterpretationcomesonlythroughexperience.　　Themostcomplicatedproblemsindealingwiththeculturalenvironmentstemfromthefactthatonecannotlearnculture—onehastoliveit.Twoschoolsofthoughtexistinthebusinessworldonhowtodealwithculturaldiversity.Oneisthatbusinessisbusinesstheworldaround,followingthemodelofPepsiandMcDonald’s.Insomecases,globalizationisafactoflife;however,culturaldifferencesarestillfarfromconverging.　　Theotherschoolproposesthatcompaniesmusttailorbusinessapproachestoindividualcultures.Settinguppoliciesandproceduresineachcountryhasbeencomparedtoanorgantransplant;thecriticalquestioncentersaroundacceptanceorrejection.Themajorchallengetotheinternationalmanageristomakesurethatrejectionisnotaresultofculturalmyopiaorevenblindness.　　Fortuneexaminedtheinternationalperformanceofadozenlargecompaniesthatearn20percentormoreoftheirrevenueoverseas.Theinternationallysuccessfulcompaniesallshareanimportantquality:patience.Theyhavenotrushedintosituationsbutratherbuilttheiroperationscarefullybyfollowingthemostbasicbusinessprinciples.Theseprinciplesaretoknowyouradversary,knowyouraudience,andknowyourcustomer.　　1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?　　A.Allinternationalmanagerscanlearnculture.　　B.Businessdiversityisnotnecessary.　　C.Viewsdifferonhowtotreatcultureinbusinessworld.　　D.Mostpeopledonotknowforeignculturewell.　　2.Accordingtotheauthor,themodelofPepsi______.　　A.isinlinewiththetheoriesoftheschooladvocatingthebusinessisbusinesstheworldaround　　B.isdifferentfromthemodelofMcDonald’s　　C.showsthereverseofglobalization　　D.hasconvergedculturaldifferences　　3.Thetwoschoolsofthought______.　　A.bothproposethatcompaniesshouldtailorbusinessapproachestoindividualcultures　　B.bothadvocatethatdifferentpoliciesbesetupindifferentcountries　　C.admittheexistenceofculturaldiversityinbusinessworld　　D.BothAandB　　4.Thisarticleissupposedtobemostusefulforthose______.　　A.whoareinterestedinresearchingthetopicofculturaldiversity　　B.whohaveconnectionstomorethanonetypeofculture　　C.whowanttotravelabroad　　D.whowanttorunbusinessonInternationalScale　　5.AccordingtoFortune,successfulinternationalcompanies______.　　A.earn20percentormoreoftheirrevenueoverseas　　B.allhavethequalityofpatience　　C.willfollowtheoverseaslocalculturesD.adoptthepolicyofinternationalization　　　　1.C　　2.A　　3.C　　4.D　　5.B（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）