美国文学复习总结

精选文档PAGEPAGE5—美国文学史复习1（colonialism)第一部分 殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒接受的文学体裁：a、narratives日记b、journals游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）theirvoyagetothenewland2)Adaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops3)AboutdealingwithIndians4)Guidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritanwanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices净化信仰和行为方式2)Wish torestoresimplicitytochurchandtheauthorityoftheBibletothetheology.重建教堂，供应简洁服务，建立神圣地位来源：(HYPERLINK"http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5d7e2e330100blsr.html"http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5d7e2e330100blsr.html)-美国文学史复习1（colonialism)_苗苗_新浪博客3）lookuponthemselvesaschosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGod'swillandisnottobeaccepted.认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.反对对欢快和艺术的追求到了格外荒唐的地步5）religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.强调上帝严峻的一面，忽视上帝慈爱的一面。4、典型的清教徒：JohnCotton&RogerWilliam他们的不同：JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy;WilliambeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.5、William的宗教观点：Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromtheideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGod.行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：AnneBradstreet7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution)(2009-01-1715:54:25)一、美国的性质：ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic-theUnitedStatesofAmerica.联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。二、代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 作家：1、BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富兰克林 1706-17901）"PoorRichard'sAlmanac"穷人查理德的年鉴annualcollectionofproverbs流行谚语集Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklin'sshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputation2)FoundedtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.建立了一个隐秘俱乐部，争辩的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题3）establishedAmerica'sfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege--UniversityofPennsylvania.建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所高校——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚高校。4）firstappliedtheterms"positive"and"negative"toelectricalcharges.5)AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultynegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国转变政策，使美国可以和英国一起进展、富强。他说服法国支持美国的独立战斗。6）Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明白，幽默，讽刺天才、7）TheWaytoWealth致富之道     TheAutobiography自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790殖民地时期作家。独立战斗前惟一的杰出的美国作家inthecolonialperiod,theonlygoodAmericanauthorbeforetheRevolutionaryWar.诞生于波士顿Boston,曾创办《半岛公报》。1732-1758出版《穷人理查德的年鉴》“PoorRichard’sAlmanac”annualcollectionofproverbs流行谚语集1.帮忙杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aidedJeffersoninwriting“TheDeclarationofIndependence”.同法国谈判获得救济，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法Constitution.2.其还是美国第一位主要作家thefirstmajorwriter非凡表达力量，简洁明白，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor.Hewasalsosarcastic辛辣的.3.他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“GeneralMagazine”PhilipFreneau菲利浦·弗瑞诺（1752-1832）革命战斗后期最杰出作家perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthePost-Revolutionaryperiod既是一位诗人也是政治方面的新闻记者doubleroleaspoetandpoliticaljournalist.作品形式是新古典主义类，但本质上却属浪漫主义类hewasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteyetromanticinessentialspirit。一个讽刺小说家、伤感作家、一个人道主义者wasalsoatonceasatiristandasentimentalist,ahumanitarian.“美国革命诗人”（thepoetoftheRevolution）;“美国诗歌之父”（FatherofAmericanPoetry）.1770年第1部作品《想象的力气》（ThePowerofFancy）.1775年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可asasatiristoftheBritish.1776年出版《夜屋》（TheHouseofNight）哥特式小说theGothicmood.F·L·帕蒂称它为“在美国听到的第一部真正浪漫主义作品，从中看到了“圣诞老人的美”“thefirstdistinctlyromanticnoteheardinAmerica”and“TheBeautiesofSantaCruz”。作品中既有对社会的抗议，又有对自然的赞美，其后期作品接受了这种风格blendingthepraiseofnaturewithsocialprotest,inhischaracteristiclatermanner.1781写下名诗《英国囚船》(TheBritishPrisonShip)一首抨击颜色诗作，揭露了英国对俘虏的血腥与残忍agoodpieceofinvective,revealstherigorsandbrutalityofhiscaptivity。此后连续对英国进行无情抨击、辛辣地讽刺continuingtohurlhisvitriolattheBritishinmanypoems.1786年他的早期作品被收录在《战斗后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》“ThePoemsofPhilipFreneauWrittenChieflyDuringtheLateWar”.1788年出板《札记》“MiscellaneousWorks”.1791年创办《国家公报》对抗《联邦公报》withJefferson’ssupport“NationalGazette”campaignedagainsttheopinionsofthe“GazetteoftheUnitedStates”editedbyJohnFenno(SupportedbyHamilton).他如今被认为是美国政府中的一名英勇的斗士hasonlyrecentlybeenrecognizedasacourageouschampionofAmericanpopulargovernment.作为诗人，他预示了美国文学独立的到来asapoet,FreneauheraldedAmericanliteraryindependence他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜亮对比，后期形成了自然、简洁、言之有物的风格incontrastwiththeornate华丽的styleofhisearlycouplets,helaterdevelopedanatural,simple,andconcretediction.PhilipFreneau菲利普·费瑞诺 poetandpoliticaljournalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者1）perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.2)hasbeencalledthe"FatherofAmericanPoetry"美国诗歌之父TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲；TheBritishPrisonShip英国囚船；TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金银花；TheIndianBuryingGround印第安人殡葬地学习指南：1、TheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasthenextgreatsujecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.2、Freneauwasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteyeromanticinessentialspirit.PartⅢTheLiteratureofRomanticism浪漫主义文学1815-1865美国文学史复习3（Romanicism)(2009-01-1718:58:09)一、文学特征：1、Environment:1)shapedbytheirNewWorldenvironment美洲大陆新环境2）arrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditonsofEurope欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2、美国文学特点：pluralistic多元化 manifestationsvaried表现形式多样 Individualistic个人主义 conflicting冲突3、Romanticism的特点：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics,moralenthusiam,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthathenaturalworldwasasourceofcorruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都留意道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。1、TheimpactofEuropeanRomanticismonAmericanRomanticism.Theyputemphasisupontheimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliteratureanincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.Heroesandheroinesexhibitedextremesofsensitivityandexcitement.tendencytoexalt赞扬theindividualandthecommonmanTheliteraryuseofthemorecolorfu1aspectsofthepastAmericanRomanticismis,inacertainway,derivative2、ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。3、NationalismstimulatedagreaterliteraryinterestinAmerica’slanguage.Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开头在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。4、他们都留意道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.5、美国早期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，成这一时期文学的主要形式novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmerica’sprincipalliteraryforms。6、theAmericannationalexperienceof"pioneeringintothewest"provedtobearichsourceofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.TheycelebratedAmerica'slandscapewithitsvirginforests,meadows,groves,endlessprairies,streams,andvastoceans.Thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatsymbolizedmoral1aw戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则7、超验主义（1830s—theCivilWar）：既不讲究规律，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们信任精神上的超越，信任无所不能的善的力气，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.individualisdivineand,therefore,self-re1iantTheybelievedinthetranscendenceofthe“Oversoul”,anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.8、AmericanRomanticistsdifferedintheirunderstandingofhumannature.TothetranscendentalistssuchasEmersonandThoreau,manisdivineinnatureandthereforeforeverperfectible;buttoHawthorneandMelville,everybodyispotentiallyasinner,andgreatmoralcourageisthereforeindispensab1efortheimprovementofhumannature,asisshowninHawthorne'sTheScarletLetter.二、代表作家：1、WashingtonIrving华盛顿.欧文thefirstgreatbelletrist第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution①thefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism.美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家②“SketchBook”《见闻札记》,thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部宏大的青少年文学读物。③IrvingrestoredthewaningGothicromanceswhichPoesooninfusedwithpsychologicalsubtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些学问融入了这种体裁。④“LegendsoftheConquestofSpain”《西班牙制服记》 AHistoryofNewYork 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；TheSketchBook见闻札记TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传奇-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；BracebridgeHall布雷斯布里奇田庄；TalksofTravellers旅客谈；TheAlhambra阿尔罕伯拉1.1819-1820他第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部宏大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传奇当作消遣形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国his“SketchBook”appearedthefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliteraturetowritegoodhistoryandbiographyasliteraryentertainment.HeintroducedthefamiliaressaytoAmerica他的短篇小说极大地激发了世界各国人们进一步了解美国人民生活的爱好hisbest-knownstoriesawakenedaninterestinthelifeofAmericanregions.2.1809年以迪德里奇·尼克博克的名字出版《纽约外史》，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲出了早期荷兰殖民者在美洲殖民时的真实历史成为了幽默作品中的经典“AHistoryofNewYork”byDiedrichKnickerbockerarollickingburlesqueofacurrentserioushistoryoftheearlyDutchsettlers,hasbecomeaclassicofhumor.．教材作品：RipVanWinkleIrvingneverforgetstoassociateacertainplacewiththeinwardmovementofapersonandtochargehissentenceswithemotionsoastocreateatrueandvividcharacter.Heisworththehonorofbeing"theAmericanGoldsmith"forhisliterarycraftsmanship1.Irving'sgreatindebtednesstoEuropeanliteratureMostofIrving'ssubjectmatterareborrowedheavilyfromEuropeansources,whicharechieflyGermanic.Irving'srelationshipwiththeOldWorldintermsofhisliteraryimaginationcanhardlybeignoredconsideringhissuccessbothabroadandathome.　　AHistoryofNewYorkisapatchworkofreferences,echoes,andburlesques.HeparodiesorimitatesHomer,Cervantes,Fielding,Swiftandmanyotherfavoritesofhis.HewasalsoabsorbedinGermanLiteratureandgotideasfromGermanlegendsfortwoofhisfamousstories"RipVanWinkle"and"TheLegendofSleepyHollow."TheAlhambraisusuallyregardedasIrving's"SpanishSketchBook"simplybecauseithasastrongflavorofSpanishculture.Mostofthethirty-threeessaysinTheSketchBookwerewritteninEngland,filledwithEnglishscenesandquotationsfromEnglishauthorsandfaithfultoBritishorthography.WashingtonIrvingbroughttothenewnationwhatitspeop1edesiredmostinamanof1etterstherespectoftheOldWorld.　　2.Irving'suniquecontributiontoAmericanliterature　　Irving'scontributiontoAmericanliteratureisuniqueinmorethanoneway.HewasthefirstAmericanwriterofimaginativeliteraturetogaininternationalfame.AlthoughgreatlyinfluencedbyEuropeanliterature,IrvinggavehisworksdistinctiveAmericanflavor."RipVanWinkle"or"TheLegendofSleepyHol1ow",howeverexoticthesestoriesare,areamongthetreasuresoftheAmericanlanguageandculture.ThesetwostorieseasilytriggeroffAmericanimaginationwiththeirfocusonAmericansubjects,Americanlandscape,and,inIrving'scase,thelegendsoftheHudsonRiverregionofthefreshyoung1and.ItisnotthesketchesabouttheOldWorldbutthetalesaboutAmericathatmadeWashingtonIrvingahouseholdwordandhisfameenduring.HewasfatherofAmericanshortstories.AndlaterinthehandsofHawthorneandMelvilletheshortstoryattainedadegreeofperfection.3、writingalwaysforpleasure,andtoproducepleasureWeseldomlearnamora1lessonbecausehewantsusamusedandrelaxed4、Wegetastrongsenseimpressionaswereadhimalong,sincethelanguageheusedbestrevealswhataRomanticwritercandowithwords.Wehearratherthanread,forthereismusicalityinalmosteverylineofhisprose.5、TheGothicelementsandthesupernaturalatmospherearemanipulatedinsuchawaythatwecouldbecomesoengagedandinvolvedinwhatishappeninginaseeminglyexotic异国的place.2.WilliamCullenBryant威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特1794-18781817年宏大史诗《死之思考》（希腊语），人们全都认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作thestatelypoemcalled”Thanatopsis”(Greek,meaning“viewofdeath”)introducedthebestpoettoappearinAmericanuptothattime.《致水鸟》是其巅峰之作，“用美国英语写作的最完善的短诗”，“ToaWaterfowl”isperhapsthepeakofhiswork,“Mostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage”.后期，他用无韵诗的形式翻译了《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》hismostimportantlaterworksarehistranslationsofthe“Iliad”andthe“Odyssey”intoEnglishblankverse.当欧文用自己的作品预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证明白美国的诗歌也达到了相当高的水平，他是第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家AsIrvinghadshownthatAmericanprosehadcomeofage,soBryantdemonstratedtoEuropeanreadersthatAmericanpoetrywasreadytodemandseriousattention.HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.AmericanLiteratureofPost-RomanticismTranscendentalism超验主义1）asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.不讲规律，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。2)theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。3）theybelieveinthetranscendenceof"oversoul",anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.信任精神上的超越，信任无所不能的善的力气，强调善为万物之源。4）itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Thenaturalimplicationofallthiswas,ofcourse,thatthingsinnaturetendedtobecomesymbolic,andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual.ThisinturnaddedtothetraditionofliterarysymbolisminAmericanliterature.5）代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭罗，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”5、Literaryforms文学形式：Novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmerica’sprincipalliteraryforms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。6、Imaginativeliterature想象类文学7、thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatillustratedmorallaw.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。8、ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。9、NationalismstimulatedagreaterliteraryinterestinAmerica’slanguage.In1828NoahWebsterpublished“AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage”.Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开头在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。10、Atmid-centuryaculturalreawakeningbroughta“floweringofNewEngland.”LedbyHawthorne,Emerson,andThoreau.NewEngland→Transcendentalism,从新英格兰文学到超验主义。 5、RalphWaldoEmersion拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生①beresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEngland,是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。②Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism个人主义,independenceofmind思想独立,andself-reliance自强.③作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》、“TheAmericanScholar”《美国学者》,ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence.我们学问分子的独立宣言。④hismostimportantworksare“RepresentativeMen”《代表》and“EnglishTraits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》⑤摘自《论自然》：Standingonthebareground,-myheadbathedbytheblitheair,andupliftedintoinfinitespace,-allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteye-ball.人形的约束没有了。 RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-18821836年出版了第一本书《论自然》“Nature”,真正让他功成名就的还是得益于两次学术 演讲 办公室主任竞聘演讲中层竞聘演讲护士长竞聘演讲演讲比赛活动要求对演讲比赛的点评 ，一个是《美国学者》，还有一个是《神学院致辞》“TheAmericanScholar”and“TheDivinitySchoolAddress”.他的很多演讲后收录在他的《随笔集》中，演讲中最重要的著作是他1850年的《代表》和1856年《英国人》。1847年他的《诗集》问世.Manyofhislectureswerelaterdistilledintohisfamous“Essays”.Amonghismostimportantworksare“RepresentativeMen”and“EnglishTraits”.His“Poems”appearedin1847.Emerson'sessaysoftenhaveacasualstyle,formostofthemwerederivedfromhisjournalsorlectures.Theyareusuallycharacterizedbyaseriesofshort,declarativesentences,whicharenotquitelogicallyconnectedbutwillfloweroutintoillustrativestatementsoftruthandthoughts.Emerson'sphilosophicaldiscussionissometimesdifficulttounderstandbutheusescomparisonsandmetaphorstomakethegeneralideaofhisworkclearlyexpressed.Well-readintheclassicsofWesternEuropeanliterature,Emersonoftenemployedtheseliterarysourcestomakeandenrichhisownpoints《美国学者》被称为“我们学问分子的独立宣言”“ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence”Emerson爱默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭罗，behelddivinity神圣inthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”(1)Emerson'sphilosophyoftheover-sou1　Itisanimpersonalforcethatiseternal,moral,harmonious,andbeneficientintendency.theover-sou1isanall-pervadingpowerfromwhichallthingscomefromandofwhicha1lareapart.(2)　Emerson'sphilosophyoftheimportanceoftheIndividual　amancantrusthimselftodecidewhatisrightandtoactaccordingly.Theidealindividualshouldbeaself-reliantman.thepossibilitiesformantodevelopandimprovehimselfareinfinite.　　(3)Emerson'sviewonnature　　natureasabigsymboloftheSpirit,orGod,ortheover-soul,itexercisesahealthyaninf1uenceonhumanmind."　　EmersonianTranscendentalisminspiredawholegenerationoffamousAmericanauthorslikeThoreau　HenryDavidThoreau亨利.戴维.梭罗①Emerson’struestdisciple.PutintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的很多理论付诸于实践。②“InWalden”《沃尔登》成名作。“CivilDisobedience”《平民抵制》essay随笔。非暴力不合作③教义：Iwouldnothaveanyoneadoptmymodeofliving,eachshouldfindouthisownway,nothisneighbor’sorhisparents.我不期望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应当发觉自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。　2.Thoreau'sTranscendentalism　　notonlyfullydemonstratesEmersonianideasofself-reliancebutalsodevelopsThoreau'sowntranscendentalphilosophy.　　(1)ForThoreau,natureisnotmerelysymbolic,butdivineinitselfandhumanbeingscanreceiveprecisecommunicationfromthenaturalworldbywayofpuresenses.Sohewasoftenaloneinthewoodsorbythepond,lostinspiritualcommunionwithnature.　　(2)Thoreaustronglybelievedinse1f-cultureandwaseagertoidentifyhimselfwiththeTranscendentalimageoftheself-reliantman.Toachievepersonalspiritualperfection,hethinks,themostimportantthingformentodowiththeirlivesistobeself-sufficient,sohesoughttoreducehisphysicalneedsandmaterialcomfortstoaminimumtogetspiritualrichness.　　(3)Hispositivenessabouttheimportanceofindividualconsciencewassuchthatheevenconsideredthesocietyfetters束缚ofthefreedomofindividuals.WaltWhitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892美国文学史上极其重要的、具有创新精神的作家之一，他的《草叶集》中系列诗歌是美国文学史上第一部真正的史诗oneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanliterature.Intheclusterofpoemshecalled“LeavesofGrass”hegaveAmericaitsfirstgenuineepicpoem.他所制造的这种诗体叫做自由诗，在这种诗歌中，没有固定的节拍，也没有有规律的韵脚，惠特曼认为传统的格律诗不适合表达民主之声thepoeticstylehedevisedisnowcalledfreeverse-thatis,poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.Whitmanthoughtthatthevoiceofdemocracyshouldnotbehalteredbytraditionalformsofverse.1855年出版《草叶集》第一部，其中的大部分作品表达的主题是人类与大自然。有一部分诗歌描写的是令作者痴迷的纽约，少量诗歌还对内战进行了描写，在诗歌中，惠特曼把各种具有平民思想的一般人，社会下层的不同个体的理念有机地结合了起来mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGrass”areaboutmanandnature.However,asmallnumberofverygoodpoemsdealwithNewYork,thecitythatfascinatedWhitman,andwiththeCivilWar.他给诗人重新进行了定义，他认为诗人是一个英雄，是一个救世主，还是先知，诗人通过对真理的表达来引导大众inhispoetry,Whimancombinedtheidealofthedemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual.Heenvisionedthepoetasahero,asaviorandaprophet,onewholeadsthecommunitybyhisexpressionsofthetruth.ThethemesinWhitman'spoetry:　　HispoetryisfilledwithoptimisticexpectationandenthusiasmaboutnewthingsandnewWorld.poetrycouldhelpthemunderstandtheirnewstatusandtodefinethemse1vesinthenewwor1dofpossibi1ities.　　(1)Heshowsconcernforthewholehard-workingpeopleandtheburgeoning快速增长的lifeofcities.　　(2)Headvocatestherealizationoftheindividua1value.　　(3)PursuitofloveandhappinessTheindividualpersonandhisdesiresmustberespected.　　(4)SomeofWhitman'spoemsarepoliticallycommitted.expressedmuchmourningforthesufferingsoftheyounglivesinthebattlefieldairhissorrowoverthedeathofLincoln,.Whitman'spoeticstyleandlanguage　　　(1)usefreeverseextensivelyAlooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticalstructureisfrequentlyfavored.Whitmanturnedthepoemintoanopenfield,anareaofvitalpossibilitywherethereadercanallowhisownimaginationtoplay..　　(2)Whitman'spoeticstyleismarked,bytheuseofthepoetic"I."(3)Whitmanisconversationalandcasual,However,thereisastrongsenseofthepoemsbeingrhythmical.ThereadercanfeeltherhythmofWhitman'sthought.Parallelism.Whitman'slanguage　　Contrarytotherhetoricoftraditionalpoetry,Whitman'sisrelativelysimpleandevenrathercrude.　　　(a)undistortedimagesofdifferentaspectsofAmericaoftheday.　　　(b)strongtendencytouseoralEnglish.　　　(c)Whitman'svocabularyisamazing.Hewouldusepowerfu1,colorful,aswellasrarely-usedwords,wordsofforeignoriginandsometimesevenwrongwords.WaltWhitman  沃尔特.惠特曼   ①★freeverse(自由诗体)withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚   ②“LeavesofGrass”草叶集1870  thefirstgenuineepicpoem.美国历史上第一部真正的史诗       Poem’s特点：mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGr6ass”areaboutmanandnature.   ③关注点：Inhispoetry,hecombinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual④诗人职责：heenvisionedthepoetasahero,asaviorandaprophet,onewholeadsthecommunitybyhisexpressionsofthetruth.表达真理的前提下，引导社会进展。7.NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-18641．《七尖角阁的房子》叙述的是作者自己家族的一段历史“TheHouseoftheSevenGables”dealswiththeeffectsofacurse,andt