美国文学浪漫主义时期Edgar Allan Poe

EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)fatherofdetectivestoryfatherofpsychoanalyticcriticismFatherofmodernshortstoryEdgarAllanPoe（1809—1849）埃德加.爱伦.坡PartI.LifeExperiencePartIILiteraryPositionPartIII.MajorWorksPartIV.PointofViewPartV.StylePartVI.AppreciationThisdaguerreotypeofPoewastakenin1848whenhewas39,ayearbeforehisdeathLifeExperienceAmiserablechildhood:borninBoston,bothparentsdiedwithintwoyearsafterhisbirth,takenintothehomeofJohnAllaninVirginia,hadanunhappyrelationshipwithhisfosterfatherAnunhappyyouth:at17wenttotheUniversityofVirginiabutdidnotfinish,anappointmenttoWestPointbutwasdismissedlessthanayearlaterAstrugglinglife:in1833,becameaneditorofSouthernLiteraryMessengerinRichmond,lostthepositionbecauseofexcessivedrinkingandaninabilitytomeetdeadlines,managedtoregainthejobin1835,at27,marriedhis13year-oldcousin,VirginiaClemm,driftedforseveralyearsaseditorsindifferentmagazinesbutremainedpoorallhislifeEdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)“我经常沉湎杯中物，但喝酒并没使我感到半点儿乐趣。我不惜生命和名声，不顾理智，一味喝酒，并非追求乐趣，而是竭力逃避令人痛苦的回忆，逃避无法忍受的孤寂，逃避迫在眼前的大限。”Abitterandmysteriousdeath:in1847,wifediedoftuberculosis,in1849,diedinmysteriouscircumstancesLifeExperienceamiserablechildhoodwasadoptedbyJohnAllananunhappyrelationshipenteredtheUniversitybutdidn’tfinishwenttoWestPointbutwasdismissedat27hemarriedhis13-year-oldcousinherdeathin1847lefthimabittererlifediedinmysteriouscircumstances,in1849PartII.Poe’sliterarypositionForerunnerofwesterndecadentliteratureForerunnerofaestheticliteratureExplorerofabnormalpsychologyFatherofpsychoanalyticcriticismPath-breakerofAmericandetectivenovelFatherofmodernshortstoryCommentsonPoeEdgarAllanPoeisthemostcontroversialandthemostmisunderstoodliteraryfigureinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.“我不在乎我的作品是现在被人读还是由子孙后代来读。我可以花一个世纪来等待读者。”InAmericaEmerson:“thejingleman”(noisy)MarkTwain:Hisproseisunreadable.HenryJames:“anenthusiasmforPoeisthemarkofadecidedlyprimitivestateofdevelopment”Whitman:admitPoe’sgenius,butitwas“itsnarrowrangeandunhealthy,luridquality”(terrible)T.S.Eliot:acriticofthefirstrank,butwith“slipshodwriting”(careless)ReasonsforMisunderstanding1)Asaperceptivecritic,hewrotesomescathingcriticismsondistinguishedliteraryfigures.2)Hisliteraryexecutorsulliedhisreputationafterhisdeath.InEuropePoeenjoyedrespectandwelcomeinEuropeHisreputationwasfirstmadeinFranceToday,hisworksarereadwithappreciationandunderstanding.Poe'sinfluencewasconsiderableinSpain,Italy,GermanyandRussia.GeorgeBernardShawShaw’sevaluationofPoe'sachievementacritic,apoet，ashortstorywriter"thegreatestjournalisticcriticofhistime"hispoetryis“exquisitelyrefined“(精致优雅)histalesare"completeworksofart"agreatwriteroffiction,apoetofthefirstrank,andacriticofinsight柯南道尔：“一名侦探小说家只能沿这条不宽的主道而行，所以他时时都会发现前方有坡的脚印。如果他偶尔能设法偏离主道，独辟蹊径，那他就可以感到心满意足了。”凡尔纳：“他肯定会有模仿者，有人会试图超越他，有人会试图发展他的风格，但许多自以为已经超过他的人其实永远也不可能与他相提并论。”肖伯纳：“它们不仅仅是一篇篇小说，而完全是一件件艺术品。”PartIII.MajorWorksFamousAmericanpoet,short-storywriter,andliterarycriticMostcontroversialandmisunderstoodinAmericaWellreceivedinEurope,England,Spain,esp.inFranceLiteraryoutput:someseventyshortstoriesandadozenpoemsA:PoemsB:ShortstoriesC:literarytheoryD:onefull-lengthnovel:TheNarrativeofArthurGordonPym(1838)《亚瑟.戈登.皮姆的故事》Shortstories1MS.FoundinaBottle(1833)《瓶中手稿》2TalesoftheGrotesqueandtheArabesque(1839)《荒诞奇异的故事》3TheMurdersintheRueMorgue(1841)《毛格街血案》4TheFalloftheHouseofUsher　　　《厄舍古屋的倒塌》5TheCaskofAmontillado　　《一桶白葡萄酒》6Ligeia　　　《丽姬亚》7ThePurloinedLetter《窃信案》8TheManoftheCrowd　《人群中的人》9TheTell-TaleHeart　　《泄密的心》10WilliamWilson　　《威廉.威尔逊》11BlackCat　　《黑猫》12TheImpofthePerverse　　《变态的小鬼》13TheGoldBug　　《金甲虫》14TheMysteryofMarieRoger　《玛丽.罗热疑案》15TheMasqueoftheRedDeath　　《红色死亡的化妆舞会》a.Ashortstorywriterstories:twokindsHorrorRatiocination（推理）“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”“TheBlackCat”“TheCaskofAmontillado”“Ligeia”（莉盖亚）“ThePurloinedLetter”（被窃的信件）ShortStories1.HorrorFiction（死亡恐怖小说）TheFalloftheHouseofUsherTheMasqueoftheRedDeathLigeiaTheBlackCatTheCaskofAmontilladoTheTell-TaleHeart2.DetectiveNovel（推理侦探小说）MurdersintheRueMorgueThePurloinedLetterTheGoldBug3.ScienceFiction（科幻小说）4.SatiricalNovel（幽默讽刺小说）TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque«述异集»acollectionofshortstoriestalestwokindsHorrorRatiocination（推理）“TheMurdersintheRueMorgue”《莫格街谋杀案》“TheGoldBug”《金甲虫》“TheBlackCat”《黑猫》“TheCaskofAmontillado”（红色死亡假面舞会）“Ligeia”《莉盖亚》“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”astoryinTalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque“ThePurloinedLetter”《被窃的信件》“TheMysteryofMarieRoget”《玛丽罗杰谜案》fiftypoemstypicallyRomanticinbothformandcontentPoe’spoetictheoriesPoetryshouldbeshortandreadableatonesitting,shouldappealonlyto“beauty”(aimingat“anelevatingexcitementofthesoul”)Truepoetryis“therhythmicalcreationofbeauty”“ThePhilosophyofComposition““ThePoeticPrinciple”b.Apoetc.AliterarycriticPoems1TheRaven(1844)《乌鸦》2AnnabelLee《安娜贝尔丽》3TheSleeper《睡美人》4ADreamWithinaDream《梦中梦》5Israfel　《伊斯拉菲尔》6TheBells《钟》7Sonnet–ToScience《十四行诗--致科学》8ToHelen《献给海伦》9TheCityintheSea《海中的城市》madePoefamousasapoetsymbolofhisdarkdoubtsandfrustratedlonging“Nevermore”永不再literarytheoryThePoeticPrinciple<诗歌原理>ThePhilosophyofComposition<创作哲学>ReviewofTwice-ToldTales评霍桑的<故事重述>Poe’literarytheoryTheoryfortheshortstoryandpoetryareremarkable.Forshortstory:Theshortstorymustbeofsuchlengthastobereadatonesitting,soastoensurethetotalityofimpression.Poe’stheoryforshortstoryTheveryfirstsentenceoughttohelptobringoutthesingleeffectofthestory.Nowordshouldbeusedwhichdoesnotcontributetothedesignofthework.Poe’stheoryforshortstoryAtaleshouldrevealsomelogicaltruthwith“thefullestsatisfaction”andshouldendwiththelastsentence,leavingasenseoffinalitywiththereader.(acertaindecision某种结局）Poe’stheoryforshortstoryShortstoryshouldbeofbrevity,totality,singleeffect,compression(压缩)andfinality.PoewasthefirstAmericanwriterwhoformulizedthetechniqueoftheshortstory.Inpursuitofthetotalityofeffectthroughcompression,immediacyandfinality,Poeinventedthegenreofthedetectivestoryanddevelopedanewfictionofpsychologicalanalysis.Poehasthusoftenbeenconsideredasthefatherofthemodernshortstory.Poetictheory:Hesays:thepoemshouldbeshort,readableatonesetting,otherwisetheunityofeffectwouldbedisturbed.Poetrydoesnothavetoinculcateamoralandshouldbepure.Thechiefaimofpoetryisbeauty,toproduceafeelingofbeautyinthereader,aimingat“anelevatingexcitementofthesoul.”Poethoughtpoetryshouldappealonlytothesenseofbeauty,nottruth.Poeconcludethatthe“deathofabeautifulwomanisthemostpoetictopicintheworld.”Poeattachedhisimportanceandinteresttothesoundofthepoetrywhichshouldbebeautiful.Poe’stheoryforpoetrypoemsshortbutachievemaximumeffectproduceafeelingofbeautyinthereader"pure“,nottomoralizeHestressesrhythminsistsonaneven(规则的)metricalflow真实能够满足人的理智,感情能够满足人的心灵,而美则能激动人的灵魂EdgarAllanPoePoe’sliterarycontributionAestheticismPrincipleofbeautyPrincipleofunityandconcentrationCarefulchoiceofdictionfordesiredeffect(themusicaleffectofwordsthemselves)Negligenceofso-calledtruthandsocial,politicalandmoralsuggestions“Purepoetry”or“pureart”Unityofeffectandatmosphere;contentinserviceofartisticeffectThemes1.death–predominanttheme2.horror“Poeisnotinterestedinanythingalive.EverythinginPoe’swritingsisdead.”3.negativethoughtsofscienceEdgarAllanPoeLiteraryfeaturesofPoeMotifsofPoe’spoemsandstories:LoveBeauty(supernatualbeauty)Death(oftenofawoman,alover)TerrorNeuroticdisorderEdgarAllanPoePoe’sgothicismDecadentcontentGrotesqueimagesAbnormalpsychesMelancholySupernaturalelementsOthergothicelements(desertedcastle,oldtemple,darkandgloomycellar;stonecoffin;deadwoman;heroofabnormalpsyche)Style1)Hewasgoodatgeneralizing.2)Hisstylewastraditional.3)Heinsistedonanevenmetricalflowinversification.AnnabelLeeByAllenPoePoeticstructure"AnnabelLee"consistsofsix stanzas,threewithsixlines,onewithseven,andtwowitheight,withthe rhyme patterndifferingslightlyineachone.Thoughitisnottechnicallya ballad,Poereferredtoitasone.Likeaballad,thepoemusesrepetitionofwordsandphrasespurposelytocreateitsmournfuleffect. BalladAballadisashortsimplenarrativepoemoftenrelatingtoadramaticevent.Thebulkofballadssharethefollowingcharacteristic:1.Thebeginningisusuallyabrupt2.Thelanguageissimple3.Thestoryistoldthroughdialogueandaction4.Thethemeisusuallytragic5.ThereisoftenarefrainRhyme,Rhythm,Repetition:PoeusesthreeR’s–rhyme,rhythm,andrepetition–in“AnnabelLee”tocreateaharmonyofsoundsthatunderscoretheexquisiteharmonyofthenarrator’srelationshipwithhisbeloved.Rhymeschemeａｂａｂｃｂ，ａｂｃｂｄｂ，ａｂｃｂｄｂｅｂ，ａｂｃｂｄｂ，ａｂｂａｂｃｂ，ａｂｃｂｄｄｂｂ。InternalRhyme行内韵In poetry, internalrhyme, ormiddlerhyme,is rhyme thatoccurswithinasinglelineof verse,orbetweeninternalphrasesacrossmultiplelines.Bycontrast,rhymebetweenlineendingsisknownas endrhyme.行内韵因发声的重复强调了节奏，增添了乐感UseofAlliteration:Poereliesheavilyonalliterationin"AnnabelLee"tocreatepleasingsoundpatterns.Assonance元音谐韵的应用therepetitionofsimilarvowelsoundswithinanoticeablerange.指由相同或相近的重读元音重复出现构成例如:在诗的第四节第六行“ChillingandkillingmyAnnabellLee”中，Chillingandkilling”突出了两词之间的联系，即“Chilling”是造成“killing”这一结果的手段和方式。同时，它也强调了安娜贝尔.李的突然死亡，令读者感到惊讶、意外和疑惑。读者会想安娜贝尔.李到底是怎样死的呢？顷刻之间，“Chilling”和“killing”音韵和谐产生的共鸣就会让读者对诗人所叙述的安娜贝尔李的死因深信不疑，而且抱以深深的同情和怜悯。RepetitionPoerepeatsthisrhythmicpatternthroughoutthepoem,perhapstosuggesttheriseandfallofthetides.Healsorepeatskeyphrases–suchasinthiskingdombytheseaandmyAnnabelLee(ormybeautifulAnnabelLee)–tocreatehauntingrefrains.Inaddition,Poesometimesrepeatswordsorwordpatternswithinasingleline,asin(1)manyandmanyayearago,(2)welovedwithalovethatwasmorethanlove,and(3)mydarling–mydarling.RepetitionPoefurtherenhancestherhythmofthepoemwiththerepetitionofconsonantsounds(alliteration).Notice,forexample,therepetitionofthe“w”and“l”soundsinthislineinStanza2:Butwelovedwithalovethatwasmorethanlove."Poesometimescouplesrepetitionofconsonantsoundswithrepetitionofvowelsounds,asinmanyandmany,loveandbeloved,andthosewhowereolderthanwe.AnnabelLee/安娜贝尔·李I.Itwasmanyandmanyayearago,很久很久以前，Inakingdombythesea有个王国坐落在海边，Thatamaidentherelivedwhomyoumayknow.那里住着一位美丽的少女，BythenameofAnnabelLee;芳名安娜贝尔李；AndthismaidenshelivedwithnootherthoughtThantoloveandbelovedbyme.这位少女心思单纯，心里想的只有她和我的爱情。Notes:1 maiden     n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的Sea”，“Lee”，“me”Asadfeelingwillusuallyintensifiedbylongvowelsandaslow-pacedrhythm;whileahappyoccasionwillbemadeexcitingbyquickrhythm.本诗中多处出现的［ｉ：］音,为重读长音节,悠长而划一，清晰而连绵，传递着诗人对亡妻忠贞不贰的真挚爱情，诗人因失去至爱而痛不欲生。［ｉ：］音贴切地表达了诗人缠绵悱恻的真情因而特别凄婉动人。以第一诗节为例，“Sea”，“Lee”，“me”三个词由上往下出现，在音韵上交相呼应，把地点sea和人物Lee（你）和me（我）交代清楚，诗句并没有以时间词来做韵脚，暗示作者似乎想表达“亲爱的Lee，在海边（sea）我（me）将天长地久永远和你在一起。”诗人在一开篇就设计这样的押韵，绝不是偶然，诗人有意想让Lee和me融为一体。这一点在第五诗节二、三两行末尾连续出现“we”就足以得到证明。“Sea”，“Lee”，“me”“we”合四为一，意义上的融合以及在音韵上的呼应不仅营造出了一种悲怆苍凉的海边氛围，也低回往复地吟唱出了一首惊天地泣鬼神的生死绝唱。那单一的尾音分明就是诗人失去爱妻之后苦闷痛苦的哀号，也代表了海涛幽怨的呜咽声。这种通过音乐性对悲凉气氛的强烈渲染，“构成了一种立体的富于感染力的悲凉气氛，令读者感到欲说还休，难以忘怀”。FirstStanzaNoticetherecurrenceof"m"and"n"soundsII.Iwasachildandshewasachild,我是一个孩子她也是个孩子，Inthiskingdombythesea;我们相亲相爱住在海边的王国；Butwelovedwithalovethatwasmorethanlove—我们的故事远非爱意所能言说——IandmyAnnabelLee--我和我亲爱的安娜贝尔·李；Withalovethatthewingedseraphsofheaven我们的爱情如此幸福，Covetedherandme.天上的六翼天使都难掩妒火。Notes: coveted     adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图III.Andthiswasthereasonthat,longago,很久以前，Inthiskingdombythesea,在海边的王国，Awindblewoutofacloud,chilling嫉妒的天使驱使风冲破云层，MybeautifulAnnabelLee;冻坏了我美丽的安娜贝尔李；Sothatherhighbornkinsmencame她高贵的亲戚降临人间，Andboreherawayfromme，从我身边带走了她，Toshutherupinasepulchre又把她关进了墓穴，Inthiskingdombythesea.就在海边的王国。ThirdStanzathiswasthereason:theseraphs'envylongago:thesewordsechomanyayearagoinLine1,Stanza1.acloud:Usingthesewordsinsteadoftheskyinfusesforebodingandgloomwhilesymbolizingthedarkenvyoftheseraphs.selpulchre:Britishspellingofsepulcher.Britain,ofcourse,hasalwayshadamonarchy,thetypeofgovernmentthatwouldruleina"kingdombytheseaIV.Theangels,nothalfsohappyinheaven,天国的天使连我们一半的幸福都不如，Wentenvyingherandme—他们疯狂地嫉妒她和-----Yes!--thatwasthereason(asallmenknow,Inthiskingdombythesea)正是这份嫉妒（海边的王国里，每个人都知道这缘由）Thatthewindcameoutofthecloudbynight,让他们乘着暗夜从云端召唤出了风，ChillingandkillingmyAnnabelLee.冻坏又杀死了我亲爱的安娜贝尔李。Fourthstanzaoutofacloudbynight:Useofthisphraseemphasizesthedarkenvyoftheangelsandtheirsneakyscheme(whichunfoldsunderthecoverofnight).chillingandkilling:anexampleofinternalrhymeAlliteration:第四诗节第一诗行中的half,happy,heaven,三词结伴而出，表明热恋中的诗人和安娜贝尔.李是如此的幸福，就连天上的天使也还没有他们一半快乐。［ｈ］为声门摩擦音，听起来有叱喝之意，三个［ｈ］组合起来相继发音，节奏感和音韵感更强，同时产生刺耳的感觉，从而尖刻地讽刺了天宫中的天使出于嫉妒心伤害安娜贝尔.李的不友好行为。V.Butourloveitwasstrongerbyfarthanthelove我们的爱如此坚贞炙热Ofthosewhowereolderthanwe—胜过比我们年长的人，Ofmanyfarwiserthanwe--赛过比我们智慧的人——Andneithertheangelsinheavenabove,哪怕天国的天使Northedemonsdownunderthesea,抑或海底的魔鬼Caneverdissevermysoulfromthesoul都不能把我的灵魂和她的，OfthebeautifulAnnabelLee;Notes:5 demons  n.恶人(demon的名词复数)；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念FifthStanzaThenarratorherefocusesonthreeworlds:(1)earth,therealmofhumans;(2)heaven,therealmofangels;and(3)hell,therealmofdemons.ThelovebetweenhimandAnnabelisstrongerthananyotherearthlyloveandcansurvivethesinistereffortsoftheangelsandthedemonstosabotageit.ever,dissever:internalrhymeAlliteration:第五诗节第二诗行中的who,were,we等。头韵是英语诗歌中最古老的押韵方式,是求得音韵和谐的基本形式之一。这些头韵使诗句平滑流畅、朗朗上口,使诗作形式优美,同时也使这些词意义更加突出。VI.Forthemoonneverbeams,withoutbringingmedreams月华每次倾洒Andthestarsneverrise,butIfeelthebrighteyesOfthebeautifulAnnabelLee;星辰从未升起，但我感觉得到美丽的安娜贝尔李的眼神光彩熠熠；Andso,allthenighttide,Iliedownbytheside每晚夜潮退去，我就躺在Ofmydarling--mydarling--mylifeandmybride,我亲爱的——我亲爱的——我的生命和我的新娘的身旁，Inhersepulchretherebythesea—她安睡在海边的坟墓，Inhertombbythesoundingsea.海浪夜夜唱着摇篮曲。SixthStanzaPoestressesimageryoflightinthisstanza,associatingmoonbeamswithdreamsabouthisbelovedandtheradianceofstarswithhereyes.Inthesixthline,heusesafigureofspeechcalledanaphora首语重复法whenhewritesthewordmyfourtimes.SynopsisThepoem'snarratordescribeshisloveforAnnabelLee,whichbeganmanyyearsagoina"kingdombythesea".Thoughtheywereyoung,theirloveforoneanotherburnedwithsuchanintensitythatangelsbecameenvious.Itisforthatreasonthatthenarratorbelievestheseraphimcausedherdeath.Evenso,theirloveisstrongenoughthatitextendsbeyondthegraveandthenarratorbelievestheirtwosoulsarestillentwined.Everynight,hedreamsofAnnabelLeeandseesthebrightnessofhereyesinthestars.Everynightheliesdownbyhersideinhertombbythesea.Setting:Thenarrator(persona)writesaboutafictionalkingdomalongtheoceanshore.Itisanidyllic,beautiful,landofenchantment–aparadiseonearth–whereheandAnnabelLeefellinloveasadolescents.Onecanimaginethattheystrolledthebeaches,handinhand,ingentlebreezeswhilethesunwentdownandthetiderushedin.Thiskingdom,whereloveruledtheirhearts,remainsdeartothememoryofthepoetafterAnnabelLeedies,forhissoulremainsunitedwithhers.Characters:Narrator(persona):Amanofdeepsensibilitywhoextolsayoungmaidenwithwhomhefelldeeplyinlove.AnnabelLee:Beautifulyoungmaidenlovedbythepoet.Shewasofnoblebirth,asLine17ofStanza1suggestswhenitsaysshehad“highborn”relatives.AnnabelLeeprobablyrepresentsPoe'swife,whodiedatayoungage.Seraphs:MembersofthehighestorderofangelsaroundthethroneofGod.AccordingtotheBible,theyeachhadthreepairsofwings.Inthepoem,theseraphsaresoenviousofthelovebetweenthenarratorandAnnabelLeethattheycauseAnnabel’sdeath.RelativeofAnnabelLee:A “highbornkinsman”(Line17,Stanza1)whocarriesawayandentombsherbody. FamiliarMotif:RomeoandJulietLikeShakespeare’sRomeoandJuliet,thenarratorandAnnabelLeearebothveryyoungwhentheyfalldeeplyinlove.Inaddition,likeShakespeare’s“star-crossed”lovers,Poe’sloversbecomevictimsofforcesbeyondtheircontrol.Finally,thenarratorandAnnabelLee–likeRomeoandJuliet–experiencealovebeyondtheunderstandingofolderpersons.(Seetheopeninglinesofthesecondstanza.)TheRealAnnabelLeeThemodelforAnnabelLeewasprobablyPoe’swife,VirginiaClemn,whomhemarriedwhenshewasonly13.Theirmarriagewasaveryhappyone.Unfortunately,shediedoftuberculosisinJanuary1847whenshewasstillinhertwenties.Poe diedtwoyearsandninemonthslater–onOctober7,1849.“AnnabelLee”washislastpoem.ThemeEternallove.ThelovebetweenthenarratorandAnnabelLeeissostrongandbeautifulandpurethateventheseraphs,thehighestorderofangelsinheaven,envyit.TheyattempttokillthislovebysendingachillingwindthatkillsAnnabelLee.However,theloveremainsalive–eternal–becausethesoulsoftheloversremainunited.ThedeathofabeautifulwomanisacommonthemeinPoe’swriting.WordChoice:Poecarefullychosethewordsofthepoemtoevokeadreamlandorfairytaleatmosphere.Itwasmanyandmanyayearago,forexample,echoesthetraditionalfairytaleopeningofonceuponatime.Thewordskingdom,maiden,andchildthenleadthereaderintothenever-neverland,withkingdomsuggestingchivalryandromance,maidensuggestinginnocence,andchildsuggestingthewondermentofyouth.Althoughhefirstusessepulchre(Stanza3)torefertoAnnabelLee'sburialchamber–thenrepeatsitintheseventhlineofStanza6–heusestombinthelastlineofthepoemtorefertoherrestingplace.Tombhasamoreominousconnotation,suggestingfinality.Italsohasamoredeathlyring,likethecavernoustollofafuneralbell. Imagery–DarknessandLight:Impliedandexplicitimagesofdarknessandlightoccurthroughoutthepoem.Poeimpliesthatthe kingdombytheseaisabright,cheerfulplacewherethesunshinesontwoyounglovers,thenarratorandAnnabelLee.Ironically,inanotherrealmofdazzlinglight–heaven–thehighestorderofangels,theSeraphim,growdarkwithenvyoftheyoungcouple.Undercoverofnight,theysendacoldwindthatkillsAnnabelLee:"Thewindcameoutofthecloudbynight,/ChillingandkillingmyAnnabelLee."Butthenarratorsaysheremainsinarealmoflight,forhissoulandthesoulofAnnabelLeeareone.Inthelaststanza,PoeemphasizesthispointwithlightimageryIhopeyouwon'tmindwhenIgowithoutyouforanicechatwithaclosefriendofmine.Youaremybosomfriend,butyoucannottaketheplaceofotherfriendsanymorethantheycandoyours.Ineedtheircare,encouragementandsoberingcriticismjustasIdoyours.Astarlessskywithasolitarymoonwouldbedullandcheerless,whynotlettherebeamoonlitnightresplendentwithtwinklingstars.mayoccasionallywanttomakeatouroffarawayplaces.Pleasedon'tholdmebackwhenIstartpackingforit.Youarethecenterofmylife,butcertainlynotthewholeofit.Iyearntoseethemysteriesandwondersoftheworldmilesawaybeyondthemountains;Soletmehaveachancetoexploremy“Alice'sWonderland”asa“loneranger”.SometimelaterwhenIcomebacktoyouwithexoticexperiencesandfreshinsights,I'msureyouwilllookatmeinanewlight.Mydearhusband,solongasyouletmehavesuchalittle,littleworld,I'llbeverymuchindebtedtoyou.诗每行末尾的那个音步都用了抑扬格，因为抑扬格具有延长声乐的作用。坡成功地运用诗中其他的格律手段和方式，充分体现了坡对诗歌音乐美的不懈追求，也诠释了他所主张的诗歌创作原则，即视觉、节奏、音韵、想象和情感的和谐统一。InspirationItisuncleartowhomthe eponymous characterAnnabelLeeisreferring.BiographersandcriticsoftensuggestPoe'sfrequentuseofthe"deathofabeautifulwoman"themestemsfromtherepeatedlossofwomenthroughouthisownlife,includinghismother ElizaPoe andhisfostermotherFrancesAllan. Biographersofteninterpretthat"AnnabelLee"waswrittenforPoe'swife Virginia,whohaddiedtwoyearsprior,aswassuggestedbypoet FrancesSargentOsgood,thoughOsgoodisherselfacandidateforthepoem'sinspiration. AstrongcasecanbemadeforPoe'swifeVirginia:Shewastheonehelovedasachild,theonlyonewhohadbeenhisbride,andtheonlyonewhohaddied. AutobiographicalreadingsofthepoemhavealsobeenusedtosupportthetheorythatVirginiaandPoeneverconsummatedtheirmarriage,as"AnnabelLee"wasa"maiden".Critics,including T.O.Mabbott,believedthatAnnabelLeewasmerelytheproductofPoe'sgloomyimaginationandthatAnnabelLeewasnorealpersoninparticular.AchildhoodsweetheartofPoe'snamedSarahElmiraRoyster believedthepoemwaswrittenwithherinmind[14] andthatPoehimselfsaidso.[15] SarahHelenWhitman andSarahAnnaLewisalsoclaimedtohaveinspiredthepoem.[Locallegendin Charleston,SouthCarolina tellsthestoryofasailorwhometawomannamedAnnabelLee.Herfatherdisapprovedofthepairingandthetwometprivatelyinagraveyardbeforethesailor'stimestationedinCharlestonwasup.Whileaway,heheardofAnnabel'sdeathfrom yellowfever,butherfatherwouldnotallowhimatthefuneral.Becausehedidnotknowherexactburiallocation,heinsteadkeptvigilinthecemeterywheretheyhadoftensecretlymet.ThereisnoevidencethatEdgarAllanPoehadheardofthislegend,butlocalsinsistitwashisinspiration,especiallyconsideringPoewasbrieflystationedinCharlestonwhileinthearmyin1827.很久很久以前，在一个滨海的国度里，住着一位少女你或许认得，她的芳名叫安娜贝尔.李；这少女活着没有别的愿望，只为和我俩情相许。那会儿我还是个孩子，她也未脱稚气，在这个滨海的国度里；可我们的爱超越一切，无人能及——我和我的安娜贝尔.李；我们爱得那样深，连天上的六翼天使也把我和她妒嫉。这就是那不幸的根源，很久以前在这个滨海的国度里，夜里一阵寒风从白云端吹起，冻僵了我的安娜贝尔.李；于是她那些高贵的亲戚来到凡间把她从我的身边夺去，将她关进一座坟墓在这个滨海的国度里。这些天使们在天上，不及我们一半快活，于是他们把我和她妒嫉——对——就是这个缘故（谁不晓得呢，在这个滨海的国度里）云端刮起了寒风，冻僵并带走了我的安娜贝尔.李。可我们的爱情远远地胜利那些年纪长于我们的人——那些智慧胜于我们的人——无论是天上的天使，还是海底的恶魔，都不能将我们的灵魂分离，我和我美丽的安娜贝尔.李因为月亮的每一丝清辉都勾起我的回忆梦里那美丽的安娜贝尔.李群星的每一次升空都令我觉得秋波在闪动那是我美丽的安娜贝尔.李就这样，伴着潮水，我整夜躺在她身旁我亲爱的——我亲爱的——我的生命，我的新娘，在海边那座坟茔里，在大海边她的墓穴里。BackgroundWrittenwhilePoewasatWestPoint,"Israfel"isapoemineightstanzasofv