英语语法基础入门(二)1、所有格:He?is?Fred's?best?friend.(-'s)?2、动词现在时的第三人称单数:Alfredo?works.(-s)???3、动词过去式:Fred?worked.(-ed),但亦有不规则变化。?4、现在分词/进行时态:Fred?is?working.(-ing)([注]如果动词的末音节为辅音结尾的闭音节,则须双写末辅音,如running)?5、过去分词:The?car?was?stolen.(-en);Fred?has?talked?to?the?police.(-ed),但亦有不规则变化。?6、动名词:Working?is?good?for?the?soul.(-ing)?7、名词的复数:Fred?has?two?blue?eyes.(-s)([注]如果动词的尾字是s,sh,x,ch,则需加-es,如dishes)?8、形容词的比较级:Fred?is?smarter?than?Rick.(-er)形容词末尾加-er,多音节在前面”加more,如"more?difficult"。?9、形容词的最高级:Fred?has?the?fastest?car.(-est)形容词末尾加-est,多音节词在前面加most,如"the?most?difficult"。??英语的基本语序为SVO,且基本上不能任意变换语序,除了在少数诗词以外;另一方面,有时英语会使用OSV的语序。(注:S:Subject[主语];V:Verbal?phrase[谓语];O:Object[宾语])英语的时态?英语共有十六个时态、四个体。(注:四个体为——一般、进行、完成、完成进行。)?英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系罗曼语族中的式,如:直陈式,命令式等。??(1)一般现在时,基本形式(以do为例):?第三人称单数:does(主语为非第三人称单数);???肯定句:主语+动词原形+其他;???否定句:主语+don‘t+动词原形+其他;???一般疑问句:Do+主语+动词原形+其他。???肯定回答:Yes,+?主语+do.???否定回答:No,+主语+don't.???特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句语序??(2)一般过去时?be动词+行为动词的过去式?was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn‘t,同时还原行为动词?was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did提问,同时还原行为动词??(3)一般将来时?am/are/is+going?to+do???will/shall+do?am/is/are/about?to?+?do???am/is/are?to?+?do???一般将来时的
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达方法???be?going?to?+动词原形?be?+不定式,be?to+动词原形,be?about?to?+动词原形???be?able?to?+不定式???be?about?to+动词原形(4)过去将来时?be(was,were)going?to+动词原形???be(was,were)about?to+动词原形???be(was,were)to+动词原形?肯定句:主语+be(was,were)going?to+动词原形~.????否定句:主语+be(was,were)not?going?to+动词原形~.????疑问句:Be(Was,Were)+主语+going?to+动词原形~?????肯定句:主语+would(should)+动词原形~.????否定句:主语+would(should)not+动词原形~.????疑问句:Would(Should)+主语+动词原形~???(5)现在进行时?主语+be+动词ing〔现在分词〕形式???第一人称+am+doing+sth?第二人称+are+doing?+sth???第三人称+is+doing+sth??(6)过去进行时?肯定句:主语+was/were+doing+其它???否定句:主语+was/were+not+doing+其它?一般疑问句及答语:Was/Were+主语+doing+其它?答语:Yes,I?was./No,I?wasn't.??特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它??(7)将来进行时?动词be的将来时+现在分词??(8)过去将来进行时?should(would)+be+现在分词??(9)现在完成时?基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词(done)????1肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他???2否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他???3一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他?4特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他(10)过去完成时????基本结构:主语+had+过去分词(done)????1肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他???2否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词+其他???3一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他???肯定回答:Yes,主语+had???否定回答:No,主语+hadn't??4特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(had+主语+过去分词+其他)???语法判定:?(?1?)?by?+?过去的时间点。如:??I?had?finished?reading?the?novel?by?nine?o'clock?last?night.????(?2?)?by?the?end?of?+?过去的时间点。如:??We?had?learnt?over?two?thousand?English?words?by?the?end?of?last?term(?3?)?before?+?过去的时间点。如:??They?had?planted?six?hundred?trees?before?last?Wednesday.??(11)将来完成时?(shall)will+have+动词过去分词???before+将来时间或by+将来时间??before或by?the?time引导的现在时的从句??(12)过去将来完成时?should?/?would?have?done?sth.??(13)现在完成进行时?have/has?been?+-ing?分词??(14)过去完成进行时?had?been?+-ing?分词??(15)将来完成进行时?主语+?shall/will?have?been?doing??(16)过去将来完成进行时?should+have?been+现在分词用于第一人称?would?have?been+现在分词用于其他人称