作文高分写作全突破(06版)上

考研俱乐部 www.kaoyanpub.com 考研俱乐部 www.kaoyanpub.com ◆◆◆黑魔方版◆◆◆ 高分写作全突破(06版)上 英语策划： stove,沉郁林海 顾问：Yacyin,踏雪无痕，尘埃落定， victorddd 【转载加工请保持格式的完整性，严禁删除致谢名单】 声明：所有资料版权归考研俱乐部所有，任何人不得将此资料用于商业目的，包括有偿出售、用作促销！ 本书在制作时参考了市面上几本流行的真题包括：《考研英语高分作文》，《考研英语十年真题解析及复习思路》，《夏倚荣点评考研英语历年真题》特此感谢！ 致谢名单 考研俱乐部(www.kaoyanpub.com )网友:一考到底，男男，有个茶杯，.com.，阿修，缘缘，资本周转，斯文败类 ，鱿鱼，重金属，青冈 考研俱乐部命题研究组 www.kaoyanpub.com PREFACE 一本书最后写成却被安放在最前面的部分叫“前言”。 为使读者既不浪费宝贵时间，又能全面把握本资料以运用于考研复习，前言写成“凡例”形式。 · 本书主要按照胡敏新版《考研英语高分作文》体例和内容录入，部分参照了其原新东方内部写作教材及课堂资料，所以更为丰富、实用 · 本书包括四部分；序言部分为胡敏提出的考研英语写作：“十字真经”，即研习、背诵、默写、互译、模仿，这概括出培养写作能力的五个方面，只要能严格遵循，定能柳暗花明。第一部分为应用文写作，包括大纲样题及05真题解析，其中应用文模板选自人大版：王长喜《2006年考研英语必备》，此外还选择性收录了朱泰琪及夏倚容等的部分写作材料，以期博采众长；第二部分为97－05年大作文范文以及精选20篇新东方（新航道）范文，我们难道会认为通过这20篇金典范文不能产生考场上那2一篇0句话、160－200个字的高分作文吗？！这一部分是本书的精华 · 本书还给出胡敏倡导的十大功能段落的模板句型，临考前看看可以至少可以起到保分的作用。当然，要切实提高写作水平还要切实的努力，本书的300句美文和错误防范就是为希望仅一步提高的的朋友准备的 · 本书为考研俱乐部论坛今年 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 推出的从书之一，欲转载 请保持本资料完整性，谢谢 　　 祝各位2006年考研顺利！ It is impossible to love and be wise. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　— Francis Bacon stove 沉郁林海 考研俱乐部命题研究组 2005.5.15 ---------------------------------------------- 紧扣大纲推陈出新 分析讲解切中要害 遣词造句出神入化 段落篇章齐头并进 序 英语写作十字真经   英语的书面表达一直以来就是英语学习的瓶颈。在此，笔者向各位学习者提供突破英语写作的十字建议，即研习、背诵、默写、互译、模仿，概括出培养写作能力的五个方面，如能严格遵循，定能柳暗花明。  研 习  “没有规矩，不成方圆。”对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习，需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里；二是思绪万千，却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。 背 诵 背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中(commit the highlights to memory)，才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择性的背诵，是有意义的记忆。因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。 重点词汇  美妙的用词及搭配皆在此列，像fall victim（受害），stand a fair chance（大有希望）这种地道的动宾搭配要勤加记忆。为了积累写作词汇，应将文中同属一个话题的用词汇总归纳，组成主题词族（topic family）。归类记忆可以使自己日后即写即用，得心应手。下文是一篇2001年考研阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，现将文中关于爱心这一主题的词汇总结如下： emotional strength 情感的力量 the noblest of human emotions人类最高尚的情感 no thought of gain不计得失 the lamp of love爱心之灯 help the victims of natural disasters支援自然灾害受害者 donate whatever they can倾囊相助 help their needy fellow citizens 帮助有需要的同胞 be ready to give a helping hand 随时准备伸出援手 When we use the word "love", we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. Love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. In fact, throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions. As an example of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year. Although their incomes are still low by international standards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can ― be it money or goods ― to help their needy fellow citizens. Moreover, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves. In my opinion, the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers. In this way, we can help to make the world a better place, for the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines. 当我们用“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指异性对一个人的吸引，这只是对这个词非常狭隘的解释。爱心是一种情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。事实上，纵观历史，不同文化背景的人都把爱看成是人类最高尚的情感。 说到爱心的力量，我们马上就会想起每年中国各族人民是如何响应号召支援自然灾害受害者的。尽管按照国际标准他们的收入还处于低水平，全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助――不管是钱还是物――帮助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他们这么做并不考虑自己的得失。 我认为，表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们就能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。  常用套语  套语指流行的 公式 小学单位换算公式大全免费下载公式下载行测公式大全下载excel公式下载逻辑回归公式下载 化语言，在写作中适当使用颇有必要。如在商业信函结尾，期望对方早日回复的表达方式就要遵循套语的基本模式，使表达 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 得体。下面试举几个例子： Kindly favor us with an early reply. 请早日赐复。 Your prompt reply will be highly appreciated. 如能及时回复，将不胜感谢。 We look forward to hearing from you soon. 早日回复。 We are expecting your prompt reply. 急盼回复。 Please have the kindness to answer this letter quickly. 请早日回信。 Kindly let us have your reply at your earliest convenience. 请在您方便时尽早赐函。 We would appreciate it if you could respond right away. 如能即刻回复，将不胜感谢。 当前流行应试写作模板，即套语的使用贯穿文章始终，为考生提供万能公式型的文章主架，每句表达皆由固定套语框定，考生只要背下套用句型、过渡词语，在考试中根据特定考题填充具体内容。这种应试策略使写出的文章矫揉造作，生硬刻板，虽可以让考生及格过关，但绝对得不到高分。套语的过多使用不妨可以比作大海中的救生圈，有了它，仅仅可以让不擅游泳者保全性命，却无法自在畅游，一展泳姿。一般而言，套语较为空洞，如使用过多，文章容易流于空泛，言之无物。写作宜虚实结合，形式与内容相统一。下例是一篇比较在家学习与入校读书谁优谁劣的范文，文中巧妙地使用了一些固定句式和过渡词语，不仅增强了表达效果，而且实现了形式与内容的统一。 There are two major arguments that can be made for studying at home. First, as advances in the electronic media have brought the whole world of scholarship into the home via the Internet and educational courses on TV, the classroom is no longer the only place for acquiring knowledge. Second, it is widely held that a person studies better in the familiar surroundings of his own home and when he can arrange his own study time. But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are advantages to studying in the classroom, too. Being surrounded by people of roughly the same abilities and interests can be a great stimulus to acquiring knowledge, whereas studying in solitude at home is boring for many people. More importantly, there can be no substitute for a good teacher, who must not only be able to impart facts and theories, but also to appraise and encourage his students. Given the choice between these two methods of learning, I prefer the classroom. This is because I am the sort of person who finds it difficult to concentrate on study in the midst of household chores, and disturbances from visitors and telephone calls. The classroom environment, I feel, is the only one in which most people feel comfortable applying all their energies to the all-important task of acquiring knowledge. 关于在家学习，我们可以提出两个主要论点。第一，由于电子媒体方面取得的进步把整个世界的知识通过互联网和电视上的教育课程带入了家庭，教室不再是惟一获取知识的场所。第二，人们普遍认为，在自己家里这样熟悉的环境中，并且能自己安排学习时间，一个人能学得更好。 但是，我们不能忽视在教室里学习也有好处这一事实。周围都是能力相近和兴趣相投的人可能会对获取知识形成巨大的刺激，而对很多人来说孤独一人在家学习会有些枯燥乏味。更重要的是，没有什么可以替代一个好老师，他不仅能够传道授业，而且能够评估并鼓励学生。 如果在两种学习方法中选择，我更喜欢在教室里学习，因为我是那种很难在家务琐事、客人、电话的打扰下集中注意力学习的人。我认为大多数人只有在教室里才能把全部精力放在获取知识这件十分重要的工作上。  精彩句子  精彩句子指文章中句式优美、蕴含哲理的句子。精彩句子的背诵有助于写作时的引用和模仿。如在阅读美国前总统约翰?肯尼迪(John F. Kennedy)的就职演说(Inaugural Address)时，可以记住诸如“Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. ”（不要问国家能为你做什么，而要问你能为国家做什么。）这样的传世佳句，当你写关于爱国(patriotism)主题的作文时，则可以适时引用。现仍以上面谈“爱心”的文章为例，其中值得背诵的句子为数不少。摘录如下： ①Love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. 爱心是情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。 ②People all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can ― be it money or goods ― to help their needy fellow citizens. 全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助――不管是钱还是物――帮助那些有需要的同胞。 ③The best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are. 表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。 ④The darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines. 悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。  优秀段落  阅读时，我们经常会碰到一些过目难忘的段落。这些段落或者表达流畅、文笔优美，或者逻辑缜密、结构严谨。根据表达需要，有不同的功能段落，如现象说明段、观点陈述段、原因列举段、利弊解释段、结论归纳段、趋势预测段、措施建议段等。有些优秀段落可以作为写作的功能段落加以背诵，对于我们拓展思路、规范行文大有裨益。在背诵过程中，熟练掌握各种功能段落的行文规则，自己在表达时就能驾轻就熟。下面仅举观点陈述段和措施建议段各一例。 观点陈述段（陈述“民族文化应该成为世界文化”的观点） A culture of one nation may become international, which is beneficial for all mankind. Since China has opened its doors widely to the outside world, many people from different countries want to visit China. They will come to accept and love Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be shared generously with foreign people, who show great interest in it. Meanwhile, as more and more foreigners come to China, they bring aspects of their own culture to share with the Chinese people. In this way, people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire a better understanding of each other and live peacefully together. 一个国家的文化可能成为世界文化，这对全人类都有益。由于中国已经向外界敞开了国门，许多来自不同国家的人都希望来看一看中国。他们会开始接受并喜欢整个中国文化，中国文化应该大大方方地让感兴趣的外国人分享。与此同时，随着来中国的外国人越来越多，他们也把他们自己的文化带给了中国人。这样，世界各国的人们就能够更好地相互理解、和平相处。 措施建议段（建议“人口老龄化”的解决措施） The rapidity of the population's aging has made it more urgent for the adoption of countermeasures. No doubt, the key is to build a solid economic foundation. Meanwhile, importance should be attached to overall social progress by changing the backward situation in social security, welfare and service. What's more, family care and community services should also be encouraged. 人口老龄化的加速使采取应对措施变得更为紧迫。毫无疑问，解决问题的关键是建立稳固的经济基础。与此同时，应该重视整体的社会进步，改变社会保障、福利和服务的落后局面。除此之外，应该鼓励家庭照料和社区服务。 经典篇章  古往今来，英语宝库中涌现出大批经典佳作，如林肯的《葛底斯堡演说》(The Gettysburg Address)，福克纳的诺贝尔奖演说(Banquet Speech)，海伦?凯勒的《给我三天光明》(Three Days to See)。这些文章在文字的运用上技法高超，在思想内涵上寓意深刻，读来字字珠玑，文字优美，启迪心智，含义隽永(full of exquisite words and truth, satisfying the mind, appealing to the heart)。这样的文章如不能熟读成诵，则无法融会贯通。背诵一定数量的经典名篇既有助于提高自己遣词造句的能力，也有助于加强自己表达思想的深度。下面的一篇短文是英国哲学家罗素(Bertrand Russell)自传的序言部分，题为What I Have Lived For（我的人生追求），概述了作者一生追求的三种理想，文章在语言和思想两个方面都堪称经典，值得背诵。  What I Have Lived For  Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy ― ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness ― that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what ― at last ― I have found. With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved. Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people ― a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I can't, and I too suffer. This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.  我的人生追求  有三种简单然而无比强烈的激情左右了我的一生：对爱的渴望，对知识的探索和对人类苦难的难以忍受的怜悯。这些激情像飓风，无处不在、反复无常地吹拂着我，吹过深重的苦海，濒于绝境。 我寻找爱，首先是因为它使人心醉神迷，这种陶醉是如此的美妙，使我愿意牺牲所有的余生去换取几个小时这样的欣喜。我寻找爱，还因为它解除孤独，在可怕的孤独中，一颗颤抖的灵魂从世界的边缘看到冰冷、无底、死寂的深渊。最后，我寻找爱，还因为在爱的交融中，神秘而又具体而微地，我看到了圣贤和诗人们想象出的天堂的前景。这就是我所寻找的，而且，虽然对人生来说似乎过于美妙，这也是我终于找到了的。 以同样的激情我探索知识。我希望能够理解人类的心灵。我希望能够知道群星为何闪烁。我试图领悟毕达哥拉斯所景仰的数字力量，它支配着此消彼涨。仅在不大的一定程度上，我达到了此目的。 爱和知识，只要有可能，通向着天堂。但是怜悯总把我带回尘世。痛苦呼喊的回声回荡在我的内心。忍饥挨饿的孩子，惨遭压迫者摧残的受害者，被儿女们视为可憎负担的无助的老人，连同这整个充满了孤独、贫穷和痛苦的世界，使人类所应有的生活成为了笑柄。我渴望能够减少邪恶，但是我无能为力，而且我自己也在忍受折磨。 这就是我的一生。我发现它值得一过。如果再给我一次机会，我会很高兴地再活它一次。（方舟子译） 默 写 默写也是提高写作的一个重要环节，即把背熟的东西付诸纸端。这个过程不仅是为了检验自己的记忆效果，更为重要的是训练正确的书面表达能力。在英语学习中，我们少有机会动笔写英文，长期以来，手笔生疏，导致提笔即错。再者，由于受汉语思维和习惯的种种影响，在潜意识里容易犯一些英语表达错误。普遍存在的语言错误包括主谓一致、时态处理、冠词用法、名词单复数形式、单词拼写等，尤其在单词拼写方面，很多人混淆词性，把society, economy, difficulty写成social, economic, difficult；再如字母位置错误，将true, tired, modern写作ture, tried, morden；诸如此类。这些看似微妙的错误如果不加以有意识的克服，可能会发展为根深蒂固的习惯，成为写作中的重大弊病。通过默写，写出曾经记诵过的段落字句，之后自我查验、批改，发现并纠正在动笔中的错误，可以有效克服自己潜意识中的英文错误，提高实际写作时的熟练和准确程度。 互 译  能够在英汉两种语言之间自如转换是英语学习的一个至高境界。尝试英汉互译，即把英语文章翻译成地道汉语，间隔数日再将汉语翻译回英文。英文和汉语在表情达意方面存在着诸多差异，可惜学习者往往观察不足，领悟不深。通过互译训练，比较异同，可以强化我们对两种语言之间差异的认知，可以加强英语表达能力。在复原成英文的过程中，词汇表达、句式结构、段落组织、篇章布局等各个方面、多个角度都得到复习。同时，可以有效避免中国式英语在作文中的出现。中式英语在书面表达中屡见不鲜，根源在于学习者受到汉语表达和中式思维的制囿。英汉互译有助于冲破两种语言习惯的壁垒，有助于超越两种语言思维的障碍，有助于思维与表达取得和谐的统一，有助于将中文的思想地道流畅地传达为英语语言。互译的实质在于巧妙地借翻译手段促进英语的创作性表达。 模 仿 在自己写文章时，应有意识地调用以前的积累，正向迁移，融入自己的写作，包括语言表达、文章章法、写作技巧等，最终达到学以致用的目的。如果记忆中有像 “Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. ”（不是我爱凯撒浅，而是我爱罗马深。）这样的经典名句，当写作有关英语学习的文章时不妨模仿这个句式: Not that we can't master English, but that we have not been willing to take pains. （不是我们不能掌握英语，而是我们不愿付出努力。） 正如学好书法常要描红，学好绘画常须描摹，写好文章则需要模仿。Beauty imitated is beauty recreated. （模仿美就是创造美。） 赋予经典的表达以新的内涵，这也是一种创新。模仿他人目的在于提高自己。模仿与借鉴为写作所必须。总之，Good writing favors the prepared mind. （好的写作总是照顾那些有准备的人。） 英语写作能力的真正提高有赖于上述概括为十字的五大策略，望朋友们勤之勉之，将其融入自己的学习实践，打下坚实的语言基础，真正实现从阅读到写作的飞跃，达到英语读写能力的完美统一。逐步积累，有所准备，需要之时就可以手到擒来，应对自如，使英文写作成为自身的一项技能。 第一章 考研英语写作试卷结构与评分标准 (一)评分原则和方法 1.虽然A、B两节的考查要点有所不同(如下文所述)，但对考生写作能力的基本要求是相同的，所以一般评分标准对两节都适用。但根据两节不同的考查要点，评分时会有不同的侧重点。 A节 应用文的评分侧重点在于信心点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域的恰当。当语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。 B节 B节作文的评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的组织连贯性、语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。 2.评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次要求来给分。评分人员在档内有1~3分的调节分。 3.A节作文的字数要求是100词左右。B节作文的字数要求是160~200词。文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。 4.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。 5.如书写较差，以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。 (二) 一般评分标准 第五档 A节(9-10分)B节(17-20分) · 很好的完成了试题规定的任务。 1.包括所有内容要点； 2.使用丰富的语法结构和词汇； 3.语言自然流畅，语法错误极少； 4.有效地采用了多种衔接手法，文字连贯，层次清晰； 5.格式与语域恰当贴切。 对目标读者(即语言接受对象)完全产生了预期的效果。 第四档 A节（7-8分）B节（13-16分） 较好地完成了试题规定的任务。 1.包含所有内容要点，允许漏掉1、2个次重点； 2.使用较丰富的语法结构和词汇； 3.语言基本准确，只有在试图使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇时才有个别错误； 4.采用了适当的衔接手法，层次清晰，组织较严密； 5.格式与语域较恰当。对目标读者产生了预期的效果。 第三档 A节（5-6分）B节（9-12分） 基本完成了试题规定的任务。 1.虽漏掉一些内容，但包含多数内容要点； 2.应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的需求； 3.有一些语法结构和词汇错误，但不影响理解； 4.采用了简单的衔接手法，内容较连贯，层次较清晰； 5.格式和语域基本合理。对目标读者基本产生了预期的效果。 第二档 A节（3-4分）B节（5-8分） 未能按要求完成试题规定的任务。 1.漏掉或未能有效阐述一些内容要点，写了一些无关内容； 2.语法结构单调、词汇项目有限； 3.有较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解； 4.未采用恰当的衔接手法，内容缺少连贯性； 5.格式和语域不恰当。未能清楚地传达信息给读者。 第一档 A节（1—2分）B节（1—4分） 未完成试题规定的任务。 1 明显漏掉主要内容，且有许多不相关的内容； 2 语法项目和词汇的使用单调、重复； 3 语言错误多，有碍读者对内容的理解，语言运用能力差； 4 未使用任何衔接手法，内容不连贯，缺少组织、分段； 5 无格式与语域概念。未能传达信息给读者。 零档（0分） 所传达的信息或所使用语言太少，无法评价； 内容与要求无关或无法辨认。 第二部分考研英语应用文写作 （一）2006年考研英语应用文应对策略 一、命题规律 根据2005年硕士研究生入学考试大纲规定，应用文写作部分在命题方面有以下原则： （1）应用文部分主要要求考生能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函（主要有祝贺信、介绍信、邀请信、申请信、询问信、致谢信、约会信、道歉信、推荐信、投诉信、辞职信）、备忘录、便笺等。应用文写作时，考生应能： ① 做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当； ② 遵循文章的特定文体格式； ③ 合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯； ④ 根据写作目的，恰当选用语域。 （2）考试形式：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，考生在答题卡2上作答。满分10分。 （3）应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域的恰当，对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。100词左右，文章长度不符合要求的酌情扣分。 二、题型分析 （一）书信类 书信是一种最常见的应用文。它包括祝贺信、介绍信、邀请信、申请信、询问信、致谢信、辞职信、约会信、道歉信、推荐信、投诉信等十多类。英文书信包括信头、正文和信尾。书信格式是： （1）信头。 ① 写信人地址、日期；② 收信人姓名、地址；③ 称谓。 （2）正文。 （3）信尾。 ① 结尾谦称；② 署名。 书信格式 具体要求 写信人地址和日期 位于信纸的右上角，地址在上，日期在下，中间可间隔一行。英文地址书写顺序与中文相反，所以应该是从小到大的顺序：门牌号、街道名、区名、市(州/县)、国名。 收信人地址和日期 正式的社交信件都要在信内写上收信人的姓名及地址，又称为信内地址。它位于信纸的左侧，比信头的日期低一行或两行。 称谓(salutation) 称谓位于收信人地址下面，间隔一至两行。如果不知道对方的姓氏，称呼一般都用Dear Sir or Dear Madam。如果信是写给一个机构的多个人，则用Dear Sirs或者Dear Mmes。常见的称呼头衔有：Mr.(先生)，Mrs.(已婚女士)，Miss(未婚女性)，Ms.(对于不知婚否的女性)，Prof.(教授)，Dr.(对博士或医生的称呼)。 书信正文 书信正文写在称呼语下面，间距为一至两行，正文的层次结构是：引言、中心部分和结尾。 结束敬语 署名 在结尾敬语的正下方署上写信人的姓名，商业信函往往需要在署名的下面打印写信人的全名，职称打在姓名的下方，如果署名者为女性，则在姓名前加注“Miss”或“Ms.”。   如有附言则在署名的下方隔一两行的左下角注明postscript (P.S.)；如含附件需注明Encl.。 书信有两种格式：齐头式与缩进式。前一种所有的段落顶格开始，正文的段落之间空一行。缩进式所有段落空四至五个字母开始，正文段落之间不空行。 下面以一封抱怨信为例，其他各种信件的格式均可以此作为参照。 Directions： For this part， you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter on the topic A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus. You should write at least 120 words， and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below： 假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。 March 23， 2003 Dear Mr. President， I am writing to you， in the name of senior students of this college， to express my dissatisfaction with our canteen. The main problems involve the price， quality， environment and service. As far as I know， dishes here are generally of poor quality and high price. For example， a green vegetable will cook yellow， with bad taste and even something dirty， sticks or hair， for example. And what is worse， it even sells at 2 to 3 yuan， and a dish with some meat will be more than 5 yuan. That is not what our poor students can afford. Besides， the dining environment also needs improving. Dining tables and chairs are very dirty， greasy， and in poor condition. In addition， they are not enough to go around among students. What is more， the cooks sometimes are not fair. Usually they give more dishes and food to girl students， and less to boy students. As a result， girls can’t finish theirs， but boys are still hungry， which is a pity. Finally， we are looking forward to your quick dealing with the matter mentioned above. Thank you for your kind consideration.   Yours sincerely， Li Ming （二） 便笺写作（Note Writing）     便笺也是一种简单的书信，经常用于朋友、同事和家人之间临时有事相告而又无法与对方面谈的场合。便笺通常可以表达通知、请求和留言等内容。便笺通常包括日期、称呼、正文、署名四个部分。 （1）日期。一般只写星期几或几月几号，必要时也可写上某天的上下午和钟点，由于便笺所涉及内容多为当日或近日要办的事，因此年份则完全不必要了。 （2）称呼。可以直接用姓和名，如：Smith（姓），John（名），Wang，Weifang；也可用头衔加姓，如：Mr. Smith，Prof. Lin等。 （3）正文。用词要通俗，开门见山，简短扼要。 （4）署名。非常熟悉的人之间，只写上姓或名即可。否则，要写上留条人的姓和名。 从上面可以看出，便笺写作（Note Writing）实际上与书信写作（Letter Writing）大致相似，但有三点主要不同： 1. 便笺较随便，因此语气通常更轻松，格式和语言都是如此。 2. 通常便笺较短，应言简意赅，这意味着你必须略去冗余信息。 3. 便笺写起来往往更具个性化，通常语言更接近口语，更直接。 例如： May 14th Dear Miss Stone， I’m really sorry that I shall not be able to attend class today. I have got a fever of 39℃. Enclosed please find a certificate from the doctor of our college which says I must stay in bed for three days. I’ll resume my studies as soon as I feel better.   Sincerely yours， Li Ming  样 题： Directions: You are late for an appointment with a professor. You also have books that are due at the library in a few hours. Write a note to your roommate asking if she could return the books for you. In return for the favor, offer to buy her lunch. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.   范文： Dear Jane, I have a big favor to ask you. I am late for my appointment with Professor Jones, and need to go directly to his office. I also have two books that are due back at the library this evening. As I will not be able to get to the library before it closes, I was wondering if you would possibly have the time to return the books for me. I realize this is a big favor to ask of you, as you are also very busy. In return for help, I would like to buy you lunch tomorrow. Thanks in advance!   译文： 亲爱的简， 我要请你帮个大忙。我与琼斯教授有个约会，现在已经晚了，我得直接去他的办公室。可我还有两本书要还图书馆，今晚就到期了。我可能在图书馆关门之前赶不到那里，所以我想知道你能否有时间帮我还。 我知道你也很忙，这可真太麻烦你了。为了感谢你帮忙，我明天请你吃午饭吧。谢谢！   （三）备忘录写作（Memo Writing） 备忘录是一种正式的专业文件。它结构清晰、阅读方便、传递迅速，经常为公司或团体所使用。 大多数备忘录的特点是简明扼要，但它们同时也应具备优秀应用文的其他写作原则：面向你的读者，表达清楚且准确。 备忘录通常提出请求或发布人们对某个具体问题的迅速反应。备忘录简洁短小，各部分题目虽然看上去有些唐突，但它们可以使读者对事情有个大致了解并快速做出反应。 备忘录通常要发送、张贴、转寄，也就是说它们要迅速送到很多人手里。粗心就会出错，其影响会迅速扩大，因为为了纠正错误人们往往会写更多的备忘录。备忘录也要归档，这意味着它们将来有一天还会纠缠你。事实上“memo”来自于拉丁语“memorandum”，意思是“必须记住的东西”。 备忘录的常见格式   备忘录书端（Header）：书端是写在备忘录开头的压缩信息。情况不同，书端的格式可能不同，但是通常应采用下面这种格式。   Date: January 24, 1998 To: F. Prefect From: A. Dent Subject: My Suggested Revisions to the Local Demolition Schedule   日期：1998年1月24日 致： F. 普里费科特 自： A. 邓特 事由：关于地方拆除计划的建议修订案 • 日期：要采用正式的全部拼写。在有些国家，“12/01/98”是指“1998年12月1日”，而在其他国家却是“1998年1月12日”。 • 致和自：通常，省去诸如“教授”或“先生”这类头衔。“自：”后面写你名字的首字母大写，然后接你的姓。 • 事由：要具体。 备忘录目的（Purpose）：阐明写作原因。采用回答记者问题的方式，回答：who，what，when，where and why。   例如： Memo To： see Distribution From： Richard Smith， secretary Date： July 15， 2002 SUBJECT： EXECUTIVES’ ROUNDTABLE MEETING NOTICE   There will be a meeting of all members of the Executives’ Roundtable on Thursday， July 25， 2002 at 11 a.m. in the Beacon Room of the Tower in Chicago. Luncheon will be served at 1215p.m.. If you cannot be with us， please call 247—9521 no later than July 23. An agenda is enclosed. Also， you will find a map with complete travel directions and a description of the parking facilities at the Tower Building. It will be a pleasure to welcome all members to this important planning session of our organization. Richard Smith Distribution： Ms. Alt Ms. Rasmusson Ms. Walden Messrs： Anderson Timkins Graham 样 题： Directions: You are an active member of the student newspaper. The newspaper is currently looking for a journalist for the summer semester. Write a memo that will appear in the newspaper next week describing the position available. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.   范文： Date: August 10, 2004 To: All students From: A. Buttle Subject: Journalist Position Available for the Summer Semester   The student newspaper is currently looking for a journalist for the summer semester. Applicants should currently be studying at the university, and should preferably have at least two years’ writing experience.   The successful applicant will be expected to write two articles every week on happenings in the city and on campus. The position will commence at the end of May and will last through to the end of August. The salary for the position is negotiable and will be based on experience. If you are interested, please send your resume to the campus newspaper office.   译文： 日期：2004年8月10日 致： 全体学生 自： A. 巴特尔 事由：夏季学期记者招聘   学生报正在招聘夏季学期的记者。条件是应聘人应是本校的在校生，最好至少有两年的写作经验。 被聘者将每周写两篇关于这个城市和校园的报道。工作是从五月底开始，一直持续到八月底。工资待议，且会以其经历为依据。感兴趣者，请把你的简历寄到学校报社。 三、应用文的写作方法、特点 硕士研究生入学英语考试中的应用文写作一般也遵循了三段式的写法：第一段表明作者写信的缘由；第二段详细介绍具体情况；第三段根据不同种类的信件运用不同的结尾客套语。和短文写作比较起来，它对于语法结构和词汇多样性的要求相对较低，因为应用文写作更注重信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域的恰当。简而言之，应用文最重要的是把“事情”说明白，而不是要把文章写得多么优美。新赠作文要求写100字左右应用性短文,应用性短文通常包括各种信函、简历、便条、备忘录等，笔者认为考生准备重点应在各种信函。信函主要有：求职信、投诉信、邀请信、订购信、询问信、感谢信、道歉信、推荐信等八种，而在这八种信函中前五种是重点的重点。　由于这是一篇小作文所以要求100字左右，难度相对于六级还低。考生只要熟悉一些常用'经典'句型，便可在短时间一挥而就。比如求职信开篇的一个'黄金'句型：I am responding to your advertisement in China Daily on January 10th, 2003, which invites applications for interpreters. Enclosed with this letter is my resume which details my background. 又如此类信件结束的一个'钻石'句型：I shall be much obliged if you will afford me an opportunity for an interview, and I appreciate a response from at your earliest convenience.考生再少加发挥，在二段设置几个'亮点'，一篇高分文章就由此'诞生'了。虽然短信好写，还是建议考生参考一些写作书中关于应用文的介绍，了解模式，熟悉套话。毕竟也是书面语语体，要注意语言正式、词汇多变，如前面提到了reference books, 后面不妨修改成reference (reading) materials。还要保留一些客气礼貌的用语，如I do appreciate your kind consideration to my request或I am grateful to your kind assistance.另外，千万不要把前面的提示语（情景说明）照搬到自己的作文中用来凑字数，要利用同义词、同义表达加以改造，否则会有抄袭之嫌。下面归纳五大信函写作策略： 1． 求职信 开头段：表明信息来源，说明写作意图。 　　主体段：介绍自己相关的工作经历、学习经历，以此证明你能胜任这个职位。 2． 投诉信 　　开头段： 说明与收信人的相关性，点明你写作的意图。 　　主体段： 写明投诉的原因，要展开说明，或者讲具体理由，或者谈问题的具体体现方式。 　　结束段：表达你希望上述问题得到尽快解决的强烈愿望，并对有关人员做出的努力表示感谢。 3． 邀请信 　　开头段：表明写作意图，向某人发出邀请。 　　主体段：说明邀请的具体原因，邀请的内容。 　　结束段：表明强烈的期盼，并希望尽快得到答复。 4． 订购信 　　开头段： 开篇点出写信的目的，定购你要的东西。 　　主体段： 详细说明你订购货物的规格、大小、颜色、尺寸等。 　　结束段：表示对方回函以便确认。 5． 询问信 　　开头段： 明确写信的目的，说明写这封信的目的是寻求某信息或帮助。 　　主体段：询问具体问题，强调所需信息的重要性。 　　结束段：表达获取信息的强烈愿望，提供联系方式以便收信人与你联系，并对有关人员表示感谢。 　　总体来说新增小作文有规律可循，只要多加练习就能自如应付。 （二）大纲样题详解 Directions: You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for: 1) detailed information about the books you want, 2) methods of payment, 3) time and way of delivery. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. 范文 Dear Sir/Madam I am writing to express my interest in purchasing several titles from your bookstore. The books that I would like to buy are A Students' Guide to Correct English Usage by Edwin James, and A College Dictionary for Advanced English by John Black. Could you let me know how much these books will cost? Which methods of payment does your store accept? Can you deliver them by express mail? How long will it take the books to reach me? If possible, I would like to pay by check and have the books sent directly to my dorm. Many thanks for any assistance you are able to provide. Yours Sincerely, Li Ming (Word Count: 113 words)   这篇文章共113个词，符合字数标准。下面依据评分标准的五个方面，分析得分的关键。 ●是否包含所有内容要点？题目要求信中必须提到三点：1）要买的书的详细信息。信息包含两个方面：提供给书店的信息和从书店索取的信息。范文的第二句话列出了两本书的题目和作者，给书店提供了明确充分的信息。第三句话向书店询价，以便决定是否购买。这里，书名的写法也是考点之一。在印刷品中，书名用斜体，而在手写稿中，为了便于区分，书名用下划线突出。2）付款方式。范文第四句话分别询问书的价格和付款方式。methods of payment这几个词在题目中出现过，这样写是允许的，但不能使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子，否则会被扣分。3）配送所需时间和方式。这两点在范文的第五、六句话中都已提及。可见，范文包含了所有的内容要点。 ●是否使用丰富的语法结构和词汇？即考查句型和词汇的灵活使用，强调变化，切忌单调、重复。先看句型，粗粗一看，没有简单重复。虽然连续提出的四个问题中，第一和第三个语法结构差不多，分别是Could you...，Can you...，但用了不同的词，避免单调。这封信里出现次数最多的词是book，作者很用心，在第一句中就用了大多数同学不会想到的一个词：title，它除了“题目，标题”的常用意思之外，还可以表示“（书刊等的）一种，一本”。第一句话的用词就与众不同，会给考官一个很好的第一印象。另一个使用频率高的词是buy，文章同样采用了先声夺人的做法，第一句用了purchase这个稍有难度的词。在提到配送方式时，用了deliver和send两个词，避免重复。在语法结构和词汇的丰富性方面，文章做得也不错。 ●语言是否自然流畅，是否有语法错误？总体而言，范文读起来很流畅，几乎没有语法错误，唯一的错误就是在称呼后面缺少逗号。 ●是否采用了多种衔接手法，文字是否连贯，层次是否清晰？由于内容的关系，这封信没有使用诸如and，but，however之类的连接词，但读起来仍然很连贯，因为用了另一种衔接手法，用“书”串起全文。第一句：purchasing several titles，第二句：the books that I would like to buy，第三句：these books第一次提过之后，就用不同的定冠词来特指这些书。层次也很清晰，首先说明写信的意图，然后按照提示语的顺序层层展开。 ●格式和语域是否恰当贴切？应用文的格式是考查的一个重点。书信的格式包括以下几个要素：1）称呼。因为这封信是给书店销售部的，并不知道收信人是男士还是女士，所以写Dear Sir/Madam，后面应该有“,”。2）正文。写作有两种基本格式：缩进式和齐头式。缩进式每段开头空四个字母，段与段之间不空行；齐头式每段开头顶格，段与段之间空一行。在考试中，建议考生使用齐头式，目前多数商务书信或正式的书信都采用这种格式。这封信就是用齐头式。3）落款。Yours sincerely是最常用的落款，适用各种关系的人之间。语域是指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般及非正式体。对于书信而言，要根据收信人身份判断所采用的话语方式。如果是寒暑假时同学间的书信，就要用非正式体。这封信应该用正式体，范文中的称呼和落款都体现了这一点。另外，范文所用的一些句型也采用了正式体，例如：I am writing to express my interest in ...，Many thanks for any assistance you are able to provide. 需要提醒考生注意的是落款的姓名应与称呼相对应，写给一个机构的信，落款应当是全名，如果是写给关系密切的人，只写名字就可以，但一般会在前面加上祝福语，常用的有：Best regards，Best wishes，或With lots of love，写给机构和关系不密切的人不必用祝福语。 （三）2005年考研英语写作PART A真题及范文 Part A 51. Directions: Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points) 【参考范文】 A Letter to Quit [JY,5]Jun 22, 2005 Dear Mr. Wang, First of all, please allow me to express my deep sorry to you for my resignation. I do know that this will bring about much trouble to you so that I write to you for my explanation. I decided to quit for some reasons as follows. To begin with, the job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions is not suitable to me. What’s more, I am preparing for another degree and I prefer to further my study. Again, I apologize for my resignation to you! I am looking forward to your early reply. Sincerely yours, Li Ming 【范文译文】 尊敬的王先生： 首先，请允许我对我的辞职向您表示深深的歉意。我确实知道这会给您带来许多麻烦，因此我将在此作出解释。 我决定辞职的原因如下：首先，作为《设计与时尚》杂志的编辑这份工作不适合我。其次，我想要继续我的学业并正在为下一个学位做准备。最后，我再次对我的辞职向您表示歉意。 等待您的尽早答复。 你诚挚的 李明 【范文2】 Dear Mr. Wang, I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position. There are a few factors involved. First of all, the salary has proved to be much lower than you originally promised. It’s very difficult for me to support a large family. In addition, the office is located in the downtown area, yet I live in the suburbs, so it is exhausting for me to spend over three hours commuting every day. Most importantly, I feel rather disappointed and left out on the job itself as in the past two months. I was never given any really important responsibility. Please consider of my resignation. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused to you. faithfully Yours sincerely, Li Ming （四）书信写作句式与套语 开头用语 ① I’m sorry I’ve been so slow in answering your letter... ② I have the pleasure (honor) to inform (tell) you that... ③ I must apologize for my delay in answering your letter. ④ I apologize for not writing to you for so long. ⑤ I was really surprised to receive your letter yesterday. ⑥ It was nice to hear from you again. ⑦ I was sorry to hear that... ⑧ Thank you for telling me about... ⑨ I hasten to write you a few lines. ⑩ Please excuse this very short note. I am glad to hear of your continued success. As I have not heard from you for long， I feel anxious. I would have written to you before， but I have had so many things to do that I have not had one moment for myself. I am very glad to hear that you are all enjoying good health. Your kind letter afforded me much pleasure. I am obliged for your prompt and gratifying reply. We are very happy to say that we are all in the full enjoyment of health. It was good to hear from you and I shall be very pleased to let you have the information you need. I’m very pleased to hear that everything is going so well with you and if I can help in any other way， do let me know. We have enjoyed hearing from you. 结尾语 ① Hope to hear from you soon /as early as possible. ② Thanks again for writing about... ③ Please give my love/wishes/regards to... ④ I hope to hear more news about... ⑤ I’m praying for your soon recovery. ⑥ Take care of yourself. ⑦ I’m looking forward to your early (favorable)reply. ⑧ Thanks again for writing about... ⑨ Thank you in advance. ⑩ Please remember me to your family. Do please write and let me know how you are getting on. As the season grows colder， I hope you will take good care of yourself. I hope you are keeping quite well. I hope you and your family are very well. I shall feel obliged by a reply at your earliest convenience. An early call or reply would be greatly appreciated. I hope to see you soon， and tell you all that I would otherwise write. Best wishes for your health and every happiness. You have my very best wishes for continued and increasing success. I do hope that you and your family are in good spirits and robust health. 2. 祝贺信 开头用语 ① It is the most joyful news I have heard for a long time. ② I was pleasantly surprised to read in the newspaper that you... ③ Congratulations on your promotion/graduation/success/progress/achievements. ④ I am delighted to learn that... 结束用语 ① I wish you all possible joy and happiness in the world. ② We hope you will have nothing but joy and happiness in your life together and in your chosen career. ③ Wish you the best luck and every happiness. ④ Please accept my heartfelt congratulations! ⑤ I would like to express my best wishes and warmest congratulations to you. ⑥ Here is a word of cheer on your birthday from a warm friend， congratulations and all good wishes to you! ⑦ Thank you for anything you can do for sb. 3.邀请信 开头用语 ① Will you do us the favor of joining our party? ② May I take this opportunity to invite you to our university to give a lecture? ③ If you have no other plans for Monday， May 15th， will you come to our party at my home? ④ I hope you will give me the pleasure of your company on the occasion of a dinner with a few friends next Saturday， the 16th this month， at 6 o’clock. ⑤ I am extending to you our formal invitation to... ⑥ It is with the greatest pleasure that I write to cordially invite you to attend the meeting. ⑦ It gives me the greatest pleasure to invite you to visit this exhibition. ⑧ Will you give the pleasure of dining with us at the Beijing Hotel on Sunday， October the tenth， at eight o’clock p.m.? 结束用语 ① We would be very pleased if you could honor us with your company. Anticipating your reply. ② I hope you won’t decline my invitation. ③ We hope you can come and look forward to seeing you later. ④ We are anticipating your reply. ⑤ Awaiting an early acceptance of our cordial invitation and with kind regards. 4.申请信 开头用语 ① I am writing to apply for the post of...advertised in... ② Immediately I saw your advertisement in the paper for...， I felt it was just the kind of post for which I have the qualifications and for which I have been looking for some time. ③ In reply to your advertisement in...， I beg to apply for the post of...in your company. ④ I hope to go to Stanford University next year， and get my Ph.D. in 2006. ⑤ I wish to become a graduate student in the Department of Economics at your university. ⑥ I wish to apply for a place at your school in April， in order to study for Master of Business Administration for a period of a year. ⑦ The kind of work in which your company is engaged particularly interests me. ⑧ I feel I have the necessary qualifications and experience needed for the position of... advertised in the paper. ⑨ I would like to apply for admission to your college. ⑩ I should like to further my studies in...department of your university. My major interests are...， and I understand your university has a good program in those fields. I have read the announcement of the scholarship in ... that your university is offering， and I would like tosubmit my application. 结束用语 ① I shall bring with me the full details of my testimonials as you request. ② I hope I may be granted an interview， when I can explain my qualification more fully. ③ I should be pleased to attend for an interview at your convenience， when I could give you further details concerning myself. ④ It seems to me that this experience， together with my education， has given me ideal preparation to assume the role of...in a firm such as yours. ⑤ I hope you will kindly send me application blank. 5.询问信 开头用语 ① I am writing to inquire about the details of the trip to Tibet. ② I wonder if you have made any definite plan for the coming summer vocation. ③ The news of your sorrow has just reached me. ④ I am sorry to hear that you have been ill for days and hope you have got better now. 结束用语 ① I shall feel obliged if you will favor me with a call at your earliest convenience. ② I am looking forward to your reply. ③ I shall be grateful if you will take necessary measures to trace and recover it. 6.致谢信 开头用语 ① Thank you so much for... ② I am most grateful to you for... ③ With deepest gratitude I write you here few lines. ④ Please accept my profound appreciation for... ⑤ I appreciate your kindness in granting me an interview last week. ⑥ Allow me to express to you my warmest appreciation for the many courtesies you extended to me during my last visit to London. ⑦ I am writing to thank you， on behalf of my wife and on my own behalf， for the lovely time we had at your party last night. ⑧ Many thanks for your nice present and valuable advice. ⑨ With many thanks to you for entertaining me so generously. ⑩ I warmly appreciate your hospitality. Your lovely Christmas card was most welcome. It is generous of you to show me so much consideration. I don’t know how to thank you for your kindness to me. 结束用语 ① Many thanks to you for your...again. ② It was kind and generous of you to do this for me， and I appreciate it more than I can say. 7.约会信 开头用语 ① Would you like to go with me to...if you are free? ② If you have no other plans tomorrow， will you go to...with me? 结束用语 ① Shall we meet at... ② I am anticipating your reply. 8.道歉信 开头用语 ① I do apologize for having to send you this letter about... ② I am sorry that I had to cancel our appointment yesterday. ③ I am sorry for not answering promptly. ④ I am very sorry indeed to have to refuse your request as it is quite beyond my power to do so. ⑤ I am sorry to have put you to so much trouble. ⑥ I must apologize for my delay in answering your kind letter. 结束用语 ① I sincerely hope the postponement of our meeting did not bring you much inconvenience. ② I sincerely hope you could understand me and accept my apology. 9.推荐信 开头用语 ① I am very pleased to write this letter of recommendation to support his application. ② I am very delighted to have been asked to write this letter of recommendation for... ③ I had ample opportunities to observe him in many ways. ④ Moreover， his several teachers spoke highly of his creativity and devotion to his academic pursuits. ⑤ Aside from the aspect of...， he gives me the impression that... ⑥ To my knowledge， Mr. X is... ⑦ Meanwhile， Mr. X is a versatile young man. ⑧ During his work， he had completed a lot of important research projects， and accumulated rich experience and skills in the following fields. 结束用语 ① I strongly recommend...to you and your favorable consideration of his application will be most appreciated. ② I would appreciate it profoundly if you kindly take her into consideration for admission. 10.投诉信 开头用语 ① I am writing to complain about... ② My name is...I am a...I venture to write you a letter about... ③ The focus of the complaint is... 结束用语 ① I think it’s high time you realized... ② We know that you are not generally careless， but we would like your assurance that this will not happen again. ③ I must warn you that unless you do something about the situation I will be forced to take legal action. ④ To be frank， I am not prepared to put up with the situation any more. 事务信件的客套语 The Opening paragraph Thank you for your letter of … I was glad to receive your letter of… In your letter of… you enquire about… In reply to your letter… I am writing to you… We have received your letter of May 5, I am writing to inquire… We were very happy to learn from your letter of May 5 that… Thank you for / with reference to / Further to / In reply to your letter of / dated… I am writing to enquire about../ to confirm that…/ to apologize for/about… / in reply to your… / with reference to… The Closing paragraph I hope to hear from you… I look forward to our next meeting. / your answer / your early reply. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. I thank you for your … I look forward /am looking forward to hearing from you soon. I do hope I am not giving you too much trouble. I would greatly appreciate an early reply. If you have any further questions, please contact me on… I look forward to hearing from you soon. / in due course. / in the near future. I am hoping for / would appreciate your speedy/prompt/early reply as we… I shall not act / will wait until I hear from you. / have received your… We would like your views on the possibility of… I would be happy if you would send me… as soon as possible. We thank you in anticipation of your help. Letter of Inquiry or Request I am writing to enquire about… I am interested in your… I would be very grateful if you could send me…. I would like further information about… I am very / most/ extremely/particularly interested in your… I am writing because…/on account of…/at the suggestion of… We wonder if you could help / advise / send us… / let us have… The …has given us your address and has advised us to… Your company has been recommended to us by … Could you (possibly) / Would you please / Would it be possible for you to send me…/ let me know whether.. / consider supplying us with… Please quote your best price and state your… I would like you to.. / to order… from your company. I would be happy/ grateful if you would/could send me.. We would appreciate your sending us… Letter of Apology I am writing to apologize for / about… This was due to… Unfortunately, we have been unable to… I am sorry for any inconvenience this has caused. I can assure you that we will… Letter of Complaint I am writing to complain about… I am not satisfied with… I must therefore insist that… I recently ordered/purchased from you .... Thank you for your.., which arrived yesterday. Unfortunately Having spoken to the company secretary I decided to write it about .... I am writing / because .... / to draw your attention to.../ on account of .... /on the subject of .... I feel something ought to be done/said about .... I am afraid that I am forced to write to you about .... I am sure you will appreciate the annoyance and frustration of.. I find it awful/appalling/quite distressing that ... I am writing to complain about.. I can no longer tolerate/bear/put up with.. Letters of Application: Introduction In today's newspaper I noticed your advertisement for .... Through ...., I have learned that you are hiring .... It has come to my attention that the position of... is now open. I would like to apply for / to be considered as a candidate for the job /post / position / scholarship advertised in ... / (that) I saw advertised in .../ I have just seen in the .... I am interested in/seeking a challenging position in your firm. Motivation and expectations If my application is successful, I should/would like to .... If such experience would be valuable to your office, I .... I wish to become involved in .... I am available for a personal interview if you are interested in my application. I would appreciate an interview at your convenience. Qualifications and experience I feel I am well qualified (to.../for... ) for the following reasons. I have had experience of . ... / done… before, / studied therefore I may have the ability you are looking for. Along with my education, I have had job experience which .... My interest and skill in... contribute to my qualification for this job. You will see from my resume that I have had both training and experience in the field of .... Though I have never done .... I am well aware of .... Enclosure I have enclosed / attached a copy of my resume for your consideration. I am enclosing my resume to provide further details about my experience. / to give details of my responsibilities in that job. I have enclosed a copy of my curriculum vitae and will gladly provide any further information you may require. The enclosed resume will give you the details and scope of my previous experience. 常用书信的正规格式 发信人地址Addresser’s address 日期Date 18 August 2004 / August 18, 2004. 收信人地址Addressee’s address 称呼 salutation Begin your letter with an appropriate salutation “Dear(name)” if you know the person’s name “Dear Sir/Madam” if you don’t know the person’s name “Dear Sirs” if you are writing to an organization 正文Body Divide your letter clearly into paragraphs. Put each separate idea in a separate paragraph. Use linking words to connect ideas. 结束客套语Complimentary close Make sure you finish with an appropriate closing sentence Yours sincerely after “Dear (name)” Yours faithfully after “Dear Sir/Madam” and “Dear Sirs” 署名Signature ABC Rules Accurate Brief Clear Five “C”s Clear, complete, concise, courteous, correct. Golden Rules YOU attitude Put yourself in your reader’s shoes. Think about your reader. Plan ahead. Be YOURSELF Express your thoughts in your own words and in your own way. Write naturally and sincerely Write clearly and to the point Be courteous and considerate Be consistent Pay attention to first and last impressions Use short sentences. Use short words that everyone can understand. Avoid wordiness Avoid unnecessary adjective, adverbs, preposition phrases, commercial jargon Prefer active to passive phrases （五）应用文写作应试模板   1．Directions：One of your classmates has been admitted by a wellestablished university to do an MA degree. You write a letter to congratulate him or her on success， including： (1) your sincere congratulation； (2) your best wishes to your classmate. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You don’t need to write the address. 祝贺信模板 Date Dear ， It was pleasant to learn that. I would like to express my best wishes and warmest congratulations to you. is what I have expected. has been your wish for many years， and you devoted . It proves . You’ve and . is the best in ， so . You will as long as . Congratulations and all good wishes to you! Yours sincerely， Li Ming   范文与点评 范文 April 27， 2004 Dear Wang Gang， ①It was pleasant to learn that you have been admitted by Qinghua University. ②I would like to express my best wishes and warmest congratulations to you. ③This outcome is what I have expected. ④Being admitted by Qinghua University has been your wish for many years， and you devoted all your energies to it actually. ⑤It proves “No pains， no gains”. ⑥You’ve set a very good example for me and enhance my confidence to have the examination next year. ⑦Qinghua is the best University in the speciality you will learn in China， so this is a perfect opportunity to accomplish an MA degree. ⑧You will get what you want as long as you continue to study hard. ⑨Congratulations and all good wishes to you! Sincerely yours， Li Ming (122 Words) 点评     ①表明写信的缘由 ②表达自己的祝贺     ③④对对方行为的肯定   ⑤引用谚语证明自己的观点 ⑥对所取得的成绩高度评价 ⑦陈述客观事实 ⑧提出希望 ⑨祝贺信结尾常用语   2．Directions：You will hold a birthday party. Write a letter to one of your best friends to invite him/her to take part in it. In the letter， you should： （1） tell time and place of the birthday party； （2） describe leisure activities in the party； （3） explain why he or she must take part. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You don’t need to write the address. 邀请信模板 Date Dear ， This Friday is ， may I take the opportunity to invite you to ？ During ， there will be ， such as . I know is your favourite ， so . I would be grateful if you can come. You are ， and it is ， so it must be if I can spend with you. I’m looking forward to your coming. Yours， Li Ming 范文与点评 范文 January 2， 2003 Dear Mary， ①This Friday is my birthday. ②May I take the opportunity to invite you to my home to attend my birthday party at 7：00 p.m. on that evening？ ③During my birthday party， there will be several exciting activities， such as singing Karaoke， dancing and tasting some delicious food my mother cooked. ④I know dancing is your favourite amusement， so I’m sure you will have a good time at my birthday party. ⑤I would be grateful if you can come. ⑥You are my best friend in our class， and it is the first birthday after I moved into the new city， so it must be more interesting if I can spend my birthday with you. ⑦I’m looking forward to your coming. Yours， Li Ming (119 Words) 点评     ①开篇点明事由 ②向对方发出邀请 ③具体讲述晚会上的活动安排 ④为对方考虑得很周到 ⑤表明自己邀请的诚意 ⑥真诚邀请的缘由       ⑦邀请信结尾常用语   3．Directions：You have got your MA degree and apply for the job advertised in the local newspaper. Write a letter to the director of the personnel department including： （1） a brief introduction of yourself and educational qualification； （2） the reasons why you want to get this job； （3） an enquiry into what is required to take up this position. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You don’t need to write the address.   申请信模板 Date Dear Sir or Madam， I am responding to your advertisement in . This July， I have got my MA degree from with excellent performance in . I am fluent in ， and skilled in . Last year， I was working as for the department of as part of my fieldwork required by the degree. I started to develop my . Also I saw a great improvement in . The experience reinforced my understanding of the importance and magic of nurturing an esprit de corps in the department. It would be appreciated if you could tell me what else is required to take up this position. Thank you for your consideration! Sincerely yours， Li Ming 范文与点评 范文 December 11， 2004 Dear Sir or Madam， ①I am responding to your advertisement in the December 10 issued in China Daily inviting applications for the post of sales manager. ②This July， I have got my MA degree from Beijing University with excellent performance in both my academic and my after school work as the Chairman of the Students’ Union. ③I am fluent in not only English but French， and skilled in computer operation. ④Last year， I was working as an intern manager for the sales department of the Beijing office of GE (China) as part of my fieldwork required by the degree. ⑤I started to develop my people skills in the real situation. ⑥Also I saw a great improvement in my skills in coordinating， leading and keeping calm in times of urgency. ⑦The experience reinforced my understanding of the importance and magic of nurturing an esprit de corps in the department. ⑧It would be appreciated if you could tell me what else is required to take up this position. ⑨Thank you for your consideration! Sincerely yours， Li Ming (167 words) 点评     ①开篇点明写信的缘由     ②学习期间取得的成就 ③介绍自己的特长       ④介绍自己的工作经历 ⑤⑥工作中的收获及对自己能力的锻炼 ⑦深知在工作中团结协作的重要性           ⑧委婉地向对方提出请求 ⑨信件结尾的常用语   4．Directions：You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for： （1） detailed information about the books you want； （2） methods of payment； （3） time and way of delivery. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You don’t need to write the address. 询问信模板 Date Dear Sir or Madam， I am writing to you out of an urgent need of . As I am going to ， I desperately want to . I would like to ， enabling me to . is supposed to . In addition， there will be plenty of . I am wondering how I shall . I wish to . Can I ? By the way， can you tell me how soon ? And in which way? ? I would appreciate it if you as soon as possible. I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience. Yours sincerely， Li Ming 范文与点评 范文 November 15， 2004 Dear Sir or Madam， ①I am writing to you out of an urgent need of a reference book. ②As I am going to take the National Entrance Test for MA Candidates in two months， I desperately want to improve my English writing skills. ③I would like to buy a book that will tell me a lot about how to write a good composition， enabling me to write as many words as required and avoid making serious mistakes. ④The book is supposed to contain the writing sections， with model essays provided in the real tests of the previous three years. ⑤In addition， there will be plenty of writing exercises together with samples. ⑥I am wondering how I shall pay for the book. I wish to send money in an affordable and convenient way. ⑦Can I remit money from a post office? ⑧By the way， can you tell me how soon the book will reach me? ⑨And in which way? Sent by post， or else? ⑩I would appreciate it if you send me the book as soon as possible. I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience. Yours sincerely， Li Ming (184 Words) 点评     ①开篇点明事由 ②说明具体原因 ③④⑤对所要购买的书的内容提出具体要求                     ⑥⑦询问付款方式       ⑧⑨询问发货时间及方式 ⑩委婉提出请求     信件结尾常用语     5．Directions：Last week， you were invited to a dinner party in one of your close friend’s family. Now write a letter of thanks to your friend. Your letter should include： （1） an expression of your gratitude； （2） offer to return the favor one day； （3） your expectation for his or her visiting. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You don’t need to write the address. 致谢信模板 Date Dear Xiao Wang， Please allow me to express to you my warmest appreciation for . You were so hospitable and kind that . and I enjoyed them very much. I should say it was an unforgettable ， and I had a splendid time. It was kind and generous of you to . To express my grateful feelings， I . My wife and I are looking forward to . We will very much appreciate it if you . Many thanks to you for again. Sincerely yours， Li Ming 范文与模板 范文 October 3， 2004 Dear Xiao Wang， ①Please allow me to express to you my warmest appreciation for the dinner last Friday. ②You were so hospitable and kind that I felt comfortable just like at my own home. ③All the dishes you cooked were greatly delicious and I enjoyed them very much. ④I should say it was an unforgettable evening， and I had a splendid time.⑤It was kind and generous of you to do this for me. ⑥To express my grateful feelings， I invite you to my home to have a dinner at 6：00 p.m. next Saturday. ⑦My wife and I are looking forward to your coming. ⑧We will very much appreciate it if you can come. ⑨Many thanks to you for your dinner again. Sincerely yours， Li Ming (118 Words) 点评     ①开宗明义，表明所要感谢的缘由 ②③向对方行为表示感激 ④⑤对对方行为给予高度评价         ⑥为表示感谢，向对方发出邀请   ⑦表明自己的诚意 ⑧信件结尾常用语 ⑨再次表示感谢 6．Directions：You’ve got two tickets for a concert， and you want to go together with your friend Xiao Zhang. Leave a note to him to make an appointment. In the note， you should： （1） give the invitation； （2） give detailed information about the concert； （3） tell him when and where you should meet. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You don’t need to write the address. 约会信模板 Date Dear ， I’ve got two tickets for . Would you like to go with me to if you are free? will be held in the . you like most will . And on the you will . will begin at . Shall we meet first at at ， then go there by ? By the way， according to the weather forecast， it may rain in the evening，so please bring an umbrella with you. Yours sincerely， Li Ming 范文与点评 范文 January 15， 2004 Dear Xiao Zhang， ①I’ve got two tickets for this evening’s concert. ②Would you like to go with me to the concert if you are free? ③The concert will be held in the National Grand Opera House. ④Two famous pianists who you like most will give their brilliant performances. ⑤And on the concert you will hear the most memorable live performance of Beethoven’s Seventh Symphony. ⑥The performance will begin at 3：00 p.m.. ⑦Shall we meet first at the corner of HePing Street at 2：30 p.m.， then go there by bus? ⑧By the way， according to the weather forecast， it may rain in the evening， so please bring an umbrella with you. Yours sincerely， Li Ming (106 Words) 点评     ①说明事由 ②向对方提出约会邀请 ③指出音乐会地点 ④⑤说明音乐会的具体情况       ⑥音乐会的时间 ⑦约会地点和时间   ⑧提醒对方注意的事项     7．Directions：You have just graduated from a famous university and the headmaster of your previous high school has invited you to give a speech to the students. Unfortunately， you have something urgent to do on that day. Write a letter to your previous headmaster to： （1） apologize for not making the speech as planned； （2） explain why you cannot deliver the speech on that date； （3） make suggestions for a different time that would be more convenient to you. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You don’t need to write the address. 道歉信模板 Date Dear ， Thank you very much for ， but I’m very sorry that I will not be able to . I have promised you that I would ， but I’ve just been told that I have to . Consequently I can’t at the dated time， but I will be free . It would be convenient to me， but I don’t know how about it to you? I hope you will understand me and excuse . Sincerely yours， Li Ming 范文与点评 范文 December 11， 2004 Dear Headmaster， ①Thank you very much for inviting me to give a speech to the students， but I’m very sorry that I will not be able to attend it. ②I have promised you that I would give a speech to the students the next Monday， but I’ve just been told that I have to fly to Guangzhou to attend an important meeting this weekend and the meeting will last four days. ③Consequently I can’t give the speech at the dated time， but I will be free next Friday. ④It would be convenient to me， but I don’t know how about it to you? ⑤I hope you will understand me and excuse my absence. Sincerely yours， Li Ming (111 Words) 点评     ①道歉的事由     ②表明事由的原因 ③④意外事情带来的后果，顺便礼貌提出更改建议         ⑤道歉信的常用结束语     8．Directions：You are a professor in a department. One of your graduates ask you to write a letter of recommendation to a company which she wants to work for. Your letter should include: (1) an brief introduction of yourself； (2) the student’ s performance and main strengths； (3) the main accomplishments at university. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You don’t need to write the address. 推荐信模板 Date Dear Sir or Madam， I am a in the department of in . I am very glad to have this opportunity to give ， my ， a wholehearted recommendation. has been excellent in performance from to ， and always got in the . has also accumulated abundant experience ， because has been working as an for the in a . is good at communicating with others and has esprit de corps as in our department. This July， will accomplish . I recommend without reservation， as I know you will find most helpful and responsible for job. Sincerely yours， Li Ming 范文与点评 范文 June 26， 2004 Dear Sir or Madam， ①I am a professor in the department of International Finance in Beijing University. ②I am very glad to have this opportunity to give Wang Fang， my student， a wholehearted recommendation. ③Wang Fang has been excellent in her academic performance from 2002 to 2004， and always got scholarships in the two years. ④She has also accumulated abundant experience in management， because she has been working as an intern manager for the sales department in a Foreign Investment Corporation last year. ⑤She is good at communicating with others and has esprit de corps as the Chairman of the Students’ Union in our department. ⑥This July， she will accomplish her postgraduate’s courses. ⑦I recommend her without reservation， as I know you will find her most helpful and responsible for her job. Sincerely yours， Li Ming (127 Words) 点评     ①主动介绍自己，是对对方的尊重 ②表明写信的事由   ③④⑤从学业、工作及人际方面具体介绍所推荐的人的情况             ⑥所推荐的人的学历介绍 ⑦推荐信的常用结束语     9．Directions：You bought a camera from a reputable electrical shop the other week but found that there were some problems with the camera. Write a letter to the director of the sales department in the shop to tell： (1) what the problems with the camera are； (2) the trouble it caused with you； (3) what you would like them to do about it. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You don’t need to write the address. 投诉信模板 Date Dear Sir or Madam， I am afraid I must complain about the . ， I from you for your good reputation， and I ， but I found . it was caused by the . I feel regret very much because ， that means I will have no opportunity to . I can’t imagine that such a famous like yours provides such kind of bad . Now I just want to ， and . Yours， Li Ming 范文与点评 范文 November 15， 2004 Dear Sir or Madam， ①I am afraid I must complain about the bad performance of the camera I bought from your electrical shop. ②Two weeks ago， I bought a camera from you for your good reputation， and last Friday I visited the French art exhibition with it to take some precious photos， but I found all the photos were dim when I saw them. ③The clerk of the photo studio told me it was caused by the camera. ④I feel regret very much because the art exhibition has already been over， that means I will have no opportunity to take these photos again. ⑤I can’t imagine that such a famous electrical shop like yours provides such kind of bad camera. ⑥Now I just want to return the camera， and your manager must make an apology to me. Yours， Li Ming (134 Words) 点评     ①开篇直接点明为何事抱怨     ②③具体陈述发生的情况 ④这个相机给自己造成的损失 ⑤对所抱怨的对象提出严厉的谴责               ⑥对给自己造成的损失提出的补偿措施     10．Directions：You are a secretary of the English Department. You are informed that a seminar will be held next Monday. Write a memo to notify all the staff of it. Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Fang” instead. 备忘录模板 Memo To： From： Date： Subject：   To ， there will be a on on at in . . It will be a pleasure to welcome to this . Li Fang 范文与点评 范文 Memo To： all the staff From： Li Fang， Secretary of the English Department Date： April 11， 2004 Subject：A Seminar Will Be Held   ①To improve all the staff’s English level， there will be a seminar on Literature of Western Countries on Friday， April 14， 2004 at 9：00 a.m. in the English Department’s meetingroom. ②The staff who want to attend it should prepare the stuff related to the subject by yourself in advance. ③Do remember：all the present members must speak English during the seminar. ④The famous expert， Doc. Maria， coming from England， will give us a wonderful lecture at the end of the seminar. ⑤So this is a scarce opportunity and you will get much knowledge. ⑥It will be a pleasure to welcome all the staff to this seminar. Li Fang (106 Words) 点评             ①开篇点明此备忘录要让大家注意的事情：召开研讨会（时间、地点及议题）     ②③对参加者提出的具体要求       ④此次研讨会的特别之处 ⑤参加研讨会的益处     ⑥向大家提出参加研讨会的希望   (六) 应用文常用写作即成模式   称呼是书信的开头部分，一般用dear打头，如Dear Mr. Wang , Dear Dr. Smith 等。注意头衔的使用。通常对于男性可以使用Mr. 学术界可以用Dr. / Prof. 称呼女性可以用 Mrs. /Miss./Ms. Hon. (honorable)用于市长，议员，大使，法官等姓名前 Pres.(president)用于称呼董事长，总经理，会长，大学校长。 Rev. (Reverend) 称呼牧师。如果不知道对方姓名可以说 To whom it may concern. 也可以说Dear Sir / Dear Madam 另外英文书信中，称呼后用“，”，不是“：”。 结尾的客套是表示礼节的言辞，按友好，亲密程度可以有：一般的客套： Yours truly. Truly yours. Yours very truly. Very truly yours. Yours respectfully. Respectfully yours.比较亲密：Faithfully yours. Sincerely yours. Cordially yours. Lovingly yours. Yours affectionately. Yours 应用文最后部分为签名，考试要求统一用“Li Ming”落款。注意考试时不要求写日期，请不要画蛇添足. Unit 1邀请信   邀请信包括宴会、舞会、晚餐、聚会、婚礼等各种邀请信件，形式上大体分为两种：一种为正规的格式 (formal correspondence)，亦称请柬；一种是非正式格式 (informal correspondence), 即一般的邀请信。邀请信是在形式上不如请柬那样正规，但也是很考究。书写时应注意： 邀请信一定要将邀请的时间（年、月、日、钟点）、地点、场合写清楚，不能使接信人存在任何疑虑。例如：“I’d like you and Bob to come to Luncheon next Friday.”这句话中所指的是哪个星期五并不明确，所以应加上具体日期, “I’d like you and Bob to come to luncheon next Friday, May the fifth.”     1. 邀请朋友共进午餐 Inviting a friend to informal luncheon   Dear [Zhang Ying]: Will you come to luncheon on [Friday, May the fifth], at [twelve o’clock]? My niece [Mary] is visiting us and I think you will enjoy meeting her. She is a charming, very pretty girl … and very good company! [John and Jane] will be here, and perhaps we can [give a dance] after luncheon. Do say you’ll come! Affectionately yours, Li Ming 亲爱的[张营]： 您能在[5月5日星期五中午12点钟] 来吃午饭吗？ 我侄女[玛丽]正在我们家中作客，我想您会乐于见到她的。她是个漂亮而聪明的女孩子，……同她在一起是很使人高兴的！[约翰和简]也到这里来，也许在饭后我们能[开个舞会]，说好，一定得来呀！     2. 邀请朋友同他们不认识的人一起共进晚餐 Inviting friends to supper with the strangers   Dear [Susan]: I know you are interested in [oil painting], so I’m sure you’ll be interested in [Mr. and Mrs. Lin dun]! They are coming here to supper [next Sunday night, October the twelfth], and we’d like you and [Walter] to come, too. [Mr. and Mrs. Lin Dun] are that very charming couple we met in [London] last summer. They have a wonderful collection of [oil paintings of various stages]; and I understand that Mr. Lin Dun is quite an authority on [oil painting]. I’m sure you and Walter will thoroughly enjoy and evening in their company. We’re planning supper at six; that will give us a nice long evening to talk. If I don’t hear from you before then, I’ll be expecting you on the [twelfth]! Affectionately yours, Li Ming 亲爱的[苏珊]： 我知道您对[油画]是有兴趣的，所以我相信您对林顿夫妇也会感兴趣。他们将在[10月12日（下星期日）]来吃饭，我们很希望您和瓦尔特也能同来。 [林顿夫妇]是那么好的一对夫妻。我们是去年夏天在[伦敦]认识的。他们集有[各个不同时期精美的油画作品]。我知道，林顿先生在研究[油画]方面是颇有权威的。我深信，那天晚上您和瓦尔特同他们在一起，一定会很愉快。 我们准备在6点钟吃晚饭，这样就能有较长的时间闲谈。如果事前接不到您的回信，我就指望你们那天到来。     3. 邀请参加新厂开工典礼 Invitation to opening ceremony of new factory   Dear [Mr. Harrison]: Our new factory will be commencing production on [April 10] and we should like to invite [you and your wife] to be present at a celebration to mark the occasion. As you will appreciate this is an important milestone for this organization, and is the result of continued demand for our products, both at home and overseas. We are inviting all those individuals and trust that you will pay us the compliments of accepting. Please confirm that you will be able to attend by advising us of your time —— we can arrange for you to be met. All arrangements for your stay [overnight on April 10] will, of course, be made by us at our expense. Yours faithfully,   亲爱的[哈里森先生]： 本公司新厂将于[4月10日]开始投产，希望能邀请[贤伉俪]来参加新厂开工典礼。 如您所知，新厂的设立是本公司的一个里程碑，而这正是海内外对本公司产品不断需求的结果。我们邀请了所有对本公司的成功贡献一切力量的个人，我们相信，您一定会赏光。 如您确能参加，请来函告知您抵达的时间 —— 以便我们为您安排会晤。当然，所有安排您在[10日晚间]夜宿的费用，皆将由公司代您支付。     4. 邀请来家中小住及周末聚会 An invitation for a house and weekend party   Dear [Jane]: I hope [you and Fred] haven’t any plan for the weekend of [July twenty-fourth] as we’d like you to spend it with us at [Far Acres]. It’s simply beautiful here now, with everything in bloom! I think we can promise [Fred] some good fishing this year. The fish are biting better than ever! So bring your fishing clothes; and be sure to bring your tennis things, too, because [the Owens] are coming and I’m sure you’ll want to get out on the courts with them. There’s a very good train [Friday night]; I’ve marked it in red on the timetable. It gets you here about [seven-thirty] which is just in time for dinner. You can get a late train back [Sunday night], or there’s an early express that [Bob] usually takes on [Monday morning]. We hope nothing will prevent you from coming, as we’re looking forward to your visit … and I know [the Owens] are looking forward to seeing you again, too. Be sure to let us know what train you are taking so that [Bob] can meet you at the station. Affectionately yours,   亲爱的[简]： 如果您[7月24日]没有什么活动安排，我希望[您和弗雷德]能同我们一起在[远庄园]共度周末，那里已经鲜花遍地，现正在最美丽的时节。 我想，今年我们能让[弗雷德]钓鱼钓得更快活。鱼儿比过去任何时候都爱上钓鱼。请把钓鱼的服装带来，也别忘记带上打网球的用具，因为我们还邀约了[欧文]夫妇，我想，你们是乐意同他们打网球的。 [星期五晚上]有一班舒适的火车，我已经在火车时刻表上做了红色记号，火车大约在[7点半钟]把你们送到这里，正是吃晚饭时间。[星期日晚上]你们可以乘晚车回来。或者，在[星期一早晨]也有一班快车，就是[鲍勃]常坐的那一班车。 我们希望没有什么事情会阻碍你们，我们在等待着你们光临……我知道[欧文夫妇]好盼望再次见到你们。准备乘哪一班火车，请一定告诉我们，好让[鲍勃]到车站迎接你们。     5. 邀请参加招待会 An invitation for a reception   Dear [Mr. Smith]: It would give [me/us] great pleasure to have your presence at a reception in honor of the Chinese delegation. The reception will be held in the [the City Hall], on [Tuesday, October the fourth]. Cocktails will be served promptly at [six] to be followed b dinner at [eight]. [I/We] sincerely hope you can attend. Let [me/us] know. Sincerely yours   亲爱的[史密斯先生]： 如您能够出席为[中国代表团]而举行的招待会，[我（们）]将感到十分荣幸。 招待会定于[10月4日（星期二）]在[市政厅]举行。[6点钟]准时举行[鸡犬不宁尾酒会]， 随之在[8点钟]举行[正式的晚宴]。 [我（们）]期待着您的光临。请提前通知您能否出席。     6. 邀请演讲 Inviting someone to address a meeting   Dear [Dr. Rodger]: [The English Department of Nankai University] would like to extend to you an invitation to be our guest speaker at the [annual conference] to be held at the [meeting room] at [eight] o’clock, [Saturday morning, December the thirtieth, 1993]. As you know, the department is interested in [the 20th century English literature] Since you are familiar with the field, we know your views will be extremely interesting to us. You will receive further details later, but we would appreciate having your acceptance soon so we may complete our agenda. Cordially,   亲爱的[罗杰博士]： [南开大学外文系]特邀请您出席[1993年12月30日（星期六）早八点在（系会议室）]召开的[学术年会]并作演讲。 正如您所了解的，[南大外文系]对[20世纪的英国文学颇感兴趣]。您对此领域很熟悉，您的见解定会给我们带来很大的兴趣。 我们将随后把有关细节通知您，但恳请您尽快予以答复，以便作出安排。       Unit 2 邀请信的回复   邀请信的复信要求简明扼要，在书写时应注意以下几点： 1. 接受邀请的复信中应重复写上邀请信中的某些内容，如邀请年、月、日，星期几、几点钟等，如 “I’ll be delighted to attend your luncheon next Friday, May the fifth, at twelve o’clock”。 2. 邀请信的复信中应明确表明接受邀请还是不接受邀请，不能含乎其词，如不能写 “I’ll come if I’m in town”。这类的话，以使得对方无法作出安排。在接受邀请的复信中，应对受到邀请表示高兴。谢却的复信中应阐明不能应邀的原由。     1. 接受与不相识的人共进午餐 Accepting an invitation to luncheon with strangers   Dear [Wang Hua]: I’ll be delighted to come to your luncheon on [Tuesday, April the sixth], at [on] o’clock. [Bob] has often spoken me of [Wang Hui], and has told me how very much he enjoys having him for a [roommate /teammate]. Although I have never met [Wang Hui], I know him from hearing so much about him. I assure you it will be a very great pleasure indeed to meet [Wang Hui’s mother]! Thank you so much for asking me. Truly Yours   亲爱的[王华]： 我将愉快地参加您于[4月6日（星期二）下午1时]举行的午宴。 [鲍勃]经常向我提起[王晖]，并经常谈到与他[同住一室/为队友]是多么愉快。虽然我还没有见过他，但因为听到有关他的事情多，好像已经认识他了。 我相信，同[王晖的妈妈]相会一定会使人非常愉快，非常感谢您的邀请。     2. 谢绝不相识的人的邀请 Apologizing for being unable to accept an invitation   Dear [Mrs. Brown]: I have heard so much about [Lambert] from [Jane] that I almost feel as though I knew him. I would certainly enjoy meeting his mother! But unfortunately I expect guests myself on [Friday, the seventh of May]; and therefore cannot accept your invitation for luncheon on that day. It was thoughtful of you to invite me, and I am extremely sorry I cannot accept, I do hope you will ask me again some time! Sincerely yours,   亲爱的[布朗]： 我已经从[简]那里知道了许多关于[兰伯特]的事，我好像已经认识他似的，能够去见他母亲我当然觉得十分荣幸！ 但是很不凑巧：在[5月7日（星期五）]我自己要招待客人， 因此就不能接受您在那天的午宴邀请了。 承您如此热情地相约，恰巧因事不能前往，深表歉意，但愿以后能再次荣获您的邀请。     3. 对迟复邀请表示歉意 Apologizing for being unable to give an early reply   Dear [Mr. Jackson]: Please accept my apologies for the delay in acknowledging your invitation for [lunch/ diner/ cocktails] on [September the fourth, this year]. I have been away from the office and only just returned. Luckily, I have no other plans for the date you mention, and shall be happy to see you at [6] at the Black Swan Restaurant. Cordially,   亲爱的[杰克逊先生]： 未能对您发来的出席今年[9月4日]举行的[午宴/晚宴/鸡尾酒会]的邀请给予及时答复深表歉意。我因近期一直在外，刚刚返回。 幸运的是，我在那天没有其他安排，很愿意届时在[黑天鹅餐厅]与您会面。     4. 对不能参加而迟复邀请回信表示歉意 Apologizing for being unable to accept the invitation and give an early reply   Dear [Mr. Hovell]: Please accept my apologies for the delay in acknowledging your invitation for [lunch/ dinner/ cocktails] on [September the fourth, this year]. I have been away form the office and only just returned. Unfortunately, I have other plans for the date you mention, but shall be happy to make a date for some other convenient time. Cordially,   亲爱的[霍维尔先生]： 未能对您发来的出席[今年9月4日]举行的[午宴/晚宴/鸡尾酒会]的邀请予以及时答复深表歉意。我因一直外出，刚刚返回。 很遗憾，由于有其他事务安排，故不能赴约。我很愿意在以后方便的时候前去拜会。       Unit 3 感谢信   感谢信的篇幅可长可短，但应该写得认真而热切，写出真实的感情。写信时应注意以下几点： 1．在对馈赠礼物的感谢信中，要提到具体的礼物，不要写“Thanks for the beautiful gift”。而应写成“Thanks for the beautiful watch”。同时将礼物是何等的适宜与精美等加以赞赏，以显示出送礼物人独具慧眼。这样会使送礼人感到高兴。 2．在英美国家，礼物常附有一张写着送礼人姓名的卡片。     1. 感谢帮助 A note of thanks for one’s help   Dear [William]: Thank you very much for your kind letter of [October 15, 2004], concerning [my project]. It was good of you to come to my assistance, and I appreciate your generosity. Your aid will be invaluable in helping me accomplish my objectives. If I can reciprocate at any time, please be sure to call on me. Thanks again for your courtesy. Cordially,   亲爱的[威廉]： 感谢您[2004年10月15日]就[我研究项目]的来信。 您的慷慨令我感到钦佩，而且您的帮助将为我达到我的目标，起到不可估量的作用。如果将来我能为您做些什么，请直言。 再次感谢您的好意。     2. 感谢别人的祝贺 A note of thanks for one’s compliment   Dear [Miss Allen]: Thanks you very much for your kind letter of [April 14, 2004], concerning [our service]. It is constantly gratifying to receive a complimentary letter like yours; which indicates that our efforts to serve you are appreciated. You may be sure that our department will receive appropriate recognition for a job well done. Thank you again for your courtesy. Cordially,   亲爱的[艾伦小姐]： 感谢您的[2004年4月4日]就[我们服务]的来信。 接到您的赞美来信，我们不胜感谢，这说明我们为您[提供的服务]达到了您的满意。可以相信，我们会对[下属]部门的优质服务给予适当的奖励。 再次感谢您的好意。 您的真诚的     3. 感谢别人的指教 A note of thanks for one’s guidance   Dear [Professor Jackson]: It is just [two months] since I consulted with you about [choosing my job] and I want to assure you that I appreciate your help. Your advice has been invaluable, and I have followed the course you recommended, with gratifying results. [I took the job], and consider it the wisest step I could have taken. I would like to express my gratitude, along with my very best wishes. Cordially,   亲爱的[杰克逊教授]： 自从上次向您请教[工作选择问题]至今已两个月了，非常感谢您的指教。 您提的建议十分宝贵，我按照您说的做了以后，收效甚佳。[我选择了那份工作]，并认为这是我所能作出的最明智的选择。 我愿在此向您表示感谢，并献上良好的祝愿。     4. 感谢别人的招待并送礼物 A letter of thanks for one’s hospitality and sending a gift   Dear [Lora]: Please accept my thanks for the very pleasant time I spent on Tuesday evening at your office. I very much appreciated your hospitality and also thoroughly enjoyed the three very interesting colorful films which were shown to us. Now I would like to express my thanks for your warm hospitality with [a little gift] that you will shortly receive. Cordially, [Susan]   亲爱的[洛拉]： 星期二，我在你处度过了一个愉快的夜晚，请接受我的谢意。 我非常感谢你的款待，也非常欣赏你们为我们放映的三部丰富多彩的电影。 现在我愿奉送[一件小小的礼物]以示敬意，您不久就会收到。       Unit 4 祝贺信   在西方，得知朋友订婚、结婚、生孩子、升职都要写信祝贺。祝贺信如同一般的简短书信，可长可短，格式上无特别的要求，但书写时应做到：真诚、自然、亲切动人。内容上可尽情发挥。     1. 祝贺生日 Congratulations on a birthday   Dear [Babs]: So you’re [a year] older today —— or don’t you want to be reminded? Anyway, congratulations and best wishes. If you feel like holding a celebration, will you let me take you to dinner and the movies, as a sort of birthday treat? You name the day. And in the mealtime, many happy returns! Cordially,   亲爱的[巴博斯]： 今天您又大了[一岁]了，您不喜欢别人这样对你讲吗？但不管怎样，我得向您祝贺，表示美好的祝愿。 如果您对庆贺有雅兴的话，我想请您吃饭，或看电影，作为祝贺您生日的款待。请定个日期，同时，祝您幸福愉快！     2. 祝贺朋友大学毕业 Congratulations on graduation   Dear [Mr. Li]: I learned from [Wang Ying] that you were graduated with high honors from [Qing Hua University] yesterday. I can well imagine how proud of you your parents are now, who have been anxiously hoping to witness your brilliant success. As I understand, you will continue studies in [the United States] soon. I wish you greater success in your studies and research work. With best wishes, Yours sincerely,   亲爱的[李先生]： 从王英处得悉你以优异的成绩毕业于[清华大学]，我可以想像，你的父母现在是怎样地引以为荣。他们一直殷切地希望你获得辉煌的成就。我听说你不久要到[美国]去继续深造。预祝你在学习和研究工作上取得更大的成就。     3. 祝贺朋友在运动会上获胜 Congratulations on winning a game   Dear [Jerry]: Mother sent me the clippings about your success at the [swimming] meet. Naturally, I am not surprised at all, but I thought I’d just say “Congratulations” where are going to find room for another [silver] cup? Some of our girls may be going up to the [Tri-State] meet. If the tape unrolls straight, and there I shall expect to see you win again. When we’re all home for [Thanksgiving] vacation, we’ll have to hold a real celebration. Your one-time swimming rival,   亲爱的[玛丽]： 妈妈把你在[游泳]运动会上获胜的剪报寄给了我。当然，我一点也不感到吃惊；但是，我觉得还是应当向你祝贺。你哪里去找到争取另一个[银杯]的机会呀？ 如果能获得顺利批准，我们当中的一些姑娘可能要去参加[三州]运动会。在那里，我希望能看到你再次获胜。 你从前的游泳对手     4. 祝贺新年 A letter extending New Year greetings   Dear [Mr. Barton]: As the New Year is quickly approaching, I take this opportunity to send my greetings and best wishes to you for [2005]. I hope that the coming year will bring a further increase in exchange of culture between our two countries and we look forward to continued friendly relations with you. Yours faithfully,   亲爱的[巴顿先生]： 值此[2005]年即将到来之际，我谨向你致以最良好的祝愿和问候。 我希望，在新的一年里我们两国之间的文化交流有进一步的增加，并希望我们与你们之间的友好关系继续下去。       Unit 5 祝贺信   欢迎信不仅是主方出于礼节对客方的一种友好表示。欢迎信不宜写得过长，但要求写得真切，表明客方对主方的重要性，以及主方公司的诚意。   1. 欢迎新客户 Welcoming new customers   Dear [Mr Forster]: It is great pleasure to welcome your patronage of [W. H. SMITH]. We hope to add your name to our list of satisfied [customers]. We try to show our appreciation for the business we receive by providing your money’s worth in [service]. It is our sincere wish to make your [shopping] here as pleasant as possible. We are ready and eager to serve you. Cordially,   亲爱的[福斯特先生]： 您能光顾[W. H. SMITH联营商场]是我们的莫大荣幸。我们希望能将您的名字收入我的的满意[顾客]名单。 我们力求通过在[服务]上为您提到优质服务以显示出我们对经营的热忱。 我们由衷地希望能使你在此[购物]达到尽善尽美。 我们恭候您，并竭诚为您服务。     2. 欢迎新同事 Welcoming a new comer   Dear [Mr. J. R. Smith]: It is a great pleasure to welcome you to our organization. The work you have done in [electronics] at [Toronto], indicates that we are fortunate to have you joining us at [Electronics] as [an engineer]. You’ll be working with many congenial people, and I’m sure you’ll find them capable and cooperative. Let’s get together for a chat, as soon as you are settled. Meanwhile, if there is anything I can do for you, just let me know. Yours,   亲爱的[J. R. 史密斯先生]： 您能参加我们的组织，我们感到非常高兴。 您在[多伦多]所从事的[电子]方面的工作表明我们很幸运能有您这样的[工程师]加盟我们[电子公司]。您将与许多志趣相投的同行一道工作。我相信，您会发现他们很能干，而且很合作。 您安顿一下之后，让我们聚在一起叙谈一下，如果我们能为您做些什么，请告诉我们。       Unit 6 聘请信   聘请信主要用于聘请对方前来工作，讲学等，这种信需写清聘请的目的及给予对方的待遇。有时也可写上一些对对方表示崇敬的词语。另外还需写清聘请的期限。     1．聘请客座教授 Employing a visiting professor   Dear [Prof. Smith]: [The English Department of Beijing Languages Institute] is pleased to appoint you to be [a visiting professor], for the term of [one year and a half], starting on [February 22, 1993]. The Department will provide office space and library facilities. You will of course be welcome to participate fully in our teaching programs, including, classes, seminars, and informal discursions. [The Institute] will pay fees according to the contact of engagement en closed herewith. The Department joins me in the hope that you will be able to take up this appointment. Truly yours,   亲爱的[史密斯教授]： [北京外国语学院英语系]准备聘请您为[客座教授]，为期[一年半]，从[1993年2月22日]起，我系将提供办公室和图书馆一切方便，欢迎您参加我们全部的教学项目，包括上课，研究班讨论会及非正式讨论。[我校]交按照所附 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 条款支付酬金。 我系全体成员都希望您能接受这一职位。 此致 敬礼！     2. 聘请顾问 Employing a consultant   Dear [Dr. Boffin], It is a great pleasure to hear from [Dr. May] that you are coming to China for a short visit. I would like to take this opportunity to invite you to be our consultant in our [hospital]. With your profound knowledge and experience in the [medical field], I’m sure that you will help our [hospital] tremendously. Let me thank you in advance for your assistance. Please accept my warm welcome and sincere invitation. I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon. Sincerely yours,   亲爱的[鲍菲博士]： 据[梅博士]函告，您将来华做短期访问，故冒昧给您写信，想请您担任我[院]的[顾问]。由于您在[医疗]方面学识渊博，经验丰富，对我[院]一定大有帮助，恭候佳音，并盼忽闻却是幸。       Unit 7询问与申请   为了要了解某事、或请求对方办事某事、或申请参加学会、报名入学等，都可写信给有关方面询问。这类信要写明自己的意图以及要求对方办的事，也可向对方索取有关资料。 申请信的篇幅不宜过长，除语气诚恳，言简意赅外，还应注意以下几点： （1）说明申请理由。如见广告应征，熟人介绍、专业对口等。 （2）概括本人经历和特长，表明能胜任此项工作。 （3）希望对方积极考虑，尽早答复。 （4）如申请的目的是学习、攻读学位，应说明资助情况。 （5）要认真签名（中、英文均可）。     1. 索取入学资料 Requesting entrance information   Dear Sirs: Could you please send me some entrance information about the course of [English Literature] offered at your university? I am now studying at [Beijing Foreign Languages Institute] majoring in [English Literature] and shall graduate [this year]. A Chinese Government scholarship enables me to continue my postgraduate studies in [England], and your university has been recommended to me. Yours,   先生们： 我现就读于[北京外国语学院]，主修[英国文学]将于[今年]毕业。我国政府给予奖学金使我能来[英国]深造。并推荐来贵院攻读研究生课程。为此向贵院索取有关入学资料，请惠存寄为感。     2. 申请入大学学习 Applying for studying in a university   Dear Sirs: I should like to enter your university to take such courses as [Applied Linguistics and Comparative Literature]. I was born in [1957]. In [1979], I was enrolled in [the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature] of [Tianjin Teachers’ University]. During my [four] academic years, I made good grades on all courses. After my graduation from this university in [1983], I found my interests tending more and more towards [Language Teaching]. Now I have passed an examination sponsored by [the Ministry of Education] for a Government scholarship which will enable me to pursue further studies in your university. A transcript of records of all the subjects I completed at this university and [two] letters of recommendation offered by [two] of my professors will be sent to your directly by the university. I hope a letter of admission will be issued to me in due course. Looking forward to your reply. Your sincerely   亲爱的先生们： 我希望能入贵校选读[应用语言学及比较文学]。 我出生于[1957年]。[1979年]考入[天津师范大学][外国语言文学系]。在校[4年]学习期间，各门功课均为优良。[1983年]于该校大学毕业生，我对[语言教学]颇感兴趣。现已通过[教育部]举办的政府奖学金考试，将来贵校进修。 我在大学期间修满的各门功课的成绩单副本及[两位]教授的推荐信将由学校直接寄去。 希望能将入学证书及时寄我，并盼早日复信。     3. 申请攻读硕士学位 Applying for M. S. Degree   Dear Sirs: My name is [Li Ming]. I graduated in [1990] from [Nankai] University majoring in [mathematics] with a [B. S. degree]. After my graduation, I’ve been teaching [mathematics] in [No. 16 Middle School]. With a view to get some advanced studies, I am writing to you to apply for admission to your University to peruse my [M. S. degree]. I am also applying for a scholarship or a teaching assistantship which will enable me to come to your University sooner. Hoping to be favored with an early reply. Yours faithfully,   先生们： 我叫[李明]，[1990年]毕业于[南开]大学[数学]系并获得[理学士学位]。毕业后一直在[十六中]教[数学]。 为继续深造，我拟向你校申请攻读[硕士学位]。同时我也想申请奖学金或助教金使我能更早地来你校就读，盼及早复信。     4. 申请奖学金 Applying for a scholarship   Dear Prof. [Johnson]: My name is [Li Ming]. I am writing to you to apply for a scholarship in your university. Born in [Tianjin in 1960], I graduated from [Tianjin] University majoring in [Computer Science] in [1989]. I have been working in the [Computer Science Department] of this university since my graduation. It is the height of my ambition to further y studies in this field in your university. But without your financial aid I couldn’t manage to come. I’ll be very grateful for your kind help. Could you please favor me with an early reply? Sincerely yours,   亲爱的[约翰逊]教授： 我叫李明。我想来贵校进修并盼能给予奖学金。 我于[1960年生于[天津]，于[1989年]毕业于[天津]大学[计算机科学系]。毕业后一直在[该系]工作。我极想来贵校进修我的专业。我只有在您的经济资助下才能如愿。如蒙关照感激不尽，盼速赐回音。     5. 申请做为访问学者 Applying for admittance as a visiting scholar   Dear Prof. [Jackson], I am a professor of English in the English Department of [Tianjin Foreign Languages Institute]. I have taught [linguistics] for more than [15] years and have therefore attained a fair knowledge in this field. I am writing to your about the possibility of visiting scholar’s appointment in your department next [spring]. If given the opportunity, I’ll do my best to meet your requirements and I am sure I’ll be benefited in return. I hope to hear from you at your earliest convenience. Sincerely yours,   [Li Ming] Enc.: My resume   亲爱的[杰克逊]教授： 我是[天津外国语学院]英语系教授。教授[语言学]已有[十五]个年头，因此略有心得。 不知贵系下学期[春季班]能否聘任我为访问学者？如蒙不弃，我当尽力百为符雅望。我想此举彼此均有裨益。 盼早日赐复为感。 此致 敬礼！   附履历表一份     6. 申请进修 Applying for further study   Dear Sir, I am [Shi Lei]. I am writing to you to apply for a fellowship with a stipend in your [university]. Born in [Beijing] in [1966]. I graduated from [Qing Hua] University majoring in [Computer Science] in [1988]. [Transcript listing courses and grades will be sent on request]. I have been working in the [Computer Science] Department of [Qing Hua] University since my graduation and have therefore attained knowledge and experience in this field. It is height of my ambition to further my studies in this field in your university. Should my qualification receive your favorable consideration, no exertion should be wanting on my part to please you. Looking forward to an early reply, I am. Yours respectfully,   亲爱的[先生]： 我叫[石磊]，我想来贵校进修，并盼能给予助学金。 我于[1966年]生于[北京]，于[1988年]毕业于[清华]大学[计算机]专业。[如需要各科成绩单当即寄上]。毕业后即在[本系]任职，因此对这方面具有一定的知识和经验。我极想到贵校进修我的专业，如果我的资历受到认可，我决不负雅望。 盼早日赐复为盼。 此致 敬礼！     7. 申请半工半读 Applying for work-study program   Dear Sir, I left [Tianjin Medical College] as a graduate student in [medicine] [5 years] ago. Now I am attending and working in the [Heart] Department of [Tianjin General Hospital]. In order to pursue further studies, I wish to apply for admission to your [Medical College]. But as I am short of funds, I wish to apply also for a part-time job, so that I can work and study in your country under your guidance for [one or two] years. Without your financial aid I couldn’t manage to come. Do you think it possible to give me a job? I’ll be very grateful for your kind help. Could you please favor me with an early reply? Yours faithfully,   Enc.: My Resume   亲爱的先生： [5年]前，我在[天津医学院]修完研究生[内科学]的课程，现在[天津总医院][心脏科]工作。为继续深造，我想来你们[医学院]。但由于经济关系，我希望能找到零工使我能在贵国在您的指导下学习[一、两]年，我只有在您的帮助下才能前来，如蒙给予适当工作，我将非常感激。盼赐回信。 此致 敬礼！ [李明] 附履历表一份     8. 申请去公司实习 Applying for a [trainee position] in a corporation   Dear Mr. [Black]: Professor [Smith] suggested that I should write to you in regard with my interests in [a management trainee position] in your corporation. Currently, I’m the [general engineer] of [Shenyang Machine Tools Plant] in charge of [quality control]. I have been granted a leave of [two years] to learn the advanced [managerial skills] and [develop business contacts] in [Australia]. As a trainee, I do not require a salary, but would appreciate if you can provide me with a stipend enough to support myself during the [two years]. The Chinese government will pay all my [travel expenses]. In the past few years, I have read much about your corporation and its excellent management. To join you and work with you would be a great opportunity for me. Enclosed please find my resume and [three] letters of recommendation. If further information is needed, please inform me. I’m grateful for your consideration. Yours Respectfully, [Li Ming] Enc.: My Resume Two Letters of Recommendation   亲爱的[布莱克]先生： 鉴于我对贵公司的[管理工作]颇感兴趣，[史密斯]教授建议我给您写此信。 目前我任[沈阳机械工具厂][总工程师]负责[质量控制]。我被准予[两年]公假前去[澳大利亚]学习先进的[管理技巧]和[发展贸易关系]。 做为一名实习生，我不要求一份工资，但如能提供[2年]实习期内我的生活津贴，我将感激不尽。中国政府将担负我的[交通费用]。 过去的几年中，我对贵公司和其杰出的管理有所耳闻。能和你们在一起工作对我来说真是一个难得的机会。 随函奉上我的履历一份和[3封]推荐信。如需其它证件请通知我本人。 如蒙考虑不胜感激。 此致 敬礼 [李明] 附履历表一份及推荐信两封       Unit 8推荐信   推荐信在西方国家是求职，求学的必备材料。 写推荐信的人必须对被推荐者有一定的了解。最好有较深的资历。如被推荐者的原单位领导，本专业的专家等，名声越大越好。 推荐信大体上可分为两种：专业推荐信（特意为被推荐人申请某一单位的某一职务而写的。写信人应了解聘方的要求、工作性质等有关情况以便有的方矢地推荐被荐人）。通常推荐信（即一封信可以用于不同的聘人单位，通常以“To Whom it May Concern”）为称呼。 推荐信要多写优点，充分肯定成绩，篇幅不宜过长，也不能三方两语。一般包括以下三个内容： 1．说明推荐人与被荐人的关系，熟识程度等。 2．概述被荐人的品质、能力、性格等。] 3．建议招聘人录用。 推荐信上应提供推荐人的工作单位、地址、电话等以便对方联系，签名后必须注意职称或学衔。 除了请别人推荐，也可以自荐，其格式与上述要求相同。   1. 推荐研究人员（专用） Recommendation of researcher Dear Sir, I take pleasure in recommending to you [Mrs Chen Ping], [instructor of physics in Tianjin Chinese Medical College]. [Mrs Chen Ping] graduated from [the physics Department of Beijing Teachers’ University in 1982]. From [1983] to [1985] [she] had been a research student [in Physics Department] of the above-mentioned University under my direction, majoring in [molecular spectra] study. Since [1986 she] has been doing teaching and research work in [Tianjin Chinese Medical College] in [the line of infrared spectra of lipids]. I have found [Mrs Chen] to be a hard-working person, who has made some outstanding achievements in [her] work. [Mrs Chen] now intends to engage in further study of [infrared spectroscopy, and laser spectroscopy] in particular. If possible, [she] would like to do research work under the direction of [Professor Li Gang] whose distinguished attainments are well-known. Not only I myself but also my colleagues in [the Physics Department of our university] shall deem it a great favor if you will give [Mrs Chen Ping] assistance and guidance during her study in your university. Yours truly,   我高兴地向您推荐[天津中医学陆军物理学讲师陈平夫人]。 [陈平夫人于1982年]毕业于[北京师范大学物理系]。[从1983年到1985年]在我的指导下，在上述的大学进行[分子光谱研究]。自[1986年]以来，一直在中医学院任教并研究[脂肪的红外光谱]。我发现她是一位勤奋工作的人，在工作中做出过一些突出的成绩。 现在她拟在[红外学光谱学]，特别是[激光光谱学]方面作进一步的研究。如果可能的话，她愿意在卓有成就的[李刚教授]的指导下从事研究工作。 如果[陈平夫人]在贵校攻读期间，您能给予帮助和指导，那么不仅我本人，我们大学物理系的同事们也将不胜感激。     2. 自我推荐（专用） Self-recommendation [World Publishing House] [55 Wu fu street] [Heping District] [Beijing, 300000] [China] [July 15, 2005] [Warner Books] [P. O. Box 690] [New York, N. Y. 10019] [U. S. A.]   Dear Sir, I wish to apply for a position with your [publishing house]. I’m [35] years old and am at present employed by [World Publishing House], where I have been for [the past five years]. Formerly I was employed by [Dongfang Press] where I was nearly [five years]. My only reason for leaving either those positions would be to better myself and I feel there is no further opportunity in my present position. The editorial work had always had a great appeal to me as I have some ability in writing and editorial work. I can give you references from both these press houses as to my character and ability as an editor. Very truly yours, [Li Ming] [signature] (略) 我希望能在贵社谋求一职位。我现年[35]岁。目前受雇于[天津出版社]，最近[5年里]本人一直在该社工作。在这之前，本人还在[东方出版社]工作近[5年]。 我打算离开这两个职位的唯一理由就是谋求高升。我觉得目前的职位不利于本人的发展。 由于我在写作和编辑工作方面有些能力，所以编辑工作一直对我具大的吸引力。 关于我的人品和能力，我可以请上述两个出版社单位写介绍信以供参考。 [李明]（签字） [2005年7月15日]     Unit 9 致辞 升学宴致辞商会成立大会流程及致辞领导致辞稿签约仪式致辞运动会开幕式领导致辞   在使用英语的国家中，致辞的使用范围较广，为了表示礼仪，主人在招待客人时，讲些热情友好的话，表示欢迎；客人相应地致答词表示感谢。单位之间、亲朋之间如遇较大事情也要互相怯场慰勉、庆祝，增进友谊。常用的致辞有欢迎词、欢送词、告别词、祝酒辞等。   1. 欢迎辞 Welcoming speech   Ladies and gentlemen, Following the increasing rapidity of our communications with countries abroad, China is having a large number of visitors from different countries. Today, we feel very much honored to have [Prof. Martin. Wilson] with us. [Prof. Martin. Wilson] is well known to the world for his achievements in the field of [mathematics]. First of all, let me, on behalf of all present here, extend our warm welcome and cordial greetings to our distinguished guest. Now let us invite [Prof. Wilson] to give us a lecture.   女士们，先生们： 随着我国对外交往日益增多，中国每天要接待大量来自不同国家的贵客。今天，我们感到很荣幸能和[马丁·威尔逊教授]欢聚一堂。[威尔逊教授]在[数学]领域卓有成就，在世界上享有一定的威望。 首先，让我代表在座的各位向我们的贵宾表示热烈的欢迎和真挚的问候。现在请[威尔逊教授]做报告。   2. 致答辞 Answering speech   Ladies and gentlemen, Thank you for your nice welcome and reception. It has been a long cherished hope of [ours] to visit [China] some day. [We are] fortunate to enjoy this rare chance today. [We] feel specially honored to be given this opportunity to meet such a nice group of distinguished people like you. [We are] sure [our] stay here will be a fruitful and enjoyable one. [We] do hope to see more of you while [we are] here.   女士们、先生们： 多承接待、十分感激。[我们]一直想来[中国]访问，今天，[我们]很荣幸能如愿以偿。特别使[我们]感到光荣的是[我们]能有机会遇到各位知名人士，[我们]深信[我们]这次旅游访问一定是丰富多彩的。[我们]希望在[我们]访问期间能多多的向各位请教。   3. 欢送辞 Send-off speech   Ladies and gentlemen, How time flies! It was here that we gave [Prof. William Tomson] a hearty welcome [two weeks] ago. We are now here again to bid [him] farewell. As you know, [Prof. Tomson] is well known to the world for [his] great achievements in the field of [mathematics]. During [his] stay here, [he] has visited many universities and colleges and given us many lectures on it. [He] has also made a tour to many parts of our country. [He] will leave for home [tomorrow morning]. We, therefore, sincerely, hope that [he] will benefit us with some advice and valuable suggestions. Finally, we want to take this opportunity to beg [him] to convey our profound friendship and best regards to [his] people. Now let’s invite [Prof. Tomson] to speak to us. 女士们，先生们： 光阴似箭，日月如梭。[两个星期]前我们在这里热烈欢迎[威廉汤姆逮教授]。现在我们又在这里热情欢送[他]。 众所周知，[汤姆逊教授]由于在[数学]领域内的杰出贡献而闻名世界。在逗留期间，[他]参观访问了许多大专院校，并就[数学]作过多次讲座。同时[他]还游览了我国许多地区。[他][明早]将离开中国回国。因此，我们垦切希望[他]能给我们提出宝贵的意见。 最后，我想借此机会请[汤姆逊教授]转达我们浑厚的友谊，并表示对[他的]同胞良好的祝愿。 现在请[汤姆逊教授]讲话。     4. 告别辞 Farewell speech   Dear friends: First of all, allow me to thank you for you kind invitation to attend [the party]. I am greatly [honored] once again to have an opportunity to visit your great country and meet with so many of its people. This visit has been full of [interesting] things and everything here left me a deep impression. I have visited factories, schools, farms and cultural institutions. I have talked with and make friends with many workers, farmers, clerks, scientists, artists, teachers and students. We discussed work and study and life together, and I have I learnt a lot during my short stay here. It has given me much better [understanding] of your country and people ……. I wish to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt [gratitude] to your again. May the friendship ties between our two people be further developed and consolidated. [亲爱的朋友们]： 首先，请允许我感谢你们盛情邀请我出席今天的[晚会]。我非常[荣幸]再次有机会访问你们伟大的国家，会见了许多人士。这次观光旅行所见所闻非常[有趣]，这里的一切都给人留下了深刻的印象。我参观了工厂、学校、农场和文化团体，与工人、农民、职员、科学家、艺术家、教师和学生进行地交谈。并与他们交了朋友。我们在一起谈论了工作、学习和生活。在短暂的日子里，我们在这里学到了很多东西。这使我对贵国人民有了更好的[了解]……。 我借此机会再一次地向大家表示衷心的[感谢]。 祝我们两国人民之间的友好关系进一步发展和巩固。       Unit 10慰问信   慰问信应写得真切，注意措辞，对轻病或者小损失，慰问信应写得轻松一些。相反，对严重病情或重大损失，信就应该写得深沉一些。慰问信写时应注意： 1. 写给受伤人的信要简短，中肯。信中不必问询事故发生的过程、原因、见证人等。 2. 慰问信中应写一些被慰问者喜欢或熟悉的事物，如病人的爱好、兴趣等，以使病人得到宽慰。     1. 向朋友问候 A letter of inquiring after someone’s health   Dear [John]: I am extremely sorry to hear that your illness, which we had thought was clearing up, has become more serious, and that your have had to go into hospital. Let us hope that it will be for only a very short time, and that you will soon be out and about again. Everybody here sends his best wishes to you for a quick recovery. With kind regards, Yours sincerely,   亲爱的[约翰]： 听说你病了，我深感不安。原来我们还以为您的病情有所好转，事实上却反而加重，而不得不住进了医院。但愿这是短时间的，很快不会恢复健康。这里每个人都祝愿您早日痊愈。 特此问候     2. 问候朋友的母亲 Inquiring after the health of a friend’s mother   Dear [Mr. Wang], I felt very sorry indeed when I heard of [your mother]’s illness, and am anxious to know how [she] is of late. Under a separate cover I am sending [her a box of assorted biscuits] with my best regards. Sincerely yours   亲爱的[王先生]： 听说您的母亲身体欠安，深表忧虑。不知令堂近况如何，实为惦念。随信另寄上[什锦饼干一盒]，并致以最良好的问候。 您忠诚的 [吴洋]   3. 祝贺朋友病愈 Congratulations on someone’s recovery   Dear [Jane]: I learn, with very great pleasure, that the illness which has so cruelly caused great anxiety among your relatives and all those who know you has changed for the better and that you are now recovering, for which I therefore desire to congratulate you warmly. I hope that you will soon be completely restored to health. Yours sincerely   亲爱的[简]： 在您患病的这一期间内，亲戚朋友无不为你挂虑，听到你的病已有好转，并已逐渐痊愈，十分快慰，特地向你祝贺。 望你早日完全痊愈。     4. 慰问丧偶的朋友 A letter of inquiring to those who lost their husband or wife   Dear [Mrs. Harper], I would like to express my sorrow at the recent death of your [husband]. In the long time it was my privilege to enjoy [Professor of Harper]’s friendship. I found [him] a since and helpful associate, with whom it was a pleasure [to work]. The knowledge that my thoughts are with you at his time will, I hope, be of some comfort to you. Truly yours     亲爱的[哈珀女士]： 获悉你的[丈夫]最近逝世的消息，深表遗憾。 长期以来，能与[哈珀教授]保持友谊是我的荣幸。[哈珀教授]是一位我最乐于与其一道[工作]的忠实而有帮助的朋友。 但愿我此时的问候，能给您带来一些安慰。       Unit 11 道歉信   因过失或疏忽做错了事，给别人带来了麻烦或损失，发觉后要立即写信给对方赔礼道歉，这是一种礼貌。这类信要写得坦率，诚恳。   1. 因未能践约赴宴致歉 Unable to keep one’s promise   Dear [Miss Nancy], Much to my regret I was unable to keep my promise to attend your [birthday] party [last Saturday], owing to the fact that my [little son] was suddenly taken ill early [that day]. Hoping to see you soon. Truly yours,   亲爱的[南希小姐]： [小儿][上周六]突然生病，因此未能应约赴[生日]宴，殊觉抱歉，希原谅，再见。 祝 好！   2. 因迟复来信致歉 Because of answering one’s letter late   Dear [David]: I am afraid that you will think me unpardonably negligent in not having answered your letter dated [7, December] sooner, but when I have told you the reason, I trust you will be convinced that the neglect was excusable. When your letter arrived, I was just in [Hong Kong]. As my family could not forward it to me during my absence, it has been, therefore, lying on my desk until the moment when I took it up. Now the first thing I have to hasten to do is to write to you these few lines to express my deep regret. I enjoyed many pleasant sights during my trip. I shall be pleased to give you an account to of them when I see you next. Yours,   亲爱的[戴维]： 请原谅我收到您[12月7日]的来信后迟迟未复，现将原因告诉您，相信您一定会谅解的。您的来信到来时，我正巧在[香港]，家人无法及时转递。你的信一直放在我写字台上，直到我回到才看见，拖至今天才回信，深表歉意。 这次出去旅行饱览了许多美丽景色，下次见到您时，将告诉您一切。 祝好！     3. 因未能及时还书致歉 Unable to return borrowed book on time   Dear [Kate]: Excuse me for my long delaying in returning to you your “Robinson Crusoe” which I read through with great interest. I had finished reading the book and was about to return it when [my cousin] came to see me. Never having seen the book, [She] was so interested in it that I had to retain it longer. However, I hope that in view of the additional delight thus afforded by your book, you will overlook my negligence in not returning it sooner. Thanking you again for the loan. Sincerely yours,   亲爱的[凯特]： 我迟迟未能归还您的那本《鲁滨逊飘流记》，请原谅。该书我读得津津有味。读完后，正预备归还您时，我的[表妹]来访，见这本书也感兴趣，定要借去一读。为了让别人也能分享您那本书所给予的乐趣，我不能及时归还。我想再延迟些日子奉还，谅您不会介意的。 再次感谢您的慷慨。 祝好！     4. 因遗失借书致歉 Because of losing a borrowed book   Dear [Frank]: I am terribly sorry to tell you that I have lost the valuable book you were so kind to lend me [last week]. I read it [everyday] and intended to finish it [next month]. [Last night] when I came to my room, it was nowhere to be found. I will try to recover it as soon as possible. If I fail to find it, I will get a new book for you. But I am afraid it can never take the place of the old one. Old books are like old friends. Once lost, they can never be replaced. They are connected with cherished associations which the new ones can never have. And for this irrecoverable loss, I am to blame. I was so careless with my things. This is a warning to me to be more careful in the future. Yours truly,   亲爱的[弗兰克]： 很抱歉，[上星期]您借给我的那本书竟遗失了。我[每天]都在看，准备[下个月]看完。[昨晚]我回到我的卧室，到处也找不到那本书。我将尽力找到它。万一找不到，我只好买一本新的还您。 但是，新书恐怕不能代替那本旧书吧！旧书跟旧友一样，一旦失去就不能再得。旧书与往事相连，这种不可弥补的损失，皆由我起。我对待一切太大意了，这次给我一个警告，叫我以后要小心。 祝好！       Unit 12介绍信   社交、亲友这间的相互介绍，常用介绍信联系。收信人从介绍信中可以了解到来者是什么人，要办什么事，有什么具体要求等。 写这类书要注意慎重、谦恭。在信封左下角常写有To introduce ……或Introducing……,信封一般不封。   1. 介绍中学同学 Introducing a middle school classmate   Dear [Mr. Chang]. The bearer, [Ms Huan], is a classmate of mine at middle school, who has recently been assigned to work in your city. [She] is well educated, having good habits and agreeable manners. Any assistance you may give [her] concerning [her] life will be esteemed as a great favor for me. Yours truly,   亲爱的[常先生]： 持信人[黄女士]是我的一位中学同学，最近[她]被派往你市工作。[她]受过良好的教育，没有不良的习惯，举止端庄。您对[她]生活上的任何帮助，将使我感同身受。     2. 介绍本人 Self-introduction   Dear [Sirs], From your advertisement in [yesterday’s USA Today] I find that you are wanting a [Chinese teacher] in your college. I beg leave to take the liberty of offering myself for the position. Born in [Beijing] in [1970], I am a graduate of [Beijing University], and therefore have a good knowledge both in Chinese and English. Should my application be regarded favorably, I shall endeavor to justify the confidence you may repose in me. Faithfully yours,   亲爱的[先生们]： [昨天《今日美国报》]载你院需[汉语教员]。我申请任此职务。 我[1970年]出生于[北京]，毕业于[北京大学]，汉语和英语均有所长。 如蒙录用，自当竭诚服务，以答雅意。 此致 敬礼！     3. 去具体单位的介绍信 Letter of introduction with a known unit China travel Service [April 15, 1993] Bureau of Travel and Tourism Administration Gentleman in Charge, The bearer of this letter is [Mr. Zhang Wen], who is entrusted with task of making the necessary arrangements with you for our going to your Bureau to attend the report on [Current affairs]. Please favor [him] with an interview.   兹介绍[张文先生]前往你处联系有关我们去你局听[形势报告]的事宜，请予接洽为荷。 此致 旅行游览事业局 中国旅行社     4. 去不明具体单位的介绍信 Letter of introduction without a know unit [Beijing] University [Oct. 9. 2004] To whom it may concern, This is to introduce Mr [Hu Qang] and [Zhao Wei-guo] who are to make an investigation of [Lie Ping’s] family condition on our instructions. We should esteem it a great favor if you would afford [them] the necessary information. With high respect.   兹介绍[胡强]和[赵卫国]二位先生前往你处了解有关[刘萍]的家庭情况，请予接洽为荷。 此致 敬礼！       Unit 13馈赠信   写这类信用词要诚恳、热情。常见的形式有两种：一种比较正式，用第三人称；一种比较简便，写法与普通信件相同。   1．赠字典 Presenting a dictionary   Dear [Miss Clark], Allow me to present you with a copy of “[The Chinese-English Dictionary]” published by [Commercial Publishing House]. I know you are studying [Chinese] now, and hope you will find it useful. It is a trifle gift. But I hope you will accept it as a small token of my gratitude for your continual kindness. Truly yours, 亲爱的[克拉克小姐]： 请允许我奉上[商务出版社]出版的[《汉英词典》]一本。我知道您正在学习[汉语]，希望该书对您能有些帮助。区区微物，聊表心意。 此致 敬礼！     2．答谢赠词典 Thanks for presenting the dictionary   Dear [Mr. Brown], Many thanks for a copy of “[The Chinese-English Dictionary]”. I am very much pleased with it, for it is such a good reference book to me. Thank you again for your nice gift. Yours ever,   亲爱的[布朗先生]： 承蒙惠赠[《汉英词典》]，甚为感谢。它是一本极好的参考书，我非常喜欢。 再次致谢。 此致 敬礼！       Unit 14 饭店、旅馆、戏院、飞机等的预订   预订、预约信件的种类较多，其中有旅馆房间、饭店席位，影剧院、飞机座位等的预先约订。这类信件要写得简明，要将内容写具体，如需要预订房间的等级、类型、数量，以及预订的具体期限等。有的预订须注明付款方式。 如果预订事宜有更动或是取消预订，应在规定期限之内通知对方，以免造成不必要的损失。   1．预订饭店席位并询问价格 Ordering seats at a restaurant and inquiring about the price   Gentlemen: We wish to entertain at [dinner] at [west lake restaurant] on [Jan. 2] at [5 in the afternoon]. This will be a party of [eight people], and a private dinning room would be preferable. We will need the services of a wine steward and we will choose our menu in advance. Please let us have information as to the accommodations available, and the approximate cost, including gratuities, and tax, by return mail if possible. Yours,   先生： 我们希望于[一月二日下午五点]在[西湖饭店]包桌。 就餐者共[八人]。我们希望包一间雅座，需要陪酒者一位，并提前定菜。 请在可能情况下，通过回信将包间，以及包括小帐和附加税在内的大体价格通知我们。     2．预订席位的日期要求更改 Changing the arrangement   Gentlemen: On [Jan. 10] I reserved [two] tables for [12 people] for [breakfast] at [9 in the morning on Jan. 11] for our [executives] in the [inner room]. There has been a change in plans and the occasion will have to be postponed until [Jan. 14] at [8:30]. Will you be good enough to make the same arrangements for that date and send us a written confirmation? Thank you very much. Cordially, 先生： 我于[1月10日]在贵饭店的[套间]为我们的[董事们]预订了[1月11日早九点12人]就[早餐]的[两张]包桌。 由于计划有了改变，包桌事宜只得推迟到[1月14日早8点半]，你如能将预约改在这个时间并写信确定一下，那就太好了。     3．预订宴会 Making a reservation for a banquet   Dear Jenny, This organization has completed plans to hold its [annual convention] at [Black Swan Hotel] on [Jan. 12]. I wish to arrange for a banquet on [the evening of Jan. 12], with an attendance of approximately [60 people]. Will you estimate for me what it will cost to serve a first-class dinner in the [Reception Room] for [sixty] people? Your price should include two cocktails per person. I’d like you to send me several menu reservations so that I may make a selection. I hope you can give this your immediate attention so that I can notify the prospective guests promptly. Sincerely,   亲爱的珍尼： 该组织已计划好于[1月12日]在[黑天鹅饭店]举行一次[年会]，届时希望在[12日晚]安排一下由[60人]参加的宴会。 您可以估算一下在贵饭店[宴会厅]组织一次由[60人]参加的一级宴会所需的费用吗？您的价格应包括每人两份的鸡尾酒在内。我希望您能为我寄来几份推荐的菜谱，以供选择。 我希望您能对此予以迅速考虑；以便我能及时通知期待的客人。     4．询问票价，预订戏票 Inquiring about the price and ordering tickets   Gentlemen: Do you have [four box] seats available for the [evening] of [April 10] for [the play]? [Two] of our customers will be in [London] at that time, and we would like to obtain good seats for them. If you accommodate us, please let us know the price of the tickets so we may send you a check without delay. Cordially,   先生： 您那有[四张四月十日晚上那场剧包厢]的戏票吗？我们有[两位顾主]将于那天来[伦敦]，所以我们希望为他们订几张好的座位。 如果您那里可容纳我们，请告诉我们戏票的价格，以便我们及时送一张支票给您。 您真诚的 [张阳]   5．退回原订戏票并要求退款 Claming refund of tickets   Gentlemen: On [May 4] I purchased [two] [orchestra] seats for the [evening of May 10] for [the concert]. There has been a change in plans and we will be unable to use the enclosed tickets. We would appreciate your refunding their price, making check payable to [John Harper]. Thank you very much. Sincerely,   先生： 我于[五月四日]预购了[两张五月十日晚音乐会]的[前排票]。 由于计划有了改变，故不能使用封入信袋的这两张票，如您能退票并将支票款额记在[约翰·哈珀]的名下，我们将不胜感谢。 非常感谢。   6．要求更改机票日期 Asking to change a reservation   Gentlemen: On [March 8], I reserved [two first class] seats on your flight [208] from [Tokyo] to [Hong Kong], Leaving at [8] on [Tuesday, March 9] with return to [Tokyo] scheduled for [March 14]. I will not be able to make the trip to [Hong Kong] at that time, but instead will go there on [March 16], and return on [March 19]. Please send me confirmation of this change in flight schedule. Cordially,     先生： 我于[3月6日]预订了[两张][208次]班机[一等舱]的往返机票，此班机[3月9日星期二早八点]从[东京]飞往[香港]，预订[3月14日]返回[东京]。 但由于我届时不能前去[香港]，而改在[3月16日]前往，[3月19日]返回，所以务请您写信通知我您对航班的更改事宜做了安排。       Unit 15 请假条   请假条包括病假条、事假条、续假条等。写请假条主要把请假原因和请假时间写清楚，请假的理由要讲充分。同时也要注意内容要简单明了，开门见山说明情况，不必赘述。如果有证明请假原因的证据，如医生证明、电报等最好随条附上。   1. 请病假（本人写） Asking for sick leave written by oneself (Sept. 17, 2004) Dear teacher [Zhang], I am very sorry to apprise you that I am unable to attend school today owing to a [stomachache]. I enclose doctor’s certificate and ask you for sick leave of [two] days. Your student [Li Ming] Encl. : Doctor’s certificate for sick leave   [张]老师： 很抱歉，我因患[胃病]今天不能到校。现附上医生证明并向您请病假[两]天。 学生[李明] [2004年9月17日] 附：医生病假证明一份     2. 请病假（代写） Asking for sick leave written by someone else [Oct. 8, 2004] Dear [Miss Willams], Please excuse [Kate]’s absence from school [this morning]. [She] coughed a lot and had a high fever at [9 last night] and could not fall asleep until [midnight]. I felt it would not have been fair to the other children to allow [her] to attend school. So I am writing to ask you for [two] days’ sick leave and will let [her] resume [her] study if [she] feels better [the day after tomorrow]. Yours respectfully,   [威廉斯小姐]： 请原谅[凯特][今早]不能到校上课。[她][昨晚9时]发烧并咳嗽的很厉害，一直到[半夜]才入睡。我觉得叫[她]去学校会影响其他孩子，现代请病假[两]天。如果[后天][她]感觉好些，再让[她]到校。     3. 续假条 Asking for an extension of leave   Prof. [Huang], I am still lying in bed with the [flu] and unable to get up. I enclose a certificate from the doctor who is attending on me, as [she] fears it will be another [two] days before I shall be able to resume my study. Please give an extension of leave for as many days. Your student, [Li Ming] Encl . : Doctor’s Certificate of Advice   （黄）老师： 我患[流感]未好，仍卧床不起，医生认为，还要休息[两]天才能到校学习。现附上所开的证明，请准予续假为盼。     4. 教师的回条 Teacher’s reply   Dear [Alice], Your [mother] tells me you have the [mumps] and must be absent for [half a month]. There are several others in the same condition. Do be careful while you are ill. Don’t think of doing any homework. We’ll have reviews when the sick ones all return. You can watch television or listen to radio programs to help pass the time while you recuperate. I asked (Sue) to bring you several [pop music tapes], as [she] said you have a [tape-recorder] at home. I think you might find them nice. We all miss you and shall be happy when you return. Yours truly,   亲爱的[艾丽斯]： 你[母亲]告诉我，你患[腮腺炎]，必须休假[半个月]。还有几个同学情况也是这样。在生病期间，要多注意休息，不要去想做作业。等生病的同学都回来了，我们将进行复习。你可以看看电视或听听广播，以便帮助你在养病期间消磨时间。我已经叫[苏]给你带去几盘[通俗歌曲盒带]，因为[她]说你家里有一台[录音机]。 我想你会觉得它们很好听。 我们都很惦念你。当你回来时，我们将很高兴。      二．告示类 首先明确告诉的种类： 寻人启示 Child Lost 遗失启事 Lost 招领启事 Found 迁移启事 Removal 征稿启示 Contributions Wanted 鸣谢 Acknowledgement 招标启事 Invitation to Bid 更正启示 Corrections 开会通知 Meeting Notice 海报 Poster 公约 Pact 守则 Rules 书的序言 Preface 然后注明日期，正文，最后是公告单位或者个人署名。 范文： Contributions Wanted To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the University College, this journal has decided to publish a special issue on our great achievement in the teaching and research activities. Faculty members and students are welcome to send in their contributions in whatever forms or styles to our office before the 30th instant. They may also send office their writings and photos electronically to the following address: fzhao@baoshan.edu.cn Unit 16 通知与海报   1. 举办报告会 Notice about a report meeting   Notice All are Welcome Under the Auspices of the [Oil-painting Department] a report will be given on impression of visiting the Art Exhibition in [Italy] by [Prof. Liu Yang] in the [meeting-room] of the Department on [Friday, December 9, 2004], at [9: 30 a. m.] The Department Office [December 7, 2004]     通 知 [油画系]主办报告会 主讲人：[刘洋教授] 题 目：参观[意大利]艺术展观感 地 点：油画系[会议室] 时 间：[2004年12月9日上午3点30分] 欢迎大家届时参加 系办公室 [2004年12月7日]     2. 召开会议 Meeting notice   The College Committee of [Professional Post Evaluation] Notice [All the deans] of the college departments are required to meet in the college [conference room] on [Saturday], [Oct. 21] at [1: 30 p. m.] to discuss something about [professional post evaluation]. [Oct. 20, 2004]   通 知   兹定于[10月21日[星期六][下午1点半]在院[会议室]召开[全体系主任]会议，讨论[职称评定]有关问题，请准时出席。 院[职称评定委员会] [2004年10月20日]     3. 安排参观活动 Notice about a visit   Notice A visit has been arranged to the [Hong Guang Farm of Jinghai County] for [March 12]. The itinerary includes: 1. [The Farm Office], where a brief introduction to the farm will be given by [the general manager] of the farm. 2. The Power Plant 3. The Culture Center 4. The farm-run middle school 5. farmers’ homes Those who wish to go will assemble at [main gate by 6:20 a. m.]. The bus will leave at [6:30 a. m.] [Liaison Office] [March 10, 2004]   通 知 兹定于[3月12日]参观[静海县红光农场]。参观路线是： 1．农场办公室，听取农场总经理对全面情况的介绍 2．电站 3．文化中心 4．场办中学 5．农家坐客 凡愿参加者请于[上午6点20分]在[大门口]集合，汽车在[6点30分]准时出发。 [联络办公室] [2004年3月10日]   4. 物品遗失通知 Notice of lost object   Gentlemen, I wish to notify you that my [camera] was nowhere to be found on arrival at [Beijing] Airport [this morning]. I traveled from [Guanzhou] Airport by flight [652] [this morning]. It is a very expensive [camera] with my English initials in [yellow] on the [back] side of it. I shall be grateful if you will take necessary measures to trace and recover it. I’m awaiting your good reply. Sincerely yours,   先生们： 我谨通知您们，[今天上午]我到达[北京]机场时，我的[照像机]不见了。我是[今晨]从[广州]机场乘坐[652]班机来的。 那是一架昂贵的[像机]。在[像机]的背面，用[黄色]标着本人英语姓名的第一个字母。 你们如果能采取必要的措施追查并找回这架[像机]我将十分感激，我等候着你们的佳音。     5．文艺晚会 Literary and artistic evening performance   [Spring Festival] Entertainment Program I. Chorus (1) The Song of Yantzer River (2) Yellow River Cantata II. Dance (3) Traditional Chinese Lion Dance III. Female Solo (4) Nanniwan IV. Quartet (5) The Song of Guerillas V. Selected Scenes from Beijing Opera (6)Three Forked Crossroads   [春节]文艺晚会 节目单 Ⅰ.合唱 1．长江之歌 2． 黄河大合唱 Ⅱ.舞蹈 3．狮子舞 Ⅲ.女声独唱 4．南泥湾 Ⅳ.四重唱 5．游击队之歌 Ⅴ.京剧折子戏 6．三叉口     6．影 讯 Film news   Film News “[Oliver Twist]” [an English feature] film will be shown in the auditorium at [half past seven] tonight. Admission by tickets, [one yuan], obtainable at the auditorium ticket-office. The Film Projection Group [Monday, June 13]   影 讯 今晚[七点半]在我校大礼堂放映[英国]故事片[《雾都孤儿》]。一律凭票入场，票价[一元]。售票地点：礼堂售票处。 电影放映组 [6月13日星期一] 第三部分 考研英语ESSAY写作原则、困境及对策 （一）考生ESSAY写作的困境及其对策   考生在考研写作时面临一些困境和问题,主要有以下几点:   　　一、滔滔不绝"意识流" 　　有一部分考生在考试时一见到作文题,便感到很对自己的胃口,觉得有很多内容要写。于是乎千言万语涌上心头,写着前一句想着后一句。往往前句尚未写完便接上了后一句,辛辛苦苦写了一大堆(甚至有写11个自然段的 )犹觉余意未尽。结果令判卷的老师头疼不己,无法继续往下看。原因就在于这种没有构思、未理提纲的作文章法太乱,语言质量差。无论是四、六级考试还是研究生入学考试,我国的作文试题都是规定式作文,这跟国外考试不一样。因此,写作时必须按给出的提纲或提示去写,任何过于放任自由的做 法都是不可取的,更不要另有所图,滔滔不绝。这是进入实际操作前的一个基本认识问题,稍不留神就会出问题。 　　要控制这种"意识流"的写法,必须严格按照三点提纲来写。假如第一段要求描述某个现象,务必不要先进行 原因分析,否则到了第二段该分析原因的时候就没东西可写了。明智的做法是投其所好,该如何就如何,这一原则适用于所有的考试。另外,有的考生一方面有话则多,一发而不可收,控制不了自己;一方面无话则隐,该说的话没有说出来。我们不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落：一篇200词左右的作文一般不会超过15句话, 把这15句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去, 每一段大模只说那么几句话, 绝不多说。事实上往往是说得越多,错误越多。因此, 眼着提纲走, 每一段不要写得太多,点到为止,见好就收,这才是最稳妥的对策。   　　二、无话可说真难受   　　无话可说是滔滔不绝的对立面。有的考生题目看得懂, 提纲也一目了然,就是不知道该说什么,在考场上头脑一片空白, 想到的也只是空泛的东西。这是一种常见的现象。在这种情况下, 即使是用中文也难以写好, 更何况要用英文去表达。针对这一情况, 办法就是要善于联想到一些具体的事实、具体的例证以及具体的现象。比如说, 要谈论电视节目这一话题, 可以联想到新闻联播, 并由此想到它让人们开阔视野, 了解世界。但有人觉得话题太熟悉了,反而一时说不出什么来。其实, 作文题一定是永恒的话题, 在任何时候都可以讨论; 或为当代话题, 让所有的人都有话可说。题目是公平的,绝对不会让某一专业的考生有特别的优势。所以,考生一定能联想起具体细小的事情, 再形成观点。把看得见摸得着的事物带来的思考变成作文里的实质内容,这不失为一种很好的策略。例如,计算机的利与弊这个话题似乎太大,但是可能想到的具体的现象是小孩、学生要在计算机前玩计算机游戏。由此带来的思考是,这些学生整天呆在那里对他们的mind是有害的, 并waste a10t of time。 　　因此,当头脑出现空白时,应该由具体细小的、琐碎的、微不足道的事物所引发的思考形成观点, 再进行论述。这种定式思维的形成需要多下功夫多练习。从无话可说到有话可说,下面的例子让人不无启发。在种种场合下，经常要欢迎领导讲几句话。领导往往首先开口说:同志们大家好，我利用这个机会讲三句话。讲第一句话时，脑子里不知道第二句话是什么,讲第二句话时，根本就没想第三句话要说什么。但他最终说了三句话,以"谢谢大家" 结束讲话。领导讲话"1、2、3"成了一种定式，他总能找到有关内容讲几点，这种功夫是长期磨练的结果。写作文也一样，平时需要多多练习这种思维。   　　三、真情流露没必要   　　考试时，监考老师通常发现有的考生坐在那里根本就是在玩深沉，他在那里思考人生的伟大哲理；他在那里要想出一个观点，想出一个理由，想出一个措施，非要显得与众不同。陷入这种境地的考生，显然犯了一个根本性的错误。参考时间为40分钟的作文，一般应该在35分钟之内完成，再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。可有的考生十几分钟一句话都写不了，就是因为他太进入角色了，他想向判卷的老师掏心掏肺。这是一个很大的误区。   　　考作文的目的纯粹是通过这一命题形式，考查考生的英语水平如何。命题人关注的是书面表达能力，而不是看一个人有没有内容,思想有没有深度。以2000年考研作文题为例(为什么海洋里的鱼越来越少)，原因基本成立，内容相关即可，根本没有必要想破脑袋去找原因,不要去猜测判卷的老师喜欢什么观点。只有当作文明显跑题时，内容才体现出其重要性。不管原因也好，措施也好，某一考生想到的任何一点，很可能命题人早已料到，而且肯定会 被成千上万的考生重复无数遍。因而曾经令自己激动一时的想法，在判卷的老师看来全无感觉。规定式作文的拓展空间本来就非常有限，所以"真情流露"是没有必要的。   　　四、英语表达憋得慌   　　如果说以上几点都明白了，剩下的最大障碍就是用英语表达意思很困难。对于这一点,首先要树立信心。实际上，大部分考生都受过正规的大学英语教育，即使是一些自学的考生,其英语水平也足以写好一篇考研作文。关键在于要把这种潜力挖掘出来。《朗文词典》(Longman Dictionary)的最大特点，就是用2000个核心词来解释几l 十万个词条，而且词条大都有几个义l项。由此可见，并不一定要用多么复杂l的英语来表达，也不一定非得添加一 些高难度的单词以加深判卷老师的印象。事实上,简单的语言也能表达复杂的事物。著名的美国作家海明威的作品以其明白晓畅的语言吸引了千千万万的读者,就是一个明证。   　　要求考生运用英语思维来写作文是不现实的。如果能用英语思维，也就谈不上会遇到多大的困难了。在实际写作过程当中,脑子里想的是中文句子，然后把一个一个的中文句子译成英文。在翻译的时候努力寻求一一对应的关系，希望找到与中文词对应的英文单词。结果句子结构和单词的选用受到中文的影响，自己感觉上也是"憋" 得费劲，或者觉得表达出来了，意思差不多，而实际上给人的感觉依然还是中文。若是让老外来看这篇作文的话, 也许根本就弄不清楚文章的内容,而判卷的中国老师在判卷时往往能想象出文章是怎样写出来的。在这种情况下，出路在于把中文译成英文时，不要去追求一一对应的关系,而应该"得其意，忘其形"(get the meaning,forget the form)，忘掉中文的语法结构，句法形式则可能要整个地打乱，"钻进去，跳出来"。所谓"钻进去"就是要看意思是否到位了，"跳出来"就是要忘记中文的语言形式。实际上把英文译成中文,也是一样的道理，关键是要在转换中把意思表达出来。如果写出来的句子整个结构都在对应,无异于用英语词说中国话，这显然是不合适的。   　　词汇掌握有限的考生,可以经常看一看朗文词典中词条的英文注解,这对于提高写作的表达能力会有巨大的帮助。整部词典成千上万的词义全部用2000左右常用词汇解释。随意翻开词典的任何一页，找出其中不认识的单词，然后看后面的英文注释。要找不认识的单词,因为在急于知道意思的情况下看注解，印象才深刻。要先学人家怎么表达，再学会自己表达。有的人简单地认为，只要记了单词和语法，就可以高兴怎么表达就怎么表达，这样的人永远学不好英语。记住一个词跟学会使用这个词是两码事。BBC的一个材料上说，英国农民一辈子最常用的、基本上能够表达他所有情感世界和日常生活的词大概不到一千。农民也有喜怒哀乐，在这一点上，一个农民的情感世界跟一个伟大诗人的情感世界是没有什么区别的,而且用简单的语言把复杂的意思表达出来也可谓之伟大。对于一个一时找不着词的概念,‘应该用一种迂回曲折的方式把意思表达清楚。或用一个短语，或用一个从句，或三 言两语,如果没出什么语言错误的话,这也算是一种伟大!   　　针对英语表达"憋得慌"的情况,必须摒弃翻译中追求一一对应的关系并机械地把中文译成英文的方法,应该把中文句子结构彻底地忘记,然后用比较简单的"万能"英语表达。平常不妨做一做这样的练习，通过阅读不认识 的词条的英文注解,然后试着把单词译成中文词,再去对照英汉词典的汉语释义，慢慢地就会开始领会用英语表达的门道了。之所以强调这样做,是因为朗文词典语言简明,例句来自活生生的现实生活,不同于传统的英语词典从文学作品里摘录例句的做法。正因为如此，其词汇量比较贴近我们的词汇基础，只要读得多占自然就会明白这样好。做的奥妙进而受其影响。   　　五、处于被动危害大   　　尽管考研作文为规定式命题，但考生仍可积极主动地把作文写。其主动性在于采取回避的策略：表达上采取迂回的方式，即运用不很复杂的语言，内容的取舍上避重就轻地写比较易于表达的内容。很多人在写作过程中从头至尾都处于被动状态，当有内容想要表达清楚的时候，却又发现种种途径都不可能表达好，只好硬着头皮把自己意识到没把握的东西勉强写上去。毫无疑问，这种连自己都意识到可能是错误的东西，只会产生于己不利的负面作用。所以，当有的内容感觉一点找不着、英语实在表达不清楚的时候，就应该彻底地放弃。开动脑筋多想几点内容、理由和措施，假设想到四条理由，但因为语言表达的问题，其中一条理由说不清楚，那么就应当机立断地把它放弃，写上另外三点理由就可以了(或许两点就够了)。由此可见，积极主动的态度会使自己在考试中有更大的灵活性。   　　单词拼写错误多也是考研作文的一大问题。例如，opinion错拼为opi-um,结果in my opinion成了in myopium(在我的鸦片中)！常用单词是不能拼错的。有的单词平时会拼写，考试时突然没把握了，比如modern sod-ety，假如不知道modern与IElorden哪一个是对的，不妨换成society today或today's society,或许还能想 起另外一个难度大一点、拼写有把握的con-tempomy来代替modem。应该回避明确知道自己不会拼写的词:如果没法换一个词,将句子改换一种说法亦未尝不可。有的考生在考卷上没把握的地方标上问号，或者两种可能都写上，让判卷老师判断后选择其中一个，这是不可取的,是有害的。   总之，不能让自己陷人被动，想说什么、用什么方式说，说多少、说到什么时候,说到什么程度,一切都应由考生主动把握，这样才会减少心理上的压力，更好地发挥出自己应有的写作水平。 （二）考研英语ESSAY写作创作流程 研究生入学考试英语写作部分占总分的20分，是考研英语成绩决定高低胜负的重要题型。每年阅卷都会发现考生的写作水平参差不齐，分数在0到20分之间散布，较多考生集中在中档的10分左右。仔细审阅可看出中档分数作文从扣题、思想、逻辑、措词、语法、修辞、拼写各个环节会出现各种各样的问题。总的印象(global impression)表现为结构逻辑混乱，语言错误较多，用词用语汉语化，不能表现出考生的最佳水平。如何在考试最后的40分钟合理控制时间，从容完成较高水平的创作，正是本文要准备解决的问题。 考研写作要求用200词写出一篇高质量的议论文，其形式有图画、图表、提纲等专门类型。近5年则集中表现为具有学术分析特点的图表作文和灵活多变、隐含寓意的图画作文，令大批考生面对题目不知所措。用有限的200词表现宏大的主题则需要精确设置构架，内容、例子紧扣主题，并且严谨地遣词造句。如果没有一定的审题布局考虑而一味即兴冲动写作会使文章杂乱无章、缺乏逻辑。把握合理的创作流程就会大大改变这种局面。 (一)审题构思过程(5—10分钟完成) 图画作文 1.列出重要图画细节词 以2002年考题为例，图片中是一个美国女孩身着传统的中国少数民族服装，面带微笑。审题时果断列出可能用到的语汇如：traditional costume, ribbons, necklaces, earrings, majority group, sweet smile, charming features.没有这些词汇的罗列，第一自然段的描述过程将耗费很多时间。 2.以小见大联想把握象征意义 图画作文关键在于透过表面看实质，精确地点出图画的象征寓意，构思联想不到位会导致跑题或无话可说的尴尬局面。如前题的例子，要毫不犹豫地把图画和所定题目挂钩联想，并要以小见大把握象征意义，美国女孩代表着西方文化或西方人，传统中国少数民族服装则是个象征符号，代指典型的传统中国文化。女孩面带微笑正好传达出西方人接受或热爱中国文化、世界经济文化融合和中国文化走向世界的深刻意义。 3.把握背景原因和两条建议 联想的过程深入，很容易想到中国改革开放、加入世贸以及全球化(globalization)的国际大趋势。又可以联系到美国的jeans, rock music, Hollywood movies, MacDonald fast food等cultural symbols在世界的传播普及，进一步阐述“民族的就是世界的”这一命题。文章的收尾部分不妨参照考研作文模式提出两点建议：要保存珍惜传统民族文化；对待西方文化要“取其精华，去其糟粕”，把优秀的文化发扬光大等等。缜密的逻辑构思足以使你表达出丰富的语言，展现出一个考研学生应有的理论素质。 图表作文 1.选出典型的数据—纵横对位 面对图表应当首先结合主题，观察图表数据变化，如果表格、柱形和曲线都比较复杂，则需先确定典型数据，如最高点、最低点以及骤升骤降的时间变化范围，在表格和座标图中精确地纵横对位，想象如何使用demonstrate a dramatic change, increase dramatically, decline sharply, go up steadily, remain on the decline这样的图表术语描述数据变化。 2.把握变化—联系背景原因 想象这种变化和主题的必然联系，拓展思维确定出原因一二三来。如北京市民人均收入增加一定和近几年经济飞速发展、就业生存方式多样化和全面建设小康社会的国策相关联；沙尘暴次数猛增反映出中国西北土壤沙漠化、森林砍伐现象严重和城市房地产开发毁坏绿地植被的多元因素。 3.建议或未来发展趋势 针对第二段分析的原因提出合理建议，基本思路可遵循以下两点：政府指定法律法规扭转(推进)现有局面；个人树立某种意识主动参与解决问题。最后展望一下人类解决问题后的美好明天，一篇议论文的格局已了然于胸。 (二)下笔创作过程(20—25分钟) 1.丰富提纲内容 有把握的同学可以立即动笔创作，把已定的思路充分表达出来。但思路还是不清楚、害怕跑题或无话可说的同学应把提纲丰富起来，如用汉语简单写出每段的三个方面，用简洁的词或符号代替即可，提纲具体化可以让自己沿着一个严谨的框架前行，避免天马行空、意识流主宰思维的危险。 2.每段按一定句数创作 160－200词的作文不等于长篇大论，又有明确的提纲控制，考生必须做到言简意赅。达到字数要求不难，要看自己有限的语言是否言之有物，表达切题且有力度。对规模作出合理控制只需有以下的意识：3段式作文开篇段落引出话题，评价现状或描述图画图表，尽量用3-4句完成任务，其中设置一个长句，使得第一段达到50—60个单词。 中间拓展段是论述主题并展现实力的黄金段落，要阐明图画图表寓意并且深刻分析原因背景，点出几个方面，结构有层次感，语言有闪光点和深度，写出7-8句比较合理，总字数控制到80-100字。 结论段不止下结论，还要提出2-3点解决问题的建议。并且设置一个漂亮的结束句，使用排比、强调、倒装、虚拟句型体现句式变化，写出5-6句不算太多，总字数在70-80字左右。 3.创作有气势的开篇句 由于考研阅卷往往在写作第一段确定文章分数档次，最后一段往往被考官忽视，开篇的三句话要有爆发力，充分表现考生的语言水平和写作实力。因此要把平时积累的优秀句型应用到第一段开篇，如： It is universally acknowledged that…… It is generally accepted that…… It goes without saying that…… As is vividly depicted in the picture, a lovely American girl is dressed in traditional Chinese costume…… The above graph reveals a dramatic decline in the production of……To be specific…… 4.注意2、3两段的段首句和层次感 英语议论文写作讲究拓展阐述部分有段首句和支持段首句的若干论据。分层次表达又要避免数字排列的机械感，讲究启承转合的多样化表达，因此2、3两段就有可以依据的优秀表达模型。 如：阐释原因段 Three fundamental factors can account for this sharp change. Above all……In addition……Last but not least,…… 　　建议措施段 To crack this hard nut, people have worked out many effective measures. Not only can……, but……as well. More importantly…… 5.尽量长短句搭配，每段构造1—2个长句 都是短句的作文略显水平稚嫩，写作功力尚需磨练，都是长句的作文又显得罗嗦冗赘，卖弄不成反倒做作。真正的优秀文章应做到长短句搭配合理，行文流畅，难简结合，曲径通幽，平实中见功力。大批考生缺乏写作训练，往往在作文中忽视运用长句。要试试在每段中设置出1个有特色的长句，如并列句、排比句、定语从句、状语从句等，使得文章流畅而不失难度。 6.创作有特色的篇末结束句 文章的结尾不好，苍白平淡，则给人虎头蛇尾的感觉，很有可能因为一句话而减弱前面的文采印象，所以要有意识安排一个闪光句型在结尾，让考官读到结尾时能眼睛一亮。如： 　　倒装： Only in this way can laid-off workers completely shrug off poverty and regain their dignity in life. 强调： In conclusion, it is persistent work that is conducive to your grasping a large vocabulary. 　　虚拟： Given all the above arguments, it is high time that the authorities enforced some reforms to convert traditional education strategiessintosquality-oriented education. 7.注意笔迹工整 写作中笔迹是否工整美观直接影响考试成绩，因为没有时间打草稿，学生的创作基本上是一气呵成，如果字体潦草，则大大淹没了文字内容的魅力，极有可能一败涂地。所以要有细心落笔的意识，动笔节奏慢而沉稳，仔细写每一句话。只要具备了一定的句型知识，200词的作文很容易完成。不要仓促下笔，一路狂草，造成悲剧结果。 (三)修改润色过程(5—10分钟) 写作完成后不要急于放松休息，以下的语言文字润饰工作可以让你的作品锦上添花，不留遗憾。Taking every detailsintosconsideration,让精心设计的文章突破16分也就有希望了。浏览检查不可能推翻全部内容，因为时间有限，也为了保持卷面整洁，修改工作要以纠正明显的语法拼写错误为主。为了避免用语单调重复，也可将若干机械平淡的语言替换掉，实现语言的丰富多变。要对以下几个角度多加注意，保证在语法用词上一丝不苟。 　　1.主谓一致 　　每句中主语名词与谓语动词的数是否一致，句法基本功较强则不会出现此类错误。但一时疏忽之下有可能写出Every person have…We was的错误搭配,微不足道的小错却往往能给作文以致命的打击。 　　2.名词单复数 　　看所有名词的单复数使用是否合理。大胆运用的equipments和wildlives都属于刺眼而典型的误用复数错误。 　　3.时态一致 　　议论文讲究以现在时统一全文，描述规律、现状，提出原因、建议只需用一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时就可以完成规范写作。除非在图表作文中提到过去年代，如1993年等，则必须将时态调整为一般过去时。 　　4.搭配 　　介词使用往往是最敏感的语言内容之一，阅卷老师凭丰富的经验足以轻松断定用词的正误。何时应用in, on, to, with, for, at, of也涉及到语言基本功的层面。考生对不熟悉的搭配要及时放弃或替换，以免因小失大。 　　5.拼写 　　词汇量不大的同学不要贸然挑战高难词汇，否则会在拼写上漏洞百出。多字母、少字母、错字母都会成为难看的风景，让人愈加挑剔。 　　6.用词 　　用词丰富、精确到位需要长期的摸索与积累，考试时用词不当和中文式英文措词难免出现。但考生要对把握不住或字对字翻译的表达提高警惕，没有把握的表达则果断放弃调整。好的用词令人刮目相看，而拙劣的表达令人难以忍受。这一点只能在考试中适当把握尺度，总之不要盲目冒险。 　　总之，我们只有40分钟完成写作。少些即兴冒险，多些理性沉稳，把握写作流程，突破自己的一般水准。希望考生们能超常发挥，把自己的语言知识精华展现在试卷上。 （三） ESSAY写作句型突破---十大功能段落句型 以下给出十大功能段落，请结合后面历年真题分析消化 1）话题引出段 Nowadays, there is a growing concern over the issue of …… People in growing numbers are directing their attention to …… With the development of ……, the problem of …has become increasingly serious. When it comes to ……, people’s notions may vary from one to another. Recently, a heated discussion has sprung up as to …… Traditional virtue/value has it that……, yet people are……currently. 2）图画图表描述段 As is vividly shown in the picture,…… It is clearly depicted in the picture that…… This picture depicts a thought-provoking scene of …… According to the figures given in the chart,….. The chart above provides a series of essential figures, illustrating the changes taking place in a time span of …years. 3) 观点对比段 Opposite voices are now rising in the debate. Some people firmly believe that……. On the contrary, quite a few people argue that…… The controversial issue has aroused opposite opinions. One focuses on …….. ;the other opinion revolves around…… 4）利弊列举段 Every coin has two sides, and this issue is no exception. Above all, …In addition…More importantly… However, the negative influence it renders should not be neglected. ..not only …but also Is this phenomenon a blessing or a curse.? The following list of advantages and disadvantages can explain everything. 5）举例说明段 For instance; Take…for an example; A case in point is…… The following illustrations can serve as strong evidence of the phenomenon. 6）原因列举段 Why should this phenomenon take place? There are generally three factors accounting for it. Having taken everything into consideration, we may attribute the sharp change to three aspects. 7）意义阐释段 The purpose of the picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to…. The fact/phenomenon that…… indicates that … … Having scrutinized the details of the picture, we can discuss the implications subtly conveyed from it. 8）归纳结论段 In conclusion, In my opinion, As far as I am concerned, Taking into account all the analyses above, we may confidently come to the conclusion that…… 9）预测趋势段 There is no denying that ……will continue increasing/decreasing in the better/worse direction. Undoubtedly, the tendency reflected from the chart will undergo a continuous increase/decrease in the near future. 10）建议措施段 Therefore, it is imperative that we should take some drastic measures. As far as I am concerned, two effective measures must be immediately taken to pull through the crisis. 二、考研英语ESSAY写作历年全真试题与范文 2005年全真试题 Directions: Write an essay of 160 – 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) The cartoon symbolically states the ways that three sons and a daughter treat their old, helpless father. They each stand in a different corner of a football field. The eldest son kicks out the father, who huddles up into a ball. The other children prepare to ward him off. It is sad to see none of the children is willing to receive their father. [图画图表描述段] The picture is thought- provoking. What it illustrates is a common phenomenon in today's society: many grown-up children refuse to support their aging parents. While they enjoy a comfortable life, their parents are neglected and left alone to face poverty. As these elderly people have grown so physically weak that they are not capable of supporting themselves any longer. I think these children have betrayed their own conscience and therefore should be criticized by the society. [意义阐释段] According to Chinese culture, to be kind to one' s parents is the height of virtue. We owe so much to our parents in that they not only gave us life but have done so much in bringing us up. It is not reasonable against nature for us terrorsponsibility of taking care of our parents when they are old. Further more, we have the duty to pay back their love by making their later years enjoyable and happy. [建议措施段] 2004年全真试题 Directions: Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the drawing, 2) interpret its meaning, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) It is vividly depicted in the cartoon that a boy is running along the racetrack with painstaking efforts, sweat pouring downing his face. After a long journey, he is making the final spurt(冲刺) toward the finishing line, with strong determination to become the champion. It seems that he could rest for a while to enjoy the ecstasy of victory. However, straight ahead lies a sign which indicates a new “starting point” and urges him to continue rushing to the next destination. [图画图表描述段] Undoubtedly the cartoon conveys the meaning that life is like the process of running in which one should make constant efforts and never stop making progress. Owing to the quickening pace of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, stimulating everyone to pursue one goal after another. Once a person stops making progress, he can hardly maintain his past glory and survive in this competitive world. As Deng Xiaoping, the great Chinese leader said, “Development is the only way.” No matter how powerful a country is, no matter how successful a specific institution, it will definitely seek new development in high speed. Generally speaking, neither a country nor a person can remain stagnant(停滞的，迟钝的). [意义阐释段] A case in point is the successful launching of “Shenzhou Ⅴ spacecraft” which sets China in a high position of aviation and space flight. Although it means a great achievement for us Chinese, we are facing new challenges in the future and need to do further research in space technology. Another illustration is closely related to us, the examinees. If we pass this test and are fortunately admitted by a university, we shall not stop making efforts. Instead, we are confronted with the challenge of conquering the difficult graduate courses. We still have to strive for success in our future academic study, employment and career. On the whole, these examples effectively clarify the saying that “Destination is another starting point.” [举例论证段] 范文二： The drawing vividly shows a runner who is arriving at the finishing line that is also the point that he has started from. In the drawing, the runner is running around the track of a playground. On both side of the runner, there are two poles and a line between them. On the ground there are two signs that say “ENDING” and “STARTING”. [图画图表描述段] The painter wants to tell us that, just like running, whatever we are doing, we should never stop making progress. The ending point just means a new starting point at which we should set new goals and continue to pursue them. This view is absolutely right in every sense. First and foremost, it applies to individuals as in such a competitive world everybody is trying to get ahead. Furthermore, corporation and organizations of any kind should also embrace this view, for they act as an independent person in the market and should always look ahead for new opening and possibilities to enhance business. Last but not least, the country on the whole should move forward in terms of politics, economy, and culture so that we China as a nation can gain sustained respect from other peoples. [意义阐释段] Examples to prove the view are abundant. The most persuasive are the cases of famous athletes like Fu Mingxia and Deng Yaping, whose success is gained through non-stop efforts. It goes without saying that if they had been content with being just a regional or national champion and stopped practicing, they wouldn't have accomplished so much and become world-famous. By contrast, a lot of people choose to take a rest to enjoy their small success and thus lose the motivation for further achievement. Similarly, plenty of companies are merged by bigger and more powerful ones just because they are overjoyed with their small profits and unaware of the danger posed by more ambitious rivals. In sum, keeping making progress should be the right attitude towards life and work for everybody and even for a country. [举例论证段] 2003年全真试题 Direction: Study the following pictures carefully and write and write an essay about 200 words based on the following: 1. Describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning. 2. Point out its implications in our life. The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in different circumstances. As is shown in the first cartoon, the flower is placed in a comfortable greenhouse which shelters it from the threatening lightening and storm. With proper temperature, moisture and fertilizer, the flower is growing in full bloom. On the contrary, when removed from the greenhouse and exposed to the driving rain, the flower soon fades and withers(枯萎), with the petals cast about on the grounds. [图画图表描述段] To begin with, the purpose of the drawings is to show us that the flower growing in the greenhouse cannot withstand the test of the storm, yet the symbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously. The delicate flower is naturally associated with young people, to be specific, the only children in our current society; the greenhouse epitomizes(缩影) parents doting(溺爱) care and abundant material supplies that can shield the children from the storms, or the harsh reality. Once the young people begin to seek independence and accept challenges from the real world, they are found too spoiled to be strong enough in the face of difficulties. [意义阐释段] Accordingly, it is vital for us to derive positive implication from these thought-provoking drawings. On the one hand, we can frequently use them to enlighten the youth to more independent in life. On the other hand, parents should be sensible enough to give their children more freedom to deal with troubles and problems. Only by undergoing more challenges and toils in adversity can young people cultivate strong personality and ability, and only in this way can they become winners in this competitive world. [建议措施段] 2002年全真试题 Direction: study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled "Cultures--National and International". In the essay you should 1) describle the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2) give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEEF 2.(20 points) The picture vividly depicts a lovely American girl in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face. She wears ribbons, necklaces and other accessories that are characteristic of the clothes of a certain Chinese minority group. Undoubtedly, the costume has added oriental charm to her beautiful look/appearance/features. [图画图表描述段] What the picture conveys goes far beyond only a new fashion trend. Instead, it carries cultural meanings. The fact that people from different countries are attracted to mysterious Chinese culture indicates that to some extent a culture can be accepted, respected, appreciated and shared internationally. In other words, a nation's unique culture can become international through worldwide economic and cultural exchanges. Since the trend of globalization become irresistible, cultural communication can effectively improve mutual understanding and friendship. [意义阐释段] In my opinion/From my perspective, national cultures as priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished. Meanwhile, there are good reasons to advocate international culture for those ideas from the other cultures, controversial or even absurd at first sight, can provide a different perspective for us to observe the world in the long run. However, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side. Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively and make our world dimensional, colorful and vigorous. [建议措施段] 2001年全真试题 Ⅰ. Direction: Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it. There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to 1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below, 2) give a specific example, and 3) give your suggestion as to the best way to show love. You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 范文一： When we use the word “love”, we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. The picture below illustrates the real meaning of love, by stressing the fact that love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. In fact, throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions. [现象现状说明段] As an example of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year. Although their incomes are still low by international standards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can――be it money or goods――to help their needy fellow citizens. Moreover, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves. [举例论证段] In my opinion, the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers. In this way, we can help to make the world a better place, for, as the picture shows, the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines. [归纳结论段] 范文二： Love is of utmost importance to us humans. Everybody not only needs love, but also should give others love. As can be seen from the picture, "love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places. " This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than other people. Maybe even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life. Maybe just a thread of light will call forth their strength and courage to help them step out of their difficulties. [现象现状说明段] I can think of no better illustration of this idea than the following example(s).For instance when someone is starving to death, just a little food and water from you may save his(her) life. Again, when a little girl in a poor rural area drops out of school because of poverty, just a small sum of money from you may support her to finish school and change her life. In these circumstances you have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed. [举例论证段] To sum up, we should offer our help to all the needed. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others. So when you see someone in difficulty or in distress and in need of help, don't hesitate to give your love to him (her). I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and that our society will be a better place for us to live in. [归纳结论段] 俱乐部黑魔方系列： 系列一马克思主义哲学真题部分 系列二 马克思主义政治经济学真题部分 系列三 毛泽东概论真题部分 系列四 英语作文真题 系列五 英语完型填空真题 系列六 英语完型选句真题 系列七 英语翻译真题