全新版大学英语视听阅读2-Script-Unit1-5Unit1WatchingvideoSCRIPTNarrator: Thecheetah.Withanastonishingabilitytosprintfromzerotoeightykilometersperhourinjustthreeseconds,it’sthefastestanimalonland.Atfullspeed,itcanreachalmost100kilometersperhour.Nothingcanescapeacheetahatfullsprint.Unfortunately,thisbeautiful,shyanimalisinseriousdangerofbecomingextinct.Inordertohelp,NationalGeographicissendingateamintotheMoremiWildlifeReserveofBotswana.Theirgoalistohelpsavethesemagnificentcreaturesbycapturingthemonfilm.ThecityofJohannesburg,SouthAfrica,isthefinalstopbeforetheteam’sjourneyintothewildsofAfrica.HeadingtheexpeditionisChrisJohns,aphotographerformorethan25years.Chrishasbeenplanningthistripforalongtime,andaccompanyinghimisguideDaveHamman.DavehaslivedinsouthernAfricamostofhislifeandknowstheregionwell.Hisknowledgewillbeusefulasthetwomenheadmorethan800kilometersnorthintoBotswanaandthewonderfulOkavangoDelta.TheMoremiReserveisatrulymagicalplace.ItseemsthatAfrica’sentireanimalkingdomresidesintheregion.Zebras,buffaloes,andelephantsareeasilyviewedfromtheroughdirtroad.Evenagiraffemakesanappearance.ChrisandDavecontinuetheirdriveintotheevening.Theyneedtobefarintothewildernesstobegintheirtask:findingcheetahs.Narrator: Thenextday,they’reupearlytobegintheirsearch.ChrisJohns,NationalGeographicPhotographer:“Youcan’tjustdriveoutthereandorderupacheetah.Itdoesn’thappenlikethat.Youknowthatitcouldtakedays,weeks.”Narrator: Butthensomethingincrediblyunexpectedoccurs...DaveHamman:“Idon’tbelievethis.”Narrator: It’safemaleandfiveofheryoung.Hamman: “Thisisjustnotnormal.”Narrator: Duringallofhisyearsinthebush,Davehasneverlocatedsomanycheetahsthisquickly.Thisisexactlywhattheyhadbeenhopingfor.ThediscoveryisespeciallypromisingforChris.Johns: “CheetahsareametaphorforsomeofAfrica’sconservationproblems.Becausecheetahsneedrange,andthey’reagoodwaytoexplaintopeoplethatlossofhabitatmeansthepotentiallossofspecies. Andit’spossiblethatinmylifetimecheetahscouldbecomeextinctinthewild,andthat’s—tome—atragedythat’sunspeakable.”Narrator: TheMoremiWildlifeReservehasofferedChrisoneofthelastwindowsintothenaturalworldofthecheetah.ItwilltakeawhileforthecheetahstotrustChris,butifhesucceeds,heknowshe’llbeabletotakethephotographshereallywants:ashotofacheetahpursuingandkillingitsprey,ora“killsequence.”Johns: “Weknowtherearecertainthingsthatacheetahstoryhastohave.Oneofthemostimportantthingsithastohave—whichisanincrediblydifficultthingtoget—isakillsequence,andyou’realwayslookingforthatpicture.”Narrator: Cheetahsarecapableoftremendousburstsofspeed,andhavethecapacitytogainspeedmorequicklythanasportscar. However,whiletheycanreachalmost100kilometersanhour,cheetahscan’tmaintainsuchspeedsformorethan200to300meters.Thecheetah’sfailedtocatchherdinnerthistime.Cheetahsmustmakeakilleveryfewdays.Aftermissingthereedbuck,themotherisexhausted,andhercubsarestillhungry.Thetwomendrivebacktocamp,leavingthecheetahfamilytorestintheshade.Narrator: Thenextday,ChrisandDavereturntowheretheylastsawthefamilyandfindthatthemotherandhercubsaregone.Thefemalehasprobablytakenthecubsawaytoprotectthem.Theymustnowlookforthecheetahsalloveragain.Johns: “Westillhaven’tseenthemotherwithfivecubsforseveraldaysnow.Thechallengeistokeepyourconcentration,toconstantlylook.Imean,we’relookingforatleasteighttotenhoursaday.”Narrator: Thetiringanddifficultsearchturnsfromdaysintoaweek.Thetwomenscaneverythingfromheavybushestoopengrasslands,hopingtocatchsightofthemother.Then,suddenly,theireffortsbecomeworthit.Hamman: “There!Let’sgo,let’sgo!”Johns: “Didyouseeher?”Hamman: “Yeah!She’sinthegrass,justdown,justdownthebreak...”Narrator: They’vefoundherandshelooksfine.Chrismustnowwaittoseeifthemothercheetahwilllethimbackintohertrustsothathecanphotographher.Onlyshecandecideifandwhen.Chris’sopportunityforshootingakillsequencepresentsitselflaterinthemorning.Suddenly,themothersitsup,watchingandlisteningcarefully.She’sseensomething:tworeedbucks.Johns: “Twelveo’clock.Tworeedbucks,twelveo’clock.”Narrator: Withhercubshiddensafelyaway,thebravehuntermovestowardhertarget.Johns: “Thereshegoes!Thereshegoes!”Hamman: “Hangon!”Narrator: Themenmustdriveasquicklyaspossibleinordertogettheshot.Johns: “Shejustmoved.Didyouseeher?Hangon.Shenailedit.Got’em!Goodjob,girl.Welldone!She’sagoodhunter.She’sarealgoodhunter.”Narrator: Intypicalcheetahstyle,themotherchokesherprey.Then,shetakestimetorecoverfromhersprint.Johns: “It’savulnerabletimebecauseifahyenaoranotherpredatormovedinonher,shecouldbeambushed.Sheisgoingtobeverycautious.”Narrator: Satisfiedforthemomentthatnootherpredatorsareinthearea,thefemalecallshercubstojoinherfortheirmeal.Johns: “It’slunchtime...”Narrator: ThemotherandcubsarefinallytrustingChrismorethanheeverexpected.Johns: “It’samazingthatthecheetahsarelettingmethisclose.ThesearethepicturesI’vebeenwaitingforfortenyears.”Hamman: “Youonlyseethingslikethisifyou’reextremelylucky,butalsopatient.Howmanyhourshavewespentwiththesecheetahsnowtoactuallygetthisfar?Youknow,youjusthavetoputinthetimetogettheresults.”Narrator: Finally,alloftheirpatiencehasbroughttheexpeditiontheresultstheyhadbeenwaitingtoachieve,butthere’sstillonemoresurpriseforthem...Eachday,motherandcubsopenupmoretothehumans,andallowthemtogetcloser.Thenfinally,somethingtrulywonderfulhappens.Johns: “Thatwasafantasticexperience,formeoneofthehighlightsofmylife.ButIthinkwiththatexperiencegoesalotofresponsibilityonmypart.”Narrator: Chrisnowfeelsthathehasaspecialresponsibility.Hewantstocommunicatetheendangeredstatusofthesebeautifulanimalstotheworld—boththroughhisphotographsandtheNationalGeographicarticle.Johns: “She’sjustgivenmeatremendousprivilege,oneofthefinestprivilegesofmylife.Sowiththatprivilegegoesagreatdealofresponsibility,Ithink,onmypart.”Narrator: Hopefully,Chriscanfulfillthisresponsibilitybybringingtheendangermentoftheseanimalsintoworldwidefocus.MaybehisactionswillhelpsavethecheetahsoftheOkavango,andtheworld.HOMELISTENINGaudioSCRIPTUnderstandingExtinctionAspeciesisconsideredextinctwhencarefulscientificsurveysshowthatthelastindividualofthatspecieshasdied.Thelossofmanyspeciesofplantsandanimalshasbeenattributedtochangesinclimate,geneticweaknesses,andhumanactivitiessuchashuntingandenvironmentaldestruction.Studieshaveshownthatalmostalllivingthingswilleventuallybecomeextinct.Infact,morethan99percentofthespeciesthathaveeverlivedonEarthhavenowdisappearedpermanently.Althoughthissoundslikeaterriblesituation,itisimportanttounderstandthattheearthseemstorecoverfromthelossofgreatnumbersofspecies.Inmanycases,replacementspeciesemergeovertime;however,extinctiondoesdecreasethediversityoflifeontheplanetintheshortterm.Thesereplacementspeciesoftenrequirerecoveryperiodsofmillionsofyears.Humanbeingshavehadahugeimpactontheextinctionratesofvariousspecies.Therefore,scientistshaverecentlybeguntoexaminehumankind’seffectsonthenumbersofspeciesthathavebecomeextinct.Throughtheuseofgeographicalandbiologicalresearch,a“backgroundextinctionrate”hasbeenestablished.Thesefiguresshowthenumbersofspecieswhichhavedisappearedduringspecifictimeperiods.Bycomparingratesofextinctionbeforeandafterhumanexistence,researcherswereabletodiscovertheexacteffectsofhumankindonnature.Studiesnowcitethattheextinctionratesafterhumanlifebeganare100to1,000timesgreaterthanbeforehumaninfluenceonEarth.Futureratesareforecastedtobeevenhigher.Thisdemonstratesthetremendousnegativeimpactthathumanactivityishavingonextinctionrates.Scientistsarecurrentlyresearchingmethodsofdealingwiththisastonishingtrend.Asindividuals,educators,andgovernmentstrytomanagespeciessurvival,onekeyfactortheyfindisthatwithouthelp,someoftheworld’sspeciescannotsurvive.Inaddition,scientistsmustlearntomakedifficultdecisionsbasedonincompleteinformation.Theymustalsodealwithgroupsthatmayhaveavestedinterestinnotprotectingcertainspecies.Forexample,peopleinterestedindevelopingoilfieldsintheArcticmaynotthinktheprotectionofthewildlifeintheregionisofprimaryimportance.Unit2WatchingvideoSCRIPTNarrator: NeartheedgeoftheArcticregionofCanada,theshortsummerisbeingchasedawaybyaconstantcoldwindfromthenorth.AlongthewesternshoreoftheHudsonBay,winterisbeginningtocloseitsgrip.Oneanimal,withitsthickfurandlayerofheavyblubber,actuallythrivesinthesefreezing,lonelysurroundings:thepolarbear.CamElliot,ManitobaConservation:“Polarbearsarebuiltforwinter.They’rebuiltforthecold.They’rebuiltforthewind.”Narrator: Thesemarinemammalsspendmostoftheirlivesonfrozenseas,andtheydependonthefrozenicepacksforhunting.Butthesepolarbearsdon’tenjoytheluxuryofanuninterruptedwinter.Elliot: “Withtheonsetofsummerandthewarmertemperatures,allofHudsonBaymelts.UnlikethehighArctic,there’snopermanenticepackhere.WhentheBaymelts,thebearsareforcedtoshore.”Narrator: It’saseasonallifeforthebearsandwhentheweatherstartstoturncoldagain,largenumbersofthemgatheraroundthecoast.Atthistime,thesetypicallyprivateanimalswillinteractinwaysnotcompletelyunderstoodbyhumans,allthewhilewaitingfortheBaytofreezesotheycangobacktotheiceandtheirfoodsource.Asthebearswait,theyoftenhavecompany.These“tundrabuggies”aredesignedtobringpeopletothepolarbears.NikitaOvsyanikow,Biologist:“Well,it’sanadultmale,butratheryoung.He’snotinbadshape.”Narrator: Nootheranimalhuntsthepolarbear;they’reatthetopofthefoodchain.Therefore,theyareconsideredgoodindicatorsofthehealthoftheArcticenvironment.Ovsyanikow:“Whatisespeciallyattractiveinpolarbearsintermsofconservation,itisawell...wesay“umbrellaspecies”.It’salargepredatorwhichisthetopoffoodchainsintheArctic.”Narrator: Atthistimeofyear,thepolarbearshaveusedupthebuilt-upfatreservesthathavekeptthemalivesincetheicemelted.JohnBykerk,PolarBearGuide:“They’rehungry.Unlessthey’reluckyenoughtofindsomedeadbelugawhaleordeadseal,perhapsthat’swasheduponshore.They’veessentiallygonefourmonthsatthispointwithouthavingabitetoeat.”Narrator: Manyresearchersbelievethatthehealthofpolarbearsparallelsthehealthoftheenvironment.ScientistsareconcernedthatdespitetheconstantcoldinNorthernManitoba,itmaynotbestayingcoldlongenoughtokeeptheenvironmentstable.Globalwarmingmaybeaffectingtheicepatterns,whicharecriticalforthesurvivaloftheworld’slargestlandcarnivore.Elliot: “Overthelasttwenty-fiveyears,researchconductedbytheCanadianWildlifeServicehasfoundaboutatwo-weekadvancementinspringweatherandicemelt.Polarbearsareacreatureoftheseaice.Whenthey’reoutontheice,they’rehuntingseals.AnythinginglobalclimatethatwouldaffectthestabilityorthelengthofthetimethattheiceisontheHudsonBayortheArcticwaters,isgoingtohaveimmediateimpactonpolarbears.”Narrator: PolarBearGuideJohnBykerkisalsoconcernedabouttheimpactofglobalwarmingonthebears.Hereportsthatinarecentyear,icedidn’tformonHudsonBayuntilaroundDecember12th.ThebaynormallyfreezesaroundNovember19th.Asaresult,thebearslosttwoorthreeweeksoffeedingatthebeginningoftheseason.Healsoreportsthattheicethawedearlyinthespringofthenextyear,sothebearslostanothertwoorthreeweeks.Intotal,thebearslostfourtosixweeksofhunting,whichsignificantlyaffectedtheirabilitytofindenoughfood.Narrator: NikitaOvsyanikowhasstudiedpolarbearsforyears,andbelievestheyareakeytounderstandingtheArctic.Ovsyanikow:“Whenwefocusonpolarbears,anddevelopanyconsiderationmeasuresforpolarbears,theconsequenceofthatisthatweareprotectingtheentireArcticecosystem.”Narrator: Formostpeople,polarbearstrulysymbolizethefrozenNorthofourEarth.It’shardtoimaginetheArctic—ortheworld—withoutthem.Cantheworldaffordtolosethebeautifulpolarbear?Willpeopledosomethingtoensurethattheysurvive?ThefutureofoneoftheArctic’smostmajesticcreaturesliesintheanswerstothesequestions,andintheconservationeffortsofacaringworld.HOMELISTENINGaudioSCRIPTClimateChange:NotOnlyaHumanWorryByMargaretBenningNewYork,June4Inthepastcentury,theearth’stemperaturehasrisenbyapproximately0.6to0.8degreesCelsius.Scientistsbelievethatthisistheresultofanenhancedgreenhouseeffect,whichistheprocessbywhichtheearthmaintainsitstemperature.Recently,ariseincertaintypesofgases,suchascarbondioxide(CO2),hasincreasedtheamountofheattrappedneartheearth’ssurfacebytheeffect.Thisincreasehasresultedinaninsulatingandwarmingoftheplanet.Theseproblematicgases,or“greenhousegases”,comefromcarandtruckexhaust,factorysmoke,andtheburningofcertainsubstancesforheatandlight.Ifalternativemethodsofproducingenergyarenotfoundsoon,theearth’stemperaturewilllikelyrisebetween1.4and5.8degreesCelsiusbytheendofthe21stcentury.Extremetemperaturechanges,suchasthoseprojectedoverthenext100years,couldbeaseriousthreattothehumanenvironment.However,theeffectsofglobalwarmingwillmostlikelyappearinanimalpopulationsfirst.Infact,certainchangeshavealreadybeenobserved.Forexample,earlythawsintheiceoftheBeringSeahaveaffectedthematingseasonofseveraltypesofseals.Certainspeciesofbirdsarechangingtheirnestingpatternsaswell.Certainplantsarefloweringearlier,andotherlargeanimalsarechangingtheirannualperiodsofsleepingandwaking.AccordingtoStanfordUniversity,globalwarminghasdirectlyresultedinbiologicalchangesto1,473speciesaroundtheworld.Environmentalgroups,bothgovernmentalandprivate,arecurrentlyworkingtodecreasetheamountofdangerousgases,or“emissions”,releasedeachyear.OneofthefirstinternationalgatheringsorganizedbytheUnitedNationstoapproachtheproblemproducedadocumentwhicheventuallybecameknownasthe“KyotoProtocol”.Itsaimwastostabilizegreenhousegaslevelstopreventdangerouschangesintheworld’sclimate.Theagreementsetlimitsontheamountsofgreenhousegasesthateachparticipatingnationcouldreleaseeachyear.Unfortunately,theagreementdidn’tincludestrictenforcementproceduresforimplementingtheprogram,andasof2008,severalcountriesonlyparticipateintheplanonareportingbasis.Others,includingtheUnitedStates,haverefusedtosignthedocument.Unit3WatchingvideoSCRIPTNarrator: InasmallvillageinProvence,France,residentshavegatheredtogivethanks.WhiletheysingandpraytoSaintAnthony,thesechurchmembersareprayingforsomethingdifferent:agoodtruffleharvest.Attheannualtrufflemass,thecollectionplateisfillingup,andnotjustwithcash.InRicherenches,trufflesaresometimescalled“blackdiamonds”.Atapriceofupto$1,000U.S.perpound,they’reoneoftheworld’smostexpensivefoods.ThenameRicherenchesmeans“richearth”,appropriateforthisvillage.HalfofFrance’sblacktrufflesaretransportedthroughthetown’smarket,upto$180,000U.S.worthaday.They’realllookingfortruffles,andnotjustanyonewilldo,either.Pierre-AndreValayer,TruffleBroker:“It’samostimportantmarketoftrufflesinFrance.Soifyouwanttobuysometruffle,youhavetobeinRicherenchestobuysomething.Soforthesellers,it’sthesamething.Ifyouwanttosellwell,theyhavetocometoRicherenches.”Narrator: Provencegenerallybringstomindsummerholidays,lazyafternoons,andancientcustoms.Inwinterthough,thesmalltown’spacespeedsupconsiderably.Manyoftheregion’sfarmersalsoworkastrufflehunters.Mostofthebusinessisdonediscretelyfromthebacksofthebrokers’cars.OnesmallbagoftrufflesisworthhundredsofU.S.dollars,sothetradeiscertainlylucrative.PhilippeOger,TruffleEater:“Idothinktheybuyapartmentsandsoon...ontheRivierawiththismoney.Iknowthat.”Narrator: Thebuyingandsellingoftrufflesismainlyacashbusiness,it’susuallyunderthetable.Thismeansthatthebrokersoftendon’tpayanytaxesonthemoneytheyearnandneitherdothehunters.Mostpeoplepresumethattrufflesareonlyanexpensiveluxuryfortherich;however,regularpeoplewhocookathomeoftenspendmoneyonthem,too.France’sgourmetfoodcompaniesalsobuytrufflesfromthebrokersandexportthemtorestaurantsintheU.S.,Japan,andelsewhere.Thedemandishigh,butunfortunately,thesupplyisdecreasing.HervePoron,TruffleExporter:“Today,ifyoufindonehundredtons,it’saverygoodproduction.Infact,it’smostofthetimeit’smoreliketwenty,thirty,orfiftytons...comparedtoonethousand,onehundredyearsago.”Narrator: Thebesttrufflesaredeepblack,withwhiteveins,buttherearefewerandfewerofthemavailablethesedays.OnemajorreasonforthedecreasecouldbetherecentchangesinProvence’struffle-growingenvironment.Poron: “Becausetogrowtrufflesyouneedwoods,andthewoodshavedisappeared.Andwhatisleftisnotoftenverywelltakencareof...sowe’redesperateforwoods.Thatexplainsthelowerproductiontoday.”Narrator: Trufflesgrowunderground,aroundtreeroots.Iftherearen’tasmanytreesleft,therearefewerplacesfortrufflestogrow.Provenceisafarmregionwherefarmersgrowlavender,andgrapesforthefamouswines.Nowonlyafewplacesremainthatallowtrufflegrowth.TrufflehunterJoelBarthelemyislookingforthoseplaceswiththehelpofhisyellowlab,Jade.Jadeisatrainedsnifferdog.Alldogshavesensitivenoses,butsnifferdogs’areexceptional.However,thereareotherfactorsinvolved.JoelBarthelemy,TruffleHunter:“Thedoghastopayattention,andhehastolovehismaster.Youcandoallthetrainingyouwant,butthedoghastowanttopleasehismaster.”Narrator: Jadeseemstohavethecapacityforbothoftheserequirements.She’sfoundsomethingandgetsatreatforhereffort.Asthetwohunterscontinuetheirsearchfortrufflesitseemsthatfortodayatleast,there’snotruffleshortagehere.PerhapsSaintAnthonyhaslistenedtothetrufflehunters’prayersafterall.HOMELISTENINGaudioSCRIPTTruffleFarmingWhenyouthinkaboutwheretrufflescomefrom,youprobablypictureasmalltowninthesouthofFrance.WhiletheFrenchcountrysidedoesproducemuchoftheworld’ssupplyoftruffles,otherareasarefastbecomingimportantplayersinthislucrativegame.ADifficultUndertakingThesituationisclear:trufflescan’tbegrownjustanywhere.Theymustbegrownnearorundertreessincescientistsbelievethatthisiswhatproducestheirdistinctiveflavor.Itisalsoextremelydifficulttocultivatethemthewayonewouldgrowothercrops.Thisspecialproductdoesn’tappearinthespringandsummer,butemergesonlyinthefallandwinter.Blacktruffles,whicharethebest-knownoftheFrenchtruffles,canbeharvestedonlyfromNovemberthroughMarch.WhitetrufflesappearonlyfromSeptemberthroughearlyJanuary.Furthermore,theweatherconditions,suchasthetemperature,mustbejustrightandtheamountofrainfallmustbeadequateforthetrufflestogrowproperly.Duetothesechallenges,veryfewfarmershavemasteredtheskillofsuccessfullyplantingandharvestingtrufflesonaregularbasis.TrufflesfromItalyTheworld’ssecondbest-knownsupplieroftrufflesafterFranceisItaly.ThePiedmontregionnearthecityofAlbaisthecenteroftheItaliantrufflebusiness.There,trufflesaresoldintheiroriginalformandarealsousedinpastas,flavoredoliveoils,andbreads.Albaisbestknownforitswhitetruffles,whichmanypeoplefeelhaveafinerandmoreinterestingflavorthanblacktruffles.TrufflesaresoimportantinAlbathattherehasbeenatrufflefestival,whichlastsforseveralweeks,everyyearsince1899.ThousandsoftruffleloversarriveinAlbaeachfalltoenjoythecelebrationandthescenery,andmostimportantly,tosamplethetruffles.OtherSourcesofTrufflesOthercountries,includingSpain,Sweden,NewZealand,Australia,theU.K.,andtheU.S.alsoproducetruffles.CurrentlyAustraliantrufflegrowersareworkinghardtoincreasetheirshareoftheworldwidemarket.Scientiststherehaveanalyzedthesoils,rainfalllevels,andtypesoftreesavailableinordertomaximizetheirproductionandproducethefinesttastingtrufflespossible.IncertainpartsofAustralia,growingconditionsareveryclosetothoseofthesouthofFranceandproductionisincreasingyearbyyear.Unit4WatchingvideoSCRIPTNarrator: Welcometo“SharkAlley”,oneofthefewplaceswheregreatwhitesharksroam.TouristsoftenvisitthecoastofSouthAfricatoseethesesharksintheirnaturalenvironment.Diver: “Whoa!”Narrator:Butthesedays,thegreatwhitesarepartofalargecontroversy.Peoplearewonderingifcagedivingisturningtheworld’slargestpredatoryfishintoahunterofhumans.TarynWarner,Surfer:“There’sjuststartedtobemoreandmoreattacks,morefriendsofours,peoplethatweactuallyknew.”Narrator: Isbaitingthesharksconditioningthesecreaturestothinkofhumansasfood?Twomenwanttofindout:biologistBradyBarr,andsharkresearcherRyanJohnson.Aspartofhisresearchintothesehugeanimals,BarrplanstoswimwiththegreatwhitesofSharkAlley.SharkAlleyislocatednearthetownofGansbaaionthetipofSouthAfrica’sCapeofGoodHope.DyerIslandislocatedjustoffthecoastofGansbaai,andjustoffDyerIslandisaplacecalled“GeyserRock”,whichishometothousandsofcapefurseals.Greatwhitesoftenswimupanddownthechannelhuntingtheseals,whichhasearnedthisareathename“SharkAlley.”Anentiretouristindustryhasdevelopedherewhichisbasedonpeoplewhocometodivewithsharks.Diveoperatorsoftenthrowfishpartsandbloodintothewatertoobtainmoresharkactivityfortheircustomers.Butwhathappensifyouusebaittoattractsharkstohumans?Dothesharkslearntothinkofpeopleasfood?Narrator: RyanJohnson,asharkresearcherfromNewZealandisinGansbaaitofindout.RyanJo
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