考研英语阅读真题及详细解析2003

2003 Text 1 Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage — spying as a "profession". These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well. The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open-source intelligence", and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com. Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep. Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. 41. The emergence of the Net has ________. [A] received support from fans like Donovan [B] remolded the intelligence services [C] restored many common pastimes [D] revived spying as a profession 42. Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to ________. [A] introduce the topic of online spying [B] show how he fought for the US [C] give an episode of the information war [D] honor his unique services to the CIA 43. The phrase "making the biggest splash" (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means ________. [A] causing the biggest trouble [B] exerting the greatest effort [C] achieving the greatest success [D] enjoying the widest popularity 44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that ________. [A] Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true [B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information [C] Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability [D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information 45. Straitford is most proud of its ________. [A] official status [B] nonconformist image [C] efficient staff [D] military background 重点词汇： spymaster 即spy+master，间谍大王、间谍组织首脑。 strategic （战略的；对全局起关键作用的）为strategy（战略，策略）的形容词形式，-ic为形容词后缀。strategy and tactics 战略与战术；a global strategy 全球战略。Worry more about implementation than strategy — it's harder to do.更多地为贯彻落实而非战略本身操心——这样做更难。 lay the roots for 扎根于。 fascinate （使着迷，强烈地吸引），去e加名词后缀-ion即为fascination（入迷；诱惑力），去e加形容词后缀-ing即为fascinating（迷人的），另可记fascism（法西斯主义），fascist（法西斯主义的；法西斯主义者）。He was fascinated with her beauty.他被她的美貌迷住了。Fascism is a religion; the twentieth century will be known in history as the century of Fascism.法西斯主义是一种宗教；二十世纪将作为法西斯主义世纪而载入史册。←据说这句话是墨索里尼说的。 espionage （间谍活动）即esp(i)+ion+age，espi即espy（窥探←e-=ex-出来+spy窥探），-ion与-age皆名词后缀，表“活动”。 revolution （革命；旋转）是revolve（使旋转）的名词形式，“旋转”入“革命”的漩涡。revolve即re+volve，re-反复，volve词根“卷”，于是“反复卷”→旋转。The heart makes a revolution, the head a reformation.感情造就革命，理智形成改革。（←the head a reformation省略了makes。另如培根的名句：Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.阅读使人充实，讨论使人机敏，写作使人精确。）Folds used to be willing to wait patiently for a slow-moving stage coach, but now they kick like the dickens if they miss one revolution of a revolving door.过去人们一向乐于耐心等待慢吞吞的公共马车，可现在若错过旋转门的一次旋转，他们就乱踢一气。revolution — ①an injustice that serves to replace as soon as possible the injustice of yesterday by the injustice of tomorrow ②the setting-up of a new order contradictory to the traditional one 革命——①能够促进尽快用明天的非正义取代昨天的非正义的一种非正义 ②建立一种与传统秩序相反的新秩序。Religions revolve madly round sexual questions.种种宗教都围绕着两性问题疯狂地打转。 give birth to 分娩；产生；造成。He gave birth to a brilliant idea.他想到一个绝妙的主意。 spook （幽灵；间谍）可看作sp(y)+o(o)+ok→“幽灵”级的“间谍”窥探(spy)只用两只眼睛(oo)就ok了。spook — something everyone is afraid of and no one believes in 幽灵——人人害怕，却没人相信的东西。 intelligence （智力；情报）即intel+lig+ence，intel-即inter-（前缀，意为“在……之间”=between，因后接l，故r变形为l），lig词根意为“选择”=lect（i与e元音可替换，ct=G←G就是由一个大C与一个小T组成的），-ence名词后缀，故“从中挑选出所需之物的能力”→智力；“从中挑选出来的东西”→情报。intelligent（聪明的）←intel+lig+ent形容词后缀；intelligible（可理解的，易懂的）←intel+lig+ible形容词后缀。intelligence — perhaps only an instinct that is mistaken 智力——也许仅仅是一种被弄错的本能。Intelligence is quickness in seeing things as they are.智慧就是迅速看出事物本来面目的能力。The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function.检验一流智力的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ，就是在头脑中同时存在两种相反的想法但仍保持行动能力。 influential （有影响的；有权势的）即in+flu+ential，in-前缀意为“到里面”=into，flu词根意为“流”=flow（flu作单词时意为“流感”，即“流行性感冒”），-ential形容词后缀，故“能流到心里面的”→有影响的。名词与动词形式都是influence←in+flu+ence后缀。That man is admired above all men, who is not influenced by money.不为金钱所动的人是最受崇敬的。There is a boundary to men's passions when they act from feelings; but none when they are under the influence of imagination.当人们凭感觉行动时，与激情尚隔一条界线，而受想象力驱动时则无此界线。 compile （编辑；搜集）即com+pile，com-前缀“一起”，pile堆，故“把文字堆在一起”→编辑；“把资料堆在一起”→搜集。compiler（编辑）←compil(e)+er表“人”；compilation（编纂）←compil(e)+ation名词后缀表“行为”。 splash （n.v.溅）为拟声词。make a splash 炫耀财富；Diplomacy — the art of jumping into trouble without making a splash.外交——纵身跃入麻烦而不溅起水花的艺术。 prediction （预言，预测）即pre+dict+ion，pre-前缀表“在前”，dict词根意为“说”，-ion名词后缀，故“在事情发生前就说的”→预言，动词为predict←pre+dict。 available （可用的，可得到的）。Opportunity is available for everyone, but many of them didn't know they had met with it.人人都能得到机会，但是许多人不知道自己遇到过它。 mutually （相互地）可看作mut(e)+ual+ly，mute（哑的），-ual形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，哑巴之间说话只能靠“相互地”交换手势，形容词为mutual（相互的）。The proper basis for marriage is a mutual misunderstandings.婚姻固有的基础是相互误解。 reinforce （增援，加强）即re+inforce，re-前缀“再”=again，inforce即enforce（加强），故“再次加强”→加强。reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土。 distribution （分发）即dis+tribut+ion，dis-前缀“分离”=apart，tribut词根“给”，-ion名词后缀，故“给出去”→分发。Of great riches there is no real use, except it be in the distribution.巨大的财富除了散布，没有真正的用途。 dramatic （戏剧性的；引人注目的；剧烈的）即drama+tic，drama戏剧、剧本，-tic形容词后缀，表“具……性质”。Has anyone ever seen a dramatic critic in the daytime? Of course not. They come out after dark, up to no good.有谁在白天见过戏剧批评家吗？当然没有。他们天黑才露面，不做什么好事情。 take pride in 以……为骄傲。 emergence （显现）为emerge的名词形式，emerge即e+merge，e-=ex-，表“出来”，merge意为“结合，兼并”，故“从兼并状态中出来”→显现。emergency（紧急情况，突然事件）←e+merg(e)+ency名词后缀。Truth emerges more readily from error than from confusion.在错误中比在混乱中更容易出真理。Coward is one who in a perilous emergency thinks with his legs.懦夫就是在危急时刻用两条腿思考的人。 revive （v.恢复；复苏）即re+vive，re-前缀“回”，vive词根“活的”，故“回到活的状态”→复苏。Any great work of art is great because it creates a special world of its own. It revives and readapts time and space.任何伟大的艺术品之所以伟大，是由于它创造了自己特有的世界。它再现并重新改写了时空。 nonconformist （不合传统规范的；不合传统规范的人）即non-（前缀，“不”）+conform（遵守）+ist（“……的”或“……的人”）。 难句解析： ①The American spymaster who built the Office of  roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. ▲本句的主干结构是The American spymaster was fascinated with information。spymaster的后边是一个定语从句，定语从句里包含由and连接的两个并列句。 △本句一共出现了三个动词，分别是built、laid和was fascinated。应该注意体会它们的逻辑关系。本句的谓语动词是was fascinated，应该首先把它找出来。built和laid处于并列关系，它们的主语是spymaster。 ②These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well. ▲句子的主干是the Net is reshaping Donovan's vocation。两个逗号之间是一个非限定性定语从句，用来补充说明the Net。 △本句应该重点体会逗号在阅读当中的一个用法。两个逗号之间是补充说明成分时，在阅读过程中可以先跳过不读。这样的话可以较迅速地把握出该句的主干结构。 ③The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solution, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. ▲本句的主干结构是The winner was a tiny Virginia company。company的后边有一个过去分词短语和一个定语从句共同修饰它。 △应该重点体会company后边的修饰成分，紧随company之后的是一个过去分词短语作它的后置定语，同时还有一个whose引导的定语从句，也用来限定修饰company。 ④Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. ▲此处的whereby相当于by which、by what，即“凭什么”。所以本句的主干部分是逗号前边的部分，逗号的后边进一步补充说明。on the chance的意思是也许能够（做到某事）、希望能够（做到某事），后边经常接that引导的从句。 △本句应该重点体会whereby以及on the chance的用法。back-and-forthing在此处应译为“往来公文”。 试题解析： 这是一篇说明性的文章，介绍了互联网技术对情报行业的影响。文章第一段便指出，互联网在改变情报行业。第二段进一步说明互联网促使了一种新的情报行业的诞生，运用互联网技术可以获取更多的情报。接下来，作者以Straitford公司为例，介绍该公司如何将网络技术运用于情报工作以及该公司的一些经营理念。整篇文章通俗易懂，虽存在个别生词，但考生可以通过上下文猜测出词义。 基于这篇文章的5道小题考查的范围覆盖了全文，既考查了考生理解具体信息的能力，也考查了考生推测词义、推理引申的能力。5道小题难度适中。 41. [B] 本题的难度值为0.287，难度较大。  该小题考查的是考生是否理解了第一段内容，特别是最后一句话。 那句话是：“These days the Net, which has re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.”。其中，“Donovan's vocation”指的就是“spying”，也就是“intelligence services”（情报行业）。关键在于对“reshape”一词的理解，它的含义是“改造”。 理解了以上这两点就能选出正确答案B。其实B选项就是原文的另一种表述方式。但是，此题只有28.7％的考生选出了正确案，答对率不高。 更多的考生选择的是D。选错的原因可能在于考生对“reshape”与“revive”的词义差别区分不清。“revive”一词的含义是“to come or bring back into use or existence”（<使>复兴，<使>复活），暗含的意思是某事物已不存在或已丧失作用。第一段并没有提到间谍行业曾经消失的信息，从第二段中我们了解到互联网推动了情报行业的发展，也没有找到任何关于情报行业曾经中断的内容，所以D选项的说法是不正确的。 C选项也不正确，关键也在于“re-make”与“restore”的差别。“restore”的含义有：（1）“bring back into existence or use”（该义项与“revive”相近）；（2）“bring back to an original condition”（恢复到原来的状态）。原文说的是，互联网改变了人们日常生活的方式，如：买书，发邮件等。人们现在可以足不出户，通过网络购书或发电子邮件。因此，无论“restore”在此取哪一种义项都与原文意思不符。 A选项也是错误的。选择A的考生对第一句话没有理解。第一句话用“would have loved”虚拟语气说，若Wild Bill Donovan还在世的话，他会爱上互联网的。可见Donovan在世的时候并没有互联网，从后面的几句话中我们也能证实这一点。所以A选项将Donovan说成是互联网的爱好者的说法是错误的。 42. [A] 本题的难度值为0.603，比较容易。区分度为0.411，比较理想。 该小题问作者提起Donovan的目的。 答这类题的时候，考生应从整段或全文的角度去考虑。作者在写文章时举出某个例子时，这个例子一定是围绕着作者想表达的观点。读懂了细节，弄清了篇章结构能有助于把握文章主旨，反过来，了解了文章的大致主题和观点也可帮助我们吃透细节。其实，在篇首对Donovan的介绍只是一个引子，导出的是作者要谈的主题，即第一段的最后一句话。在后面的几段中，作者介绍了互联网对情报工作的影响。所以答案是A。 有部分考生选择了C，原因在于没有理解文章的主题。 这道题属于中等难度偏易的题目，区分度较好。 43. [C] 本题的难度值为0.682，比较容易。 该小题考查的是考生对词组词义的猜测能力。 “make a splash”的含义是“to create a forceful, favorable, and noticeable effect”。即使不知道这个词组的含义，也可以从下文中推测出：Straitford公司是这个新领域的佼佼者，所以答案是C。 其他三个选项在文章中找不到依据。 这道题属于中等难度偏易的题目，区分度较好。 44. [D] 本题的难度值为0.398，中等难度。 该小题考查的是考生的推理、引申能力。 第四段主要讲的是：Friedman将互联网作为一个双向的工具，既用来收集信息，又用来发布信息。然后以乌克兰(Ukraine)的例子说明网络互动的实际作用。 A选项的说法没有根据，因为文中只说了Stfaitford公司作出了关于乌克兰局势的预测，并没有信息说明预言是否成真。 B选项的说法“Straitford公司确保情报的真实性”与原文意思有些不符。第四段最后一句说，利用互联网收集情报是有风险的，因为情报的真伪难辨。Straitford公司就是靠辨别真伪情报吃饭的。从这两句话中可以知道，Straitford公司能提供相当可靠的情报，但没有保证情报百分之百准确，从常理上说也是不可能的。所以B的说法太绝对。 C选项说的是Straitford公司生意的特点是不可预测性，这种说法在文中也找不到根据。 这道小题属于中等难度的题目。 45. [B] 本题的难度值为0.458，中等难度。区分度为0.374，比较理想。 该小题考查的是考生对最后一段内容的理解。 答案可以在最后一句话中找出：“Straitford，says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.”。Straitford公司引以为豪的是其独立的立场。与其他公司不同，Straitford公司避免外界的左右。B选项其实就是“independent voice”的另一种说法。 其他三个选项或没有说到点子上或缺乏依据，都是错误的。 该题属于中等难度题，区分度较好。 全文翻译： 比尔·多诺汶肯定会喜欢网络。这位美国间谍大王对情报着迷，他曾经在第二次世界大战时建立了战略事务办公室，后来又为中央情报局的成立打下了基础。多诺汶相信，在谍报职业这个“大游戏”中可以使用任何手段。如今，互联网已经改变了买书和寄信这样的日常活动，也正在改变多诺汶曾经从事的这个职业。 最近的这次革命性的改变不仅仅是一个人偷看别人的电子邮件的问题，这样的电子间谍活动已经存在了数十年。在过去的三四年中，国际互联网已经派生出一个可称为点击谍报的完整的产业。间谍们把它称为“公开来源情报”。随着互联网的增长，这样的情报变得越来越有影响力。1995年中央情报局举办了一个竞赛，看谁能够收集到关于“布隆迪”的最多信息。胜者胜出了一大截，却是弗吉尼亚的一家小公司，名为“公开来源解决 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 ”，它的明显优势是它对电子世界的把握。 在这个新的电子世界中最引起轰动的是一个叫司特雷福的公司，它是得克萨斯州奥斯汀市的一个私营的情报分析公司。该公司的业务是将覆盖全球各个国家的情报销售给“麦克德莫国际”这样的能源公司。它的许多预测在网上都可以查阅，网址www.straitford.com。 该公司的总裁乔治·弗莱德曼说，他把网络世界视为情报收集和情报发布两方面相互增强的工具，是间谍们的梦想。上周，他的公司正在从远在世界的另一角落收集零散的信息，并预测在乌克兰将发生一场危机。“一旦这个报道发布，我们将从乌克兰突然新增500个浏览用户，”弗莱德曼，一位前政治科学教授说，“我们将听到其中一些人的回应。”当然公开来源的谍报活动的确有它的风险，因为很难区分正确与错误的信息。这正是司特雷福公司挣饭吃的地方。 弗莱德曼只在奥斯汀市雇用了为数不多的雇员。其中的一些有军事情报工作背景。他把公司的“局外人”地位视为它成功的关键。司特雷福公司的简报听上去不像华盛顿当局常常提供的躲闪的言辞，政府机构往往避免发布引人注目的言论，因为这些言论可能出错。弗莱德曼说，司特雷福公司为其独立的声音而感到自豪。 2003 Text 2 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way — in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to ________. [A] call on scientists to take some actions [B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights [C] warn of the doom of biomedical research [D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement 47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is ________. [A] cruel but natural [B] inhuman and unacceptable [C] inevitable but vicious [D] pointless and wasteful 48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's ________. [A] discontent with animal research [B] ignorance about medical science [C] indifference to epidemics [D] anxiety about animal rights 49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should ________. [A] communicate more with the public [B] employ hi-tech means in research [C] feel no shame for their cause [D] strive to develop new cures 50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is ________. [A] a well-known humanist [B] a medical practitioner [C] an enthusiast in animal rights [D] a supporter of animal research 重点词汇： paraphrase （n.v.释意）即para+phrase，para-前缀表“在旁边、辅助”，phrase即“短语；用短语表达”，故“用短语辅助表达”→释意。以para-为前缀的单词还有paragraph（文章的段、节；短评）←para+graph写；parameter（参数）←para+meter计量；parasite（寄生虫）←para+site地点。guangxian注：与真题文章开头paraphrase时引用的Edmund Burke的话相类似，在布鲁斯·威利斯(Bruce Willis)主演的2003年影片Tears of the Sun结尾时整屏显示的是：“The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. — Edmund Burke”。←guangxian：然而至今尚无任何证据表明Edmund Burke曾说过这些“名言”。 biomedical （生物医学的）←bio生物+medic医疗+al形容词后缀。 respond （v.回复；响应）即re+spond，re-(=back)，spond词根“请求”，于是“回复请求”→响应。One of the few experiences which never pall is the experience for watching one's own interests, responds to new stimuli, and develops new thoughts.令人永不生厌的不多的几种体验之一，是观察自己的头脑，看它是如何产生新的兴趣、对新的刺激作出反应及发展新的思想。（←stimuli是stimulus的复数形式。） advocate （v.提倡n.倡议者；辩护人）即ad+voc+ate，ad-前缀表“加强”，voc词根意为“声音”（即voice，因为元音可任意增减替换），-ate为动词后缀（作名词后缀时表“人”）。 argument （辩论；论据，论点）为argue（v.辩论；主张）的名词形式。Never argue at the dinner table, for the one who is not hungry always gets the best of the argument.绝不要在餐桌上争论，因为肚子不饿的人总是占上风。Truth is always the strongest argument.事实永远是最强有力的论据。argument — ①the longest distance between two points of view ②an event that leaves either party convinced that he is more correct 争论——①两种观点之间的最远距离 ②一个使双方都确信自己更正确的事件。 allegation （宣称）即al+leg+ation，al-前缀表“加强”，leg词根意为“说”（如legend→leg说+end名词后缀表“物”→人们都在说的东西→传奇），-ation名词后缀。allege为其动词形式。 perplex （使困惑，使复杂化）即per+plex，per-前缀表“完全”，plex词根意为“重叠”，故“完全重叠在一起分不清了”→困惑。同根词为complex→com一起+plex→重叠在一起的→复杂的；综合的；联合体。 brochure （小册子）源自法语，词形与brother相似→兄弟们每人手里拿着本小册子。 immunization （免疫作用）←immune（免疫的；免除的），immunity（免疫；免除），immunize（使免疫；使免除）。Immune←im+mun+e，im-=in-表“否定”（因后接字母m，故in-变形为im-），mun（本为词根，此不论）可分解为mu+n←读作“母牛”←最初为防天花而施行的最有效的免疫法即是在奶牛身上试验出来的，故谓之“种牛痘”。 vaccine （疫苗）即vacc(a)+ine，vacca是拉丁文“牛”（开头两字母V和A表带角牛头），-ine后缀多用于医药名词（如medicine），该词是当初科学家发表“牛痘”论文时创造的。vaccination （接种疫苗）←vaccin(e)+ation名词后缀。vaccine — a microbe with its face washed 疫苗——洗过脸的微生物。 epidemic （流行的；流行病）与academic形似→学术思潮像流行病一样流行。 deceptive （欺骗的，蒙蔽的）→deceive（v.欺骗，蒙蔽）→deception（n.欺骗，蒙蔽）；类似单词有receptive（善接受的）→receive（v.接收；招待）→reception（接收；招待；招待会）。Nature never deceives us; it is we who deceive ourselves.大自然从不欺骗我们，欺骗我们的是我们自己。deceptions — the oil to the wheels of life 欺骗——生活车轮的润滑油。 ultimate （最终的；根本的），马丁·路德·金(Martin Luther King)说：The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.衡量一个人的最终尺度，不是看他在舒适顺利的时候站在哪里，而是看他在受到非难和争议的时候站在哪里。 recruit （v.征兵；招募n.新兵；新成员）即re+cruit，re-前缀表“反复”，cruit词根意为“创造”（=create，因为元音字母可增减替换），玩星际（zerg，哈哈）的时候不就要拼命“反复、一再”地create兵吗？ vicious （邪恶的，恶毒的）即vic(e)+ious，vice即名词“邪恶”，-ious为形容词后缀。The more virtuous any man is, the less easily does he suspect others to be vicious.任何人越高尚，就越不容易疑心别人邪恶。 ignorance （无知；不知道）即ig+nor(e)+ance，ig-否定前缀，nor词根表“知道”=know，-ance名词后缀。ignorant（无知的）；ignore（v.忽视）。It is impossible to defeat an ignorant man in argument.在争论中无法击败无知者。Not ignorance, but the ignorance of ignorance, is the death of knowledge.不是无知，而是对无知的无知，才是知识的死亡。ignorance — when you don't know something and somebody finds it out 无知——你不知道某事而又被人发现了。The more you study, the more you'll find yourself ignorant.越学习越会发现自己无知。ignorant person — is one who doesn't know what you have just found out 无知的人——不知道你刚刚发现的事情的人。 extinguish （v.熄灭，灭绝）→extinct（a.熄灭的，灭绝的），类似的有distinguish（v.区别，辨别）→distinct（独特的，明显的）。Absence is to love what wind is to fire; it extinguishes the small, it inflames the great.离别之于爱情有如风之于火，它熄灭小火，却使大火燃烧更旺。 bypass 心脏搭桥；ember 灰烬（但火焰尚未完全熄灭），多用复数形式。 难句解析： ①All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing. ▲本句的谓语动词是后边的is。主语中心词是all。all的后边接了一个that引导的定语从句。谓语动词is的后边是一个表语从句。 △此句话不长，但是结构并不简单。要想把意思看透彻应该从抓主干成分开始，然后仔细琢磨词与词之间的修饰关系。同时还应体会两个that的不同用法。第一个that在定语从句当中充当主语，第二个that是引导表语从句的，不充当成分。 ②Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. ▲逗号的前边是主句，主句可以缩为Scientists need to respond to advocates。逗号的后边是一个非限定性定语从句，whose指代的是animal rights advocates。and把confusing和threatening连接了起来。 △体会一下thereby的用法。从此句中可以看出thereby并没有连接句子，它是副词，表示“借以”、“由此”、“在那一点上”、“在那一方面”，相当于by that means、in that connection。 ③For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines. ▲本句的主干结构是a woman was distributing a brochure。brochure的后边跟了一个that引导的定语从句，限定修饰brochure。anything的后边也接一个定语从句限定修饰anything。 △staff在此句中作动词使用，意思为provide with、act as。现在分词短语staffing an animal rights booth作woman的后置定语。 ④To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. ▲本句的主干结构在最后一个逗号的后边，即animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines，此部分的主干成分是to those，those的后边跟了一个who引导的定语从句。 △...at best ...at worst是一个非常地道的英文表达形式，可以译为“往最好的方面看……往最坏的方面看……”。 ⑤Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. ▲本句是由because连接的两个句子。主句的主干结构是the health research community should recruit to its cause not only... but...。Stephen Cooper的后边接了一个who引导的非限定性定语从句，用来补充说明他的情况。 △本句是本篇文章中最长的一个句子，有一定的难度。阅读的突破点还是应该努力抓其最核心的主干部分。另外还要抓住not only... but...之间的平行结构。 试题解析： 这是一篇论说文。文章的内容大致是这样的：作者举例说明许多动物权益保护者并不了解生物医学的真实情况和意义，而一味地反对生物医学，使广大群众也受到了蒙蔽。针对这一点，作者指出科学家应采取措施与大众多交流，避免由于人们的无知而阻碍了生物医学的发展。 基于这篇文章的5个小题考查了考生把握文章要义的能力，理解文章结构的能力以及推理、引申的能力。从考生的答题情况看，这篇文章的题目是四篇文章中最简单的。5个小题的区分度都较好。 46. [A] 本题的难度值为0.316，中等难度。 该小题问的是作者在篇首引用Edmund Burke的话的含义。 这道题与第42小题有类似之处，实际上考查了考生对文章主旨要义的理解。篇首的话在篇尾得到了呼应：“If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.”。一首一尾的呼应突出了这篇文章的中心：呼唤科学家们采取行动，切勿让人们的无知阻碍了医学的发展。所以应该选A。答对的考生有31.6％，属中等难度的题目，区分度较好。 有43.4％的考生选择了B，错误的原因在于没有抓住文章的中心要义。 47. [B] 本题的难度值为0.631，比较容易。区分度为0.344，比较理想。 该题问的是受误导的人们是怎样看待用动物做试验的。 从前两段和第三段的最后一句中，我们了解到，受到误导的人们认为用动物做研究是残酷的、不可思议的。四个选项中，B最符合原文。 A项中提到了“cruel”，但是“natural”不对，正相反，人们认为那是非常不合情理的。 C项说的是“不可避免的，但含有恶意的”，也不正确。 D项说的是“毫无意义，浪费的”。实际上，人们的反对态度很强烈。D项虽无原则上的错误，但是不如B项更贴近原文意思。 该题属于中等难度偏易的题目，区分度较好。 48. [B] 本题的难度值为0.444，中等难度。区分度为0.386，比较理想。 该题主要是考查考生是否理解论据在文章中的作用，是否能从众多信息中找出作者的观点。 这个例子不难理解，说的是一位老太太向大家散发传单，号召大家不要用任何来自于动物或在动物身上试验过的东西。当问及是否反对使用疫苗时，老太大并不知道疫苗是从动物研究中得来的。她认为，若疫苗也来源于动物，那么就不应使用疫苗，流行病自有科学家们用计算机来解决。可见老太太对科学的无知。而她的这种无知是很普遍的。第二段最后一句话感叹：“Such well-meaning people just don't understand.”（这些好心人压根就不明白）。所以答案为B。 有部分考生选择了A，我们一起看一下A为什么不对。A说的是公众对动物试验的不满。的确，人们很反感用动物做试验，但是，老太太的例子就是为了说明这一点吗？这个论据反映的是什么论点呢？考生可以从全文的角度看。文章的重点不在描写公众有多愤怒，而在于指出公众不满的根源——对医学研究不了解，然后呼唤科学家们针对这个根源采取行动。所以老太太的例子反映的是公众的无知。A不正确。 C、D也是类似错误。 该小题属中等难度题，区分度较好。 49. [A] 本题的难度值为0.841，比较容易。区分度为0.452，很理想。 该题考查的是考生对作者观点的理解，解题线索可在最后两段中找出。作者向科学家们提出的建议都是有助于他们与公众更好的交流。答案很明显，是A。 该题属较容易的题，区分度很理想。 50. [D] 本题的难度值为0.677，比较容易。区分度为0.373，比较理想。 该题考查考生的推理能力。 从最后一段，我们可以找到线索：“Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients... Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research...”。从这句话中，我们知道Cooper是个名人，也是病患者，他曾经高度赞扬过动物研究的价值。所以，我们可以推断出他是支持动物研究的。答案是D。 该小题属中等难度偏易的题目。 全文翻译： 18世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“一个被误导的事业如果要成功，它惟一需要的是好人无所作为”。一个这样的事业现在正在寻求终止生物医学的研究，因为有这样一种理论说，动物享有权利禁止它们被用于实验。科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强有力的回应，因为他们的言论混淆了公众的视听，从而威胁到卫生知识和卫生服务的进步。动物权利运动的领导者将矛头指向生物医学研究，原因在于它依赖公共资金的资助，并且很少有人懂得医学研究的过程。当人们听到医学实验虐待动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物。 例如，在近期的一次集市上，一位老奶奶站在动物权利宣传点前散发小册子，规劝人们不要使用动物制品和动物实验制品——肉类，毛皮，药物。当被问到她是否反对免疫接种时，她问疫苗是否来自动物实验。当被告知的确如此，她回答道，“那么我不得不说，是的，我反对接种”。当被问到瘟疫爆发怎么办时，她说，“不用担心，科学家会找到一种方法，用计算机来解决问题”。看，这样好心的人们就是不明白。 科学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众，并且要使用有同情心和通俗易懂的语言，一般人能够明白的语言，而不要使用分子生物学的语言。我们需要说明动物实验与祖母的髋骨更换、父亲的心脏搭桥、婴儿的免疫接种、甚至宠物的注射针剂都密切相关。许多人不明白获得这些新的治疗方法和疫苗都必须进行动物实验。对于他们来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好是残忍。 有很多事情可以做。科学家可以进入中学课堂，展示他们的实验结果。他们应该对报刊的读者来信及时做出反应，以防止动物权利的误导言论在毫无质疑的情况下横行，从而获得一副真理的面容。科研机构应该对外开放，让人参观，向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人道的对待。最后，因为最终决定因素是病人，医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取斯蒂芬·库柏这样的名人的支持——他对动物实验的价值勇敢地进行了肯定——而且应该争取所有接受治疗的病人的支持。如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。 2003 Text 3 In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market. 51. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because ________. [A] cost reduction is based on competition [B] services call for cross-trade coordination [C] outside competitors will continue to exist [D] shippers will have the railway by the throat 52. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry? [A] Indifferent. [B] Supportive. [C] Indignant. [D] Apprehensive. 53. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that ________. [A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad [B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide [C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief [D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business 54. The word "arbiters" (line 6, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those ________. [A] who work as coordinators [B] who function as judges [C] who supervise transactions [D] who determine the price 55. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by ________. [A] the continuing acquisition [B] the growing traffic [C] the cheering Wall Street [D] the shrinking market 重点词汇： merge （v.合并）比emerge（v.出现；形成）少首字母e，merger （n.合并）←merge+r名词后缀。 monopoly （n.垄断；专利权）即mono+poly，mono-前缀“单独的”，poly（词根=sell）可看作play，于是“一个人玩”→垄断。动词为monopolize←mono+pol(y)+ize动词后缀。含前缀mono-的单词另如：monotonous（单调的）←mono+ton调+ous形容词后缀；monoxide（一氧化物）←mon(o)+ox氧+ide化合物；monocracy（独裁统治）←mono+cracy统治。Liberty and monopoly cannot live together.自由与垄断不能并存。monopoly — business at the end of its journey 垄断——穷途末路的商业。 substantial （实质的；坚固的；富裕的）←sub在下面+st(=stand)+antial形容词后缀。名词为substance（物质；实质；财产）←sub+st+ance。Every person born in the USA is endowed with life, liberty and a substantial share of the national debt.生在美国的每个人都被赋予生命、自由和国债的大量份额。 reduction （减少）←re(=back)+duc引导+tion名词后缀；reduce （v.减少；还原）←re+duce。同根词：deduce（v.演绎）←de(=away)+duce；deduction（演绎；推论）←de+duc+tion。The tendency of modern science is to reduce proof to absurdity by continually reducing absurdity to proof.现代科学的趋势，是以不断地把谬论化为证明来使证明沦为谬论。reducing diet — the taming of the chew 节食——驯服咀嚼。 coordinate （使协调；同等的；坐标的；坐标）即co+ordin+ate，co-前缀=together，ordin词根意为“in order”，-ate后缀，于是“按次序摆在一起”→使协调；“按次序摆在一起的”→同等的。coordination（协调；同等）←co+ordin+ation名词后缀；coordinator （协调者；同等的人或物）←co+ordin+at(e)+or人或物。 fierce （激烈的；凶猛的）The fiercest agonies have shortest reign.最强烈的痛苦持续时间最短。 compete （v.竞争；竞赛）即com+pet+e，com-前缀“一起”，pet（本为词根，此不论）宠物，“在一起争宠”；competition （竞争；竞赛）←com+pet+ition名词后缀；competitor （竞争者）←com+pet+itor后缀表“人”。Art is the unceasing effort to compete with the beauty of flowers — and never succeeding.艺术就是与鲜花之美竞争的不断努力——而且从未成功。The biggest things are always the easiest to do because there is no competition.最大的事总是最容易做的事，因为不存在竞争。 shipper 托运者，货主。 consolidation （巩固，加强）←con(=together)+solid坚固+ation名词后缀，动词为consolidate←con+solid+ate。 captive （a.被俘虏的n.俘虏）←capt抓+ive后缀。You're not free until you've been made captive by supreme belief.在被至上的信仰俘获之前，你不是自由的。 discrimination （辨别；歧视）即dis分离+crimin+ation名词后缀，crimin可看作criminal（罪犯）→要把罪犯“辨别”开来，但不可“歧视”；动词为discriminate←dis+crimin+ate。discriminate between 区分，辨别；discriminate against 歧视，不一样对待。 switching （n.开关；转换）←switch+ing，switch（v.n.开关；转换），-ing后缀。When the man you like switches from what he said a year ago, or four years ago, he is a broadminded person who has courage enough to change his mind with changing conditions. When a man you don't like does it, he is a liar who has broken his promises.当你喜欢的人改变一年前或四年前的说法时，他是个有足够勇气随时修正意见的坦荡的人；当你不喜欢的人这么做，他就是个食言的骗子。I find television very educational. Every time someone switches it on I go into another room and read a good book.我发现电视有很好的教育功能。因为每次有人打开电视，我就跑到另外的房间去读一本好书。 subscribe （v.订购；捐助；签署；赞成）即sub在下面+scribe写→“在下面写上自己的名字”，名词为subscription；同根词describe（v.描述）即de向下+scribe写→“写下来”，名词为description。subscriber — someone who wants to read the same every morning, but on freshly printed paper 捐款者——每天早上都想读到同一内容的人，但要在新印的报纸上。 flourish （v.繁荣）即flour+ish动词后缀，flour为词根=flower，也可看作单词“面粉”→“使像面粉一样撒得到处都是”→繁荣。The sciences are of sociable disposition, and fourish best in the neighborhood of each other.各门科学性喜交际，因而在相邻地带最为繁荣。 arbiter （仲裁者，权威人士）可参arbitrary（任意的，专断的）记忆，动词为arbitrate（仲裁）。arbiter — ①the only man who is completely satisfied with the final settlement ②a man who listens to both sides, studies the evidence, and then mispronounces judgment 仲裁者——①唯一对最后解决方案完全满意的人 ②聆听双方陈说，研究证据，最后误读判决的人。 fortune （运气；财富）可看作for+tune，争取“运气”与“财富”是为了(for)生活的和谐(tune)。Every man is the artisan of his own fortune.每个人都是制造其自身命运的工匠。Honesty is incompatible with amassing a large fortune.诚实与积聚大量财产是不相容的。 invest （v.投资）←in+vest，in在里面，vest看作单词“马甲”，“投资大量金钱生产马甲”。It is very much easier for a rich man to invest and grow richer than for the poor man to begin investing at all.富人投资并变得更加富有，要比穷人能够开始投资容易得多。 attitude （态度；看法；姿势）与latitude（纬度）一起记：因为“态度”的“态”拼音声母为t，故attitude双写t；因为“纬度”是标示在一根根与赤道平行的拉(la)长的纬线上的，故latitude以la开头。Civilization is a method of living, an attitude of equal respect for all men.文明是一种生活方法，一种对所有的人同样尊重的态度。 apprehensive （有理解力的；忧虑的）←ap(=to)+prehen抓+sive形容词后缀，名词为apprehension（理解；忧虑）←ap+prehen+sion；同根词：comprehensive（能理解的；广泛的）、comprehension（理解；包含）。 难句解析： ①But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. ▲本句是由三个分句构成的，分别由but和and两个连接词连接。第一个分句中complain的后边跟了一个that引导的宾语从句。 △阅读逗号较多的句子时，抓出其中的连词也是一种方法。虽然本句话看上去较乱，但是抓住了but和and层次感也就出来了。“have... by the throat”在此处译为“卡住……的脖子，主宰……”。 ②Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. ▲本句是由三个分句构成的，分别由but和and两个连接词连接。第一个分句较长，可以缩句为shippers have the right。shipper的后边跟了一个who引导的定语从句。 △本句的结构与上句非常相像。阅读的时候建议还是先抓出两个连词，然后再各个分句逐个击破。 ③If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue，shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. ▲这是一个由if引导的条件状语从句。主句的主干是shippers would do so。Shipper的后边接了一个who引导的定语从句。最后一个逗号的后边是一个现在分词短语作状语。 △最后一个逗号的后边有两个现在分词，但是用法有所不同。leaving sb. to do sth.这个现在分词短语充当状语。而remaining这个现在分词时作customers的定语，可以译为“剩余的客户”。 ④It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. ▲本句是由but连接的两个分句。第一个分句的主干部分是It's a theory，后边紧跟了一个which引导的定语从句。but后边的分句的主语是it，谓语是leave。determining的后边接了两个并列的宾语从句：which companies will flourish and which will fail。 △要注意subscribe的用法，它作“订阅”或“订购”意思讲的时候，是不及物动词，后面应该接to，比如：subscribe to China Daily，此处应该引申译为“采取”(adopt)；它作及物动词时候表示“捐献”，比如：subscribe fifty dollars to a local charity。 试题解析： 这是一篇经济类的文章。在文章中，作者对铁路行业中并购的状况和趋势进行了观察，阐述了并购支持者和铁路托运商对铁路行业垄断的不同看法，以及他们对并购可能带来的影响的看法。考生对这类题材也许不太熟悉。但是，经济是社会生活的一个重要组成部分，是考生在生活中不可避免的话题。而且，这篇文章的专业性并不强，题目也都是从语言理解能力方面考查，所以这篇文章是符合大纲 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 的。 这篇文章的语言不难，存在一些生词，但是生词的数量并没有超出大纲允许的范围。实际上，在真实的语言环境中，我们在阅读中总会碰到生词，即使是英语国家的人们也是如此。考生应该掌握这样的阅读能力，即在不认识一些词语的情况下，通过上下文来推断和猜测词义以读懂文章。这种能力是实际语言环境要求我们掌握的。 这篇文章的几个文字难点是：“merge”，“'captive' shipper”等。“merge”一词虽未列入大纲词汇表，对考生来说是个生词，但是考生可以通过上下文理解它的含义。文章的第一句是：“In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems...”，从“combining with each other”我们可以猜出“merging”的意思是“合并”。“shipper”一词是动词“ship”（意思是“to send [esp. a large article] to a distant place by post or other means”，“运送”）加上后缀“er”构成的，表示“托运货物的人”或称“货主”，在文中指的是依靠铁路运输货物的商家，铁路公司的客户。“captive”的原义为“被俘虏的”，引申义为“受限制的”。这两个词在大纲上都已列出，考生应能通过构词法的知识猜测、引申出它们的含义。 这篇文章5个小题除第52小题较难外，其他小题都属中等难度的题目。 51. [C] 本题的难度值为0.561，中等难度。区分度为0.440，很理想。 该小题考查的是考生对具体信息的理解能力。 题目问的是并购支持者为什么认为铁路行业内不会形成垄断。答案要在第二段的前半段中找，后半段说的是货主们的观点。支持者认为：“Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.”，意思是：因为要和卡车（指公路运输）竞争，所以不存在垄断的可能。所以C选项最符合文章的意思。 A项不对，文章说支持者认为合并能降低成本，与竞争没有关系。 B项没有根据。 D项把主语和宾语弄反了，而且也不是支持者的观点，所以也是错误的。 该小题属中等难度，区分度很好。 52. [D] 本题的难度值为0.166，偏难。 　 上题问的是支持者的观点，本题问的是货主的态度，要求考生根据文中所提供的线索做判断。 通过文章中几处对托运商的描述，如：“But many shippers complain that...”（第2段），“Many captive shipper also worry...”（第5段），“Many captive shippers fear that...”（第5段），我们可以判断出货主的态度是忧虑的，对未来的状况忧心忡忡。所以D选项是正确的。 较多的考生选择的是C。C项的含义是“愤怒的”。这篇文章是论说性的文章，反映的是各方对铁路行业内合并的趋势和前景的看法。文中的许多描述用的是将来时，因为是对未来的推测。文中并没有线索说明货主们有强烈的敌对情绪，C项言过其实了。 该题的难度值较低。 53. [C] 本题的难度值为0.618，比较容易。 该小题考查的是考生的推理、引申能力。 A项正好与原文意思相反。从第三段第二句中，我们得知铁路公司合并后，铁路公司向货主们收取的费用是以前的20％至30％，所以，应该是“Shippers will be charged more without a rival railroad.”。 B项缺乏依据，所以也是不对的。 C项是正确的，因为文章里说到：货主们若认为铁路公司收费不合理，可以向联邦政府的机构申请降低收费。但是，因为申诉的过程耗时费钱，所以极少人提出申诉。由此，我们可以推断出受到剥削的货主们不大可能提出申诉。 D项说的是政府能保证铁路行业内的公平竞争。这种说法缺乏依据。事实上，由于货主们申诉的困难大，大多数情况下政府部门根本管不着。 该小题属中等难度偏易的题目。 54. [B] 本题的难度值为0.562，中等难度。区分度为0.361，比较理想。 该小题考查的是考生猜测生词词义的能力。 “arbiter”的意思是“仲裁者”。考生可以通过上下文猜测到这个含义。这个词出现在第四段的最后一句，其实它要表述的内容已在前一句体现了：“It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.”。由此，我们可以猜测出“arbiter”指的是“those who are in the position of determining something”，就可得出答案B。 考生应知道，语言交流中，重复是一种常用的修辞手段，以强调某个信息或观点。文章中也常会利用重复手法。所以，考生猜测词义时不应只限于一个句子，而应从上下文寻找线索。 D项虽有“determine”一词，但是意思不对。文中说的意思是，因为铁路对不同的顾客收取的费用不同，这种不公平使铁路公司无形中决定了托运商的命运（一些托运商的花费就会比其他托运商的高出很多，从而影响了他们的效益），所以铁路公司就好比是商场中的裁判，能决定谁赢谁输。D项的含义不准确。 该题属中等难度的题目，区分度较好。 55. [A] 本题的难度值为0.325，中等难度。 该小题问的是铁路成本提高的主要原因，考查的是考生对文中因果关系的把握。 最后一段以具体事例说明，铁路公司并购需要借很多的资金，是铁路公司目前的收入远远不能填补的。所以，铁路的经营成本提高。A是正确的。 至于B项，文中提到铁路公司还没有足够的钱去增加投资，以满足快速发展的交通的需要，但是，这并不是引起成本提高的主要原因，文章的重点并不在此。