陕西四级英语真题试卷：阅读真题仔细阅读第一套

2020年9月陕西四级英语真题试卷：阅读真题仔细阅读第一套　　Doesthinkingyoulookfataffecthowmuchmoneyyouearn?　　Twothingspeopleoftenthinkaboutaremoneyandtheirappearance.Pastresearchhasshownthatthereisacorrelationbetweenthetwo:Peoplesubjectivelyconsideredattractiveearnmore.　　AddThisSharingButtons　　SharetoFacebook　　SharetoTwitterSharetoWhatsAppSharetoLinkedInSharetoEmail　　Sunday,July15,2018-12:45PM　　PatriciaSmithandJayL.Zagorsky　　Twothingspeopleoftenthinkaboutaremoneyandtheirappearance.Pastresearchhasshownthatthereisacorrelationbetweenthetwo:Peoplesubjectivelyconsideredattractiveearnmore.　　Andbodyweightplaysamajorroleinattractiveness.Aperson'sbodymassindex-whichadjustsaperson'sweightfortheirheight-andtheirsuccessintheworkplacearelinked.Putsimply,thinpeople,especiallywomen,arerewardedmorethantheirlargercolleagues.Butthosestudiesonlyconsideredhowotherpeopleperceiveyou.　　Innewresearch,welookedattheflipside:Doesourownperceptionofourbodies,evenwhenincorrect,makeadifference?Inotherwords,doesthinkingyoulookfatorskinnyaffectyourwages?　　Knowingifaworker'sownperceptionofhisorherweightmakesadifference-ratherthanonlytheemployer's-couldhelpdeterminethebestwaytomitigatetheimpactofweightdiscriminationonearnings.Inaddition,abetterunderstandingofgenderdifferencesinweightperceptionmighthelpexplainthepersistentgenderwagegap.　　Plussizemodel.　　Pressureto'lookgood'　　Americansspendbillionsofdollarseachyearonmakingminorchangestotheirappearancewithmakeup,hairdyeandothercosmetics.Wealsospendbillionstryingtochangeourweightwithdiets,gymmembershipsandplasticsurgery.　　Tryingtoliveuptothepervasiveimagesof"perfect"modelsandmovieheroeshasadarkside:body-shaming,anxietyanddepression,aswellasunhealthystrategiesforweightlossormusclegain.Forexample,anorexianervosainvolvestheextremeover-perceptionofweightandclaimsthelivesofroughly10percentofitsvictims.Italsohasafinancialcost.HavinganeatingdisorderboostsannualhealthcarecostsbynearlyUS$2,000perperson.　　Whyistherebothexternalandinternalpressuretolook"perfect"?Onereasonisthatsocietyrewardspeoplewhoarethinandhealthylooking.Researchershaveshownthatbodymassindexisrelatedtowagesandincome.Especiallyforwomen,thereisaclearpenaltyatworkforbeingoverweightorobese.Somestudieshavealsofoundanimpactformen,thoughalessnoticeableone.　　Americansspendmillionsofdollarstochangetheirappearanceswithhairdye,makeupandplasticsurgery.　　Doesweightperceptionmatter?　　Whiletheresearchliteratureisclearthatlabormarketsuccessispartlybasedonhowemployersandcustomersperceiveyourbodyimage,noonehadexploredtheothersideofquestion.Doesaperson'sownperceptionofbodyimagemattertoearningsandotherindicatorsofsuccessintheworkplace?　　Insimpleterms,doesitchangeyourwagesifyouthinkofyourselfasoverweightwhenyouarenot?Orifyouthinkofyourselfasskinny,wheninrealityyouarenot,doesthismisperceptionaffectyourabilitytofindandkeepajob?　　Wewereinterestedinansweringthesequestionsbecauseitisofteneasiertofixyourownviewofyourselfthantofixtheentireworld's.　　OurrecentlypublishedstudyansweredthisquestionbytrackingalargenationalrandomsampleofthefirstwaveofU.S.millennials,bornintheearly1980s.Wefollowedabout9,000ofthemstartingin1997whentheywereteenagersandending15yearslaterwhentheoldestwas31.Ourresearchfollowedtheserespondentsoveracriticaltimeperiodwhenbodieschangefromteenageshapeintoadultformandwhenpeoplebuildtheiridentities.　　Thesurveyaskedrespondentstoreporttheiractualweightandheight.Italsoaskedeachtoclassifythemselveseachyearas"veryoverweight,""overweight,""abouttherightweight,""slightlyunderweight"or"veryunderweight."Thisenabledustocompareeachperson'sclinicallydefinedBMIcategory,suchasbeingunderweight,withhisorherperception.　　Asinotherresearch,womeninoursampletendtoover-perceiveweight-theythinkthey'reheavierthantheyare-whilementendtounder-perceivetheirs.　　Americansspendbillionsongymmembershipseveryyear.　　Whatotherpeoplethinkmattersmore　　Whileself-perceivedweight,especiallywhenincorrect,caninfluenceself-esteem,mentalhealthandhealthbehaviors,wefoundnorelationshipbetweentheaverageperson'sself-perceptionofweightandlabormarketoutcomeslikewages,weeksworkedandthenumberofjobs.　　Inotherwords,it'snotwhatyouthinkaboutyourappearancethatmattersintheworkplace,it'sjustwhatotherpeoplethink.Worryingifeatinganothercookiewillmakeyoulookfatmayharmyourself-esteem,butthinkingyou'reoverweightlikelywillnotaffectyourearnings.　　Becausewefindthatwomenearnlowerwagesthanmendoevenwhenaccountingforweightperceptiondifferences,itappearsthewell-knowngenderpaygapisnotduetodifferencesinself-perceivedweight.　　Whilethecontinuedgenderpenaltyinthelabormarketisfrustrating,ourfindingthatmisperceivedweightdoesnotharmworkersismoreheartening.Weightmisperceptioniscommon,butthinkingyou'reheavierorlighterthanyouaredoesn'tdampenearnings.　　Atthesametime,it'simportanttorememberthatalthoughself-perceivedweightdoesn'tappeartoaffectwages,itstilltakesatollonmentalandphysicalhealth.　　Passingoverheavierworkerstohireorpromotelessproductivebutthinnerworkersisinefficientandunfair.Ourresultsindicatethatexpandingeffortstoreducediscriminationonthebasisofbodyweightintheworkplaceisimportant.　　Sinceemployers'perceptionofweightiswhatmattersinthelabormarket,policiestoreducethesocialstigmatizationofbodyweight,suchascurbingbody-shaming,makesense.Changingdiscriminationlawstoincludebodytypeasacategorywouldalsohelp.Forexample,Michiganistheonlystatethatprohibitsdiscriminationonthebasisofweightandheight.　　Webelieveexpandingsuchprotectionswouldmakethelabourmarketmoreefficientandfair.　　46-50(diets)　　46:DAttemptingtomeetsociety’Sexpectationofappear-ance　　47:BTheyhavetodowithpeople’sbodyweightandshape.　　48:CWhetherself-perceptionofbodyimageimpactsone’Sworkplacesuccess.　　49:BPeoplearenotadverselyaffectedintheworkplacebyfalseself-perceptionofbodyweight.　　50:ABanningdiscriminationonthebassofemployeesbodyimage。　　51-55(work-lifebalance)　　51.DTheconceptofwork-lifebalancecontributeslittletoafulfillinglife.　　52.AItimpactshowwethinkandbehave.　　53:CWedomeaningfulworkthecontributionstosociety.　　54:BItisdynamic　　55:DStriveforamorefulfillinglife.